United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT June 15, 2007
Charles R. Fulbruge III
No. 06-30020 Clerk
BERNICE LOUISE SPENCER,
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF SHADOW AND RAEVYN SPENCER,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
JACK STATON, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY;
DEWAYNE BRUMLEY, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY;
GUFFEY LYNN PATTISON, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Louisiana
Before JONES, Chief Judge, and DAVIS and GARZA, Circuit Judges.
EDITH H. JONES, Chief Judge:
In this civil-rights action brought under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, Plaintiff-Appellant Bernice Spencer appeals the district
court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants-Appellees Detective
Jack Staton, Detective Dewayne Brumley, and Sheriff Guffey Lynn
Pattison. Because material fact issues exist regarding (1) whether
the arrest warrant Staton and Brumley obtained was supported by
probable cause, and (2) Staton’s and Brumley’s entitlement to
qualified immunity, we reverse the district court’s dismissal of
Spencer’s federal claims; affirm dismissal of the state-law tort
claims against the Detectives; affirm as to Sheriff Pattison; and
remand for further consideration.
BACKGROUND
Bernice Spencer arrived in Louisiana from California on
August 22, 2003. Her husband, John Spencer, had left California
several weeks earlier to care for an ailing aunt in Pleasant Hill,
Louisiana. During their stay, they lived in a mobile home along
with John Spencer’s brother-in-law, Vasco Zinnerman. John
Spencer’s aunt, his cousin Jimmy Turner, and several members of his
extended family lived nearby.
On August 24, Andrew and Nancy Johnson, the owners of a
Pleasant Hill feed store, were shot to death in a botched robbery
attempt. Suspicion quickly coalesced around John Spencer, Turner,
and Zinnerman, whom witnesses had seen near the store shortly
before the murders. In the course of investigating the incident,
Detectives Jack Staton and Dewayne Brumley traveled to the Spencer
mobile home in the early-morning hours of August 25. Staton and
Brumley questioned the Spencers and Zinnerman at a local police
station.
During her interrogation, Bernice Spencer denied any
involvement in the murders. She claimed to be unaware who owned a
.22 caliber rifle recovered from the mobile home or that it was
widely known in the community that “people [were] walking around
[the mobile-home park] with guns” on the day of the shooting.
2
Further, she told Staton and Brumley that her husband had been with
her “the majority of the day,” except for a brief visit he made to
his aunt’s nearby mobile home. To the question when she planned to
return to California, she replied: “Um, probably next couple of
days.” All three suspects were released after a few hours.
As their investigation progressed, however, Staton and
Brumley discovered that both John Spencer and Zinnerman owned
handguns they frequently used for target shooting behind the mobile
home; that John Spencer had attempted to buy ammunition on the day
of the shootings; and that a witness had overheard Zinnerman ask
John Spencer: “Are you sure that the [expletive denoting murder
victims] are dead?”
Because of this newly acquired information, Staton and
Brumley returned to the mobile home on August 26, only to learn
that the Spencers and Zinnerman had left for California earlier
that morning. Fearing that the three were attempting to flee, the
Detectives obtained arrest warrants for the Spencers and Zinnerman,
charging the men with armed robbery and first-degree murder, and
Bernice Spencer as an accessory after the fact.
On August 28, the Spencers were apprehended in
California. John Spencer later confessed that he had been waiting
outside the feed store in a car when his cousin Jimmy Turner shot
the Johnsons to death. Bernice Spencer was held in the Solano
County, California, jail until Louisiana authorities secured her
extradition. The accessory charge against Bernice Spencer was
3
eventually dismissed as part of a plea agreement between a
Louisiana district attorney and John Spencer.
Bernice Spencer sued Detectives Staton and Brumley and
Sabine Parish Sheriff Guffey Lynn Pattison under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
alleging false arrest, false imprisonment, and conspiracy, and
several state-law tort claims. The Defendants moved for summary
judgment based on qualified immunity. Finding that a reasonable
police officer could have concluded that there was probable cause
to arrest Bernice Spencer, the district court granted summary
judgment and dismissed the federal and state charges. Spencer
appealed.
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo the district court’s summary judgment
grant, applying the same standard used below. Roberts v. City of
Shreveport, 397 F.3d 287, 291 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing Keenan v.
Tejeda, 290 F.3d 252, 258 (5th Cir. 2002)). Summary judgment is
appropriate when the record reveals “no genuine issue as to any
material fact” and that “the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).
B. Malley Violation1
1
We note that since Bernice Spencer was arrested by a
California police officer unconnected to the Louisiana double-
murder investigation – not by Detectives Staton and Brumley –
this case is distinguishable from one in which a warrant
application itself does not provide a sufficient basis for
4
Bernice Spencer alleges that the warrant application
submitted by Staton and Brumley was facially invalid and
unsupported by probable cause. Review of the Detectives’ assertion
of qualified immunity requires us first to ask “whether a
reasonably well-trained officer...would have known that his
affidavit failed to establish probable cause and that he should not
have applied for the warrant.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335,
345, 106 S. Ct. 1092, 1098 (1986). The Detectives’ determination
that the warrant was valid entitles them to qualified immunity from
suit unless, “on an objective basis, it is obvious that no
reasonably competent officer would have concluded that a warrant
should issue” under the circumstances. Id. at 341, 106 S. Ct. at
1096.
Staton’s warrant application to the issuing judge is a
textbook example of a facially invalid, “barebones” affidavit.2
arrest, but the arresting officer can otherwise establish
probable cause at the scene. In contrast, this case concerns only
a Malley claim, not one for false arrest.
2
The warrant affidavit states:
BEFORE ME, the undersigned authority, personally came
and appeared, LT. JACK STATON – DETECTIVE of SPSO P.O.
BOX 1440, MANY, LA., Zip Code 71449, who, having been
by me duly sworn, did depose and say that on the 24TH
day of AUGUST, 2003, one BERNICE LOUISE SPENCER
committed the offense of ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT,
LA.R.S.14:25 TO FIRST DEGREE MURDER, LA.R.S.14:30
within this state and Parish at PLEASANT HILL, LA. The
affiant states that the accused committed the above
described offense based on the following information:
THIS SUBJECT DID HELP HER HUSBAND, JOHN GLENN SPENCER
AND VASCO T. ZINNERMAN, EVADE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS
AFTER THE TWO HAD COMMITTED ARMED ROBBERY AND FIRST
5
After reciting Spencer’s biographical and contact information, the
affidavit states nothing more than the charged offense, accompanied
by a conclusory statement that Spencer assisted her husband and
Zinnerman in evading Louisiana authorities. It does not supply the
factual basis for probable cause necessary for issuance of an
arrest warrant. See United States v. Pofahl, 990 F.2d 1456 (5th
Cir. 1993); United States v. Brown, 941 F.2d 1300 (5th Cir. 1991).
Staton asserts, however, that he supplemented the
affidavit with oral testimony based on his personal knowledge and
investigation such that — in the aggregate — the information
conveyed to the judge supports probable cause for Spencer’s arrest.
Because the Fourth Amendment does not require written warrants, an
otherwise invalid warrant can be rehabilitated by sworn oral
testimony before a judicial officer given contemporaneously upon
presentation of the warrant application. United States v. Hill,
500 F.2d 315, 320 (5th Cir. 1974) (“It has been accepted principle
in this and other circuits that a federal court...may consider an
affiant’s oral testimony, extrinsic to the written affidavit, which
is sworn before the issuing magistrate, in determining whether the
warrant was founded on probable cause”); Lopez v. United States,
370 F.2d 8, 10 (5th Cir. 1966) (probable cause analysis may take
DEGREE MURDER.
(signature of affiant)
Sworn to me and subscribed before me this 28th day of
August 2003
(signature of judge)
Judge, 11th Judicial District Court
6
into account information “brought to the magistrate’s
attention...in the form of oral statements”).3
The record in this case, after careful review, reveals
significant uncertainty concerning what oral testimony Staton
imparted to the issuing judge, and when he did so.4 The judge’s
and Staton’s sworn deposition statements are insufficient to
demonstrate as a matter of law that Staton’s testimony constituted
“sufficient information to support an independent judgment that
probable cause exists for the warrant.” Whiteley v. Warden, Wyo.
State Penitentiary, 401 U.S. 560, 564, 91 S. Ct. 1031, 1035
3
See, e.g., Owens ex rel. Owens v. Lott, 372 F.3d 267, 278
(4th Cir. 2004); United States v. Shields, 978 F.2d 943, 946 (6th
Cir. 1992); United States ex rel. Gaugler v. Brierley, 477 F.2d
516, 521 (3d Cir. 1973); Leeper v. United States, 446 F.2d 281,
286 (10th Cir. 1971); United States v. Berkus, 428 F.2d 1148,
1152 (8th Cir. 1970). Cf. Kohler v. Englade, 470 F.3d 1104,
1111-12 (5th Cir. 2006) (officers cannot support an invalid
warrant application with information known only by them but not
communicated to the magistrate).
4
We note that Staton’s deposition testimony about
conversations he had with the Sheriff and District Attorney is
immaterial to our analysis here. See Frazier v. Roberts, 441
F.2d 1224, 1228 (8th Cir. 1971) (unsworn oral testimony delivered
on a separate occasion to a nonjudicial officer cannot
rehabilitate a subsequently acquired warrant).
7
(1971).5 Moreover, Staton does not allege that the statements he
provided were made under oath.
Because Detective Brumley appears to have participated
fully with Staton in the investigation, there is a material fact
issue whether he was “in a position to see the whole picture, to
understand his responsibility [under Malley], and thus fully to
assess probable cause questions.” Michalik v. Hermann, 422 F.3d
252, 261 (5th Cir. 2005). Michalik holds that “such an officer,
who is not the affiant [who provided the affidavit to support an
arrest warrant], may be held liable, along with the affiant, under
the principles of Malley.” Id. Michalik also notes, however, that
Malley liability does not extend beyond the affiant and a person
“who was fully responsible for” a warrant application. Id.
Brumley may be in the latter position if the evidence reveals that
he not only assisted in the investigation but also participated in
preparation of the affidavit or presentation of the warrant and
supporting affidavit to the judge.
For purposes of qualified immunity, the evidence in the
record does not establish that, as a matter of law, a reasonable
5
In addition, Spencer argues Staton sought to intentionally
mislead the judge by falsely asserting that Spencer was
“involved” in the murders and was “fleeing” the jurisdiction.
Under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 156, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 2676
(1978), the Fourth Amendment is violated when an official
intentionally, or with a reckless disregard for the truth,
includes false testimony in a warrant affidavit. Our conclusion
that the warrant is barebones, however, forecloses any Franks
analysis. See Kohler, 470 F.3d at 1114 (“The principles of
Franks have never been applied to facially invalid warrants”).
8
police officer could have believed the evidence he had was
sufficient to constitute probable cause, justifying a warrant, for
Bernice’s arrest.6 The district court thus erred in finding the
warrant constitutionally sufficient to justify Spencer’s arrest.7
C. State Law Claims
Spencer has not alleged facts sufficient to support the
various state law claims she asserts against the Appellees. First,
Spencer’s malicious prosecution claim fails for want of any
evidence that Brumley, Staton, or Pattison acted with malice.
Second, her defamation claim fails because she has not
alleged that the Detectives published defamatory material about her
or acted with malice in obtaining the arrest warrant. See Arledge
v. Hendricks, 715 So. 2d 135, 138 (La. Ct. App. 1998) (defamation
actions under Louisiana law must allege five “essential elements,”
including publication and malice).
Third, whether or not the warrant for Bernice’s arrest
was supported by probable cause, the Detectives’ behavior in this
6
With respect to Bernice’s minor children Shadow and Raevyn
Spencer, however, Appellant has made no showing that they
suffered the deprivation of any constitutional right or have any
basis to allege a Malley violation against the Detectives or
Sheriff Pattison.
7
Appellant makes an additional, meritless constitutional
claim that Defendants sought to arrest her as punishment for her
marriage to John Spencer in violation of her First Amendment
right to freedom of association. The record is totally devoid of
evidence supporting this proposition. Record evidence indicates
that Staton and Brumley pursued Appellant solely because they
believed she was assisting in John Spencer’s flight, not because
of her status as his wife.
9
case does not meet the standard required for a claim of intentional
infliction of emotional distress. See White v. Monsanto Co.,
585 So. 2d 1205, 1209 (La. 1991) (requiring conduct to be
“atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized society”).
Fourth, the claim of false imprisonment, which subsumes
Spencer’s false-arrest claim, see Murray v. Town of Mansura,
940 So. 2d 832, 838 (La. Ct. App. 2006), fails because Spencer’s
arrest was made pursuant to “statutory authority.” Plaisance v.
Thibodeaux, 930 So. 2d 1009, 1012 (La. Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Kyle
v. City of New Orleans, 353 So. 2d 969, 971 (La. 1977)). So long
as a warrant corresponds to the technical requirements of Article
203 of Louisiana’s Criminal Procedure Code, a false imprisonment or
false arrest claim cannot stand.8 See LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
8
Article 203 states:
The warrant of arrest shall:
(1) Be in writing and be in the name of the State of
Louisiana;
(2) State the date when issued and the municipality or
parish where issued;
(3) State the name of the person to be arrested, or,
if his name is unknown, designate the person by
any name or description by which he can be
identified with reasonable certainty;
(4) State the offense charged against the person to be
arrested;
(5) Command that the person against whom the complaint
was made be arrested and booked; and
(6) Be signed by the magistrate with the title of his
office.
The warrant of arrest may specify the amount of bail in
noncapital cases when the magistrate has authority to
fix bail.
LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 203.
10
203; Touchton v. Kroger Co., 512 So. 2d 520, 525 (La. Ct. App.
1987). Those requirements were satisfied here; Louisiana courts do
not require an arresting officer to make an independent probable-
cause determination of a warrant or supporting affidavit. Id.
D. Sheriff Pattison
As to Sheriff Pattison, we affirm the district court’s
ruling that Spencer has failed to produce any competent summary-
judgment evidence to sustain her § 1983 claims. Unless they
participated in the conduct, supervisors are not subject to § 1983
liability for the acts or omissions of their subordinates. See
Mouille v. City of Live Oak, Tex., 977 F.2d 924, 929 (5th Cir.
1992). Spencer attempts to show a failure to adequately train
subordinates, a claim that requires a causal connection between the
failure to train and the violation of Spencer’s rights, and that
the failure to train amounted to deliberate indifference to
Spencer’s constitutional rights. See Roberts, 397 F.3d at 292.
Even if Sheriff Pattison had subjective knowledge of Detective
Brumley’s and Staton’s actions, Spencer fails to support her claim
that Pattison acted with deliberate indifference to her
constitutional rights. The exacting requirement of proving
deliberate indifference “cannot be inferred from negligence alone.”
Hernandez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 380 F.3d
872, 884 (5th Cir. 2004). Moreover, proof of a single instance of
officer misconduct is ordinarily insufficient to give rise to an
11
inference of the supervisor’s deliberate indifference to training
or supervision. Thompson v. Upshur County, Tex., 245 F.3d 447, 459
(5th Cir. 2001).
E. Children’s Claims
There is no constitutional or state-law basis for the
claims Spencer asserts on behalf of her minor children. The
district court properly dismissed them.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s
summary judgment for Detectives Staton and Brumley solely on the
Malley claim, AFFIRM for Sheriff Pattison and REMAND for further
proceedings. We express no opinion on whether, at trial, Spencer
or the detectives will prevail in their respective contentions.
REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; AND REMANDED.
12
EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur in the majority opinion except with respect to the denial of qualified immunity to
Detective Brumley.
In Michalik v. Hermann, 422 F.3d 252 (5th Cir. 2005), this court held, “[L]iability under
Malley may lie not only against the affiant, but also against . . . an officer who actually prepares the
warrant application with knowledge that a warrant would be based solely on the document prepared.
. . . We are unwilling, however, to extend such liability . . . beyond the affiant and person who
actually prepared, or was fully responsible for the preparation of, the warrant application.” Id. at 261.
In so holding, the Michalik court was interpreting a prior case, Bennett v. Grand Prairie, 883 F.2d
400 (5th Cir. 1989), where the lead investigating officer prepared the warrant application and knew
that the application would be limited to what he prepared but was not the affiant. The affiant served
only a perfunctory role in signing and presenting the warrant application but was not otherwise
involved in the investigation.
According to this precedent, for Detective Brumley or any officer to face Malley liability he
must either 1) be an affiant or 2) have prepared the warrant application with knowledge that a warrant
would be based solely on the document he prepared. Even reading the record in favor of Ms.
Spencer, I can find no record evidence indicating that Detective Brumley falls into either category.
The record reveals that Detectives Brumley and Staton jointly investigated the crime. They together
spoke with the prosecutor about probable cause prior to seeking the arrest warrant. The warrant
affidavit was not typed by Detective Brumley, and no further evidence was developed as to who
prepared the affidavit. Detective Brumley accompanied Detective Staton to the banquet Judge
Beasley was attending, but Detective Brumley did not accompany Detective Staton for the actual
13
presentation of the warrant application to Judge Beasley. It is unclear where Detective Brumley was
during the presentation, but Judge Beasley is explicit about the fact that Detective Staton was alone
when he presented the warrant application, including the warrant affidavit and any additional oral
submission of the evidence. There is nothing contradicting Judge Beasley’s testimony and Ms.
Spencer does not allege otherwise.
Based on this record evidence, it is clear that Detective Brumley, unlike Detective Staton, was
not an affiant. He neither signed the warrant affidavit nor made any oral submissions of evidence to
Judge Beasley. There is also no evidence that Detective Brumley prepared the warrant application,
and any involvement he may reasonably have had, as the co-lead investigator, does not meet the
standard for non-affiant liability contemplated in Michalik, namely “an officer who actually prepares
the warrant application with knowledge that a warrant would be based solely on the document
prepared.” Michalik, 422 F.3d at 261. The Michalik court was explicit in denying liability to those
officers who investigated the crime but for whom the plaintiffs could not establish any facts tying
them to the preparation or presentation of the warrant application. Id. Narrowly applying Malley
liability to non-affiants makes sense exactly for cases such as this one, where a facially deficient
warrant application may or may not have been additionally supported by oral submissions of the
presenting officer, Detective Staton))submissions made outside of the presence of Detective
Brumley.
I believe the majority opinion places too heavy a burden on Detective Brumley, denying him
immunity where Ms. Spencer has not alleged any facts which would expose him to Malley liability
and where the record reveals no such facts. “Where a defendant pleads qualified immunity and shows
he is a governmental official whose position involves the exercise of discretion, the plaintiff then has
14
the burden ‘to rebut this defense by establishing that the official's allegedly wrongful conduct violated
clearly established law.’” Felton v. Polles, 315 F.3d 470, 477 (5th Cir. 2002) (emphasis in original).
Because Ms. Spencer has not met this burden with respect to Detective Brumley, I would affirm the
district court’s grant of qualified immunity.
15