The Appellant, Mathes, was indicted by two separate indictments. In the first capital murder indictment, the allegations were that Mathes, in the course of committing, and attempting to commit, robbery of John Vandiver and Debra Davis, intentionally caused the death of Vandiver by shooting himwith a firearm. The other, second indictment alleged that Mathes, in the course of committing, and attempting to commit, robbery of Vandiver and Davis, intentionally caused the death of Davis by shooting her with a firearm and cuttingher with a knife. Mathes was convicted of capital murder of Debra Davis and is presently serving a life sentence in No. 18,557. The jury was asked:
"[W]hether there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society."
The jury answered: "No." TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. Art.37.071(b)(2) (Vernon Supp. 1988); TEX.CODECRIM.PROC.ANN. Art. 37.071(e) (Vernon Supp. 1988).
Mathes argues, under the doctrine of "collateral estoppel," that he cannot be tried again on the charge of capital murder. The majority agrees with this argument to a large extent.
The vehicle chosen by the Appellant, who is actually a Relator, is his petition for writ *Page 165 of habeas corpus. A brief recitation of the doctrine of collateral estoppel is:
Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 1194, 25 L.Ed.2d 469, 475 (1970)."It means simply that when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit. . . ."
To test whether the prosecuting authority, such as the State here, is collaterally estopped on such an issue as is before us, in a criminal proceeding, the Supreme Court has delineated the following guidelines, in Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. at 444, 90 S.Ct. at 1194, 25 L.Ed.2d at 475-476, stating:
"`[E]xamine the record of a prior proceeding, taking into account the pleadings, evidence, charge, and other relevant matter, and conclude whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to foreclose from consideration.' The inquiry `must be set in a practical frame and viewed with an eye to all the circumstances of the proceedings.' . . . " (Emphasis added)
The State's evidence in the second capital murder case could, and reasonably would, be properly susceptible to a different qualitative interpretation concerning the role that the Appellant/Relator played in causing the death of John Vandiver. Mathes has not been tried for the alleged capital murder of Vandiver. For cogent reasons, the "no" answer to Special Issue No. 2 returned by the jury in cause No. 18,557 does not collaterally estop the State from prosecuting the Appellant for capital murder and seeking the death penalty. The Appellant/Relator's acts, motives, state of mind, intent, demeanor and degree of malice in causing the death of John Vandiver could be, and in my opinion is, qualitatively different and meaningfully distinguishable. The doctrine of collateral estoppel, under the records before us, is not applicable.
I have been shown no provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure which would permit the trial court, in a capital murder case, to fail to submit both special issues, as dictated by the statutes, to the jury. Article 37.071 gives the trial judge no leeway in submitting the special issues.
The clear language of TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. Sec.19.02(a)(1) (Vernon 1974) and the wording of TEX.PENALCODE ANN. Sec. 1903(a)(2) (Vernon 1974), mandatorily sets forth that the Legislature has determined that the offense of capital murder, as defined in Sec. 19.03(a)(2) is completedwith the death of a single individual.
Neither the federal constitution, the Texas state constitution nor Texas statutes, prohibit multiple prosecutions for two statutory offenses, even though the two offenses may have been considered as having been committed in the same transaction, criminal episode or robbery. The constitutional provisions speak of double jeopardy in terms of being tried twice for the "same offense". These constitutional provisions do not speak of double jeopardy in the terms of the "same transaction" or "same criminal episode" or "same robbery". The Supreme Court of the United States in Sanabria v. UnitedStates, 437 U.S. 54, 69, 98 S.Ct. 2170, 2181, 57 L.Ed.2d 43, 57 (1978), stated that the power to define "offenses" lies in the legislative branch of government.
"But once Congress has defined a statutory offense by its prescription of the `allowable unit of prosecution,' . . . that prescription determines the scope of protection afforded by a prior conviction or acquittal."
When the Legislature defined certain criminal offenses, it thereby demonstrated its intent to allow prosecutions for each offense, although it might be argued that the separate offenses occurred within one criminal transaction, episode or robbery. The prohibitions against being twice put into jeopardy for the same offense logically leads to a definition of the "same offense." In Ex Parte McWilliams, 634 S.W.2d 815, 824 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982, on Rehearing), it is stated:
*Page 166"The Supreme Court of the United States has provided such a test: `[T]he applicable rule is that where the same act or
transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.' Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932) . . . The Blockburger test is satisfied if each statutory offense requires the proof of a fact that the other does not. . . ."
In our case, subjudice, proving the death of John Vandiver would be an additional proof of an essential fact that would not necessarily had to have been demonstrated in the capital murder case involving the death of Debra Davis. In one case, Texas must prove the death of Debra Davis — in the other case, the death of John Vandiver. Hence, one case requires proof of an essential fact which the other, second case does not. It is the separate elements of each offense which must be carefully analyzed in applying the Blockburger test.See Brown v. Alabama, 619 F.2d 376 (5th Cir. 1980). Two separate individual human beings were killed and murdered at two separate times — hence, two separate offenses.
Furthermore, in Ex Parte Rathmell, 717 S.W.2d 33 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986), the Court of Criminal Appeals agreed with the rationale of the Supreme Court of Tennessee in a case styled State v. Irvin, 603 S.W.2d 121 (Tenn. 1980). The Court of Criminal Appeals held that the applicant had violated the involuntary manslaughter statute, beingTEX.PENAL CODE ANN. Sec. 19.05(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 1988), twice for the reason that he had caused the death of two individuals. Hence, the applicant's pretrial habeas corpus petition was denied. The court found that two distinct and two separate criminal offenses had been committed and that, therefore, the trial of the applicant for the death of the second individual was not disallowed by the prohibition against double jeopardy. Here, our Appellant has violated the capital murder statute, TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. Sec. 19.03(a)(2) (Vernon 1974), twice by causing the deaths of two individuals, thereby committing two distinct and separate criminal offenses.
Indeed, in Ex Parte Rathmell, 717 S.W.2d at 35, the court extended the Blockburger/McWilliams rationale, which applies to situations in which the criminal conduct violates a distinct statute two times, involving the death of two different human beings. Then, each individual death constitutes a complete, distinct and separate criminal offense under the provisions of the statute. Hence, each death constitutes a separate "allowable unit of prosecution."Sanabria v. United States, 437 U.S. 69, 98 S.Ct. 2181, 57 L.Ed.2d at 57. And, of course, the Court of Criminal Appeals, in Ex Parte McWilliams, 634 S.W.2d at 823, clearly stated:
"The constitutional provisions speak of double jeopardy in terms of the `same offense' rather than `same transaction' . . . "
The Tennessee Supreme Court, in State v. Irvin, 603 S.W.2d 121, 123 (Tenn. 1980), succinctly wrote:
"It seems illogical to us, as a general proposition, to hold that when two persons have been killed by an accused, he has committed only one homicide. . . ."
The second murder was a separate and distinct offense.
In the original or first proceeding the Relator, Thomas Smith Mathes, III, was charged with the offense of capital murder of Debra Davis.
A considerable amount of time has passed since the Relator Mathes was tried for the capital murder of Debra Davis, and nothing has been shown to our court of his acts or demeanor that have transpired during this extended period of time. Relator Mathes is yet to be tried for the capital murder of John Vandiver.
The State's theory in general is that the Relator Mathes' actions and course of conduct was qualitatively and meaningfully different in relation to the taking of the life of Debra Davis as distinguished from the taking of the life of John Vandiver. There can be no doubt that awesome and horrendous brutality took place at the residence of John and Debra on the evening or night in question. Upon autopsy it was proved *Page 167 that the nature of the wounds to John Vandiver were gruesome. Vandiver having suffered two gunshot wounds to the back and two to the head, his death resulted.
Mathes outlined to the others what they were going to do on the evening in question, being on or about February 21, 1985. The State's theory, in part, is that the four involved had been ingesting marijuana and some cocaine throughout the day and actually ingested more cocaine on the way to the house of John and Debra. When they arrived at that house, Mathes got out. He was armed with a .38 caliber revolver; he went into the house by himself. The three other actors, Dennis Holland, Cecil Covington, Jr., and Joe Makosky remained hidden in the van. Two gunshot sounds came from within the house and Dennis Holland stated that when he came in the front door of the house he saw Thomas Mathes with a .38 in his hand. He also saw John Vandiver obviously shot and injured, lying face down on the floor of the living room, begging and pleading for his (Vandiver's) life. Mathes continued to demand to know where the money was kept. The basic plan from the beginning was to rob and kill Vandiver. The planner was Mathes. Finally, Vandiver told where the money was, being in a bedroom and wrapped in Christmas wrappings. Vandiver made some sort of statement like; take anything you want, still pleading with Mathes not to shoot him (Vandiver) again.
The robbery apparently netted about $40,000 in cash from Vandiver's house. Thomas Mathes had stated at a prior time that he, Mathes, was going to rob and kill John Vandiver. Prior to approaching Vandiver's house, Mathes had stated, according to the State's theory, that he, Mathes, would go in and shoot Vandiver in the back. Basically, a plan was gone over in the motel room before the group started their journey to Vandiver's house. Apparently, in the motel room, Thomas Mathes told Cecil and the others that he, Thomas, was going to shoot John in the back because Vandiver had a serious back problem and Mathes knew about it. The drive from the motel to Vandiver's residence took about forty-five minutes.
It certainly is plausible that Mathes' state of mind, his plans and intent were qualitatively different in regard to John Vandiver. Therefore, in my opinion, it seems that this court's decision and holding are overbroad. Again, Mathes went into the house first, alone, leaving Cecil and the other two lying down in the van. The first shots were fired and heard, then the other three, Covington, Holland and Makosky, crawled out of the van and ran in the front door. It was at that point that Dennis Holland saw Tom pointing his gun at Vandiver.
According to Holland, when he first saw Vandiver, he described Vandiver's size as a pretty big man. Vandiver had blood on his back and Vandiver was calling Mathes a "son-of-a-bitch", which, under the record does not appear to be a total obscenity. Mathes then looked through some drawers in an attempt to find money. Then, according to one version, Thomas came out of a bedroom and walked over to Vandiver. Thomas still had the .38 in his hand and he asked Vandiver where he had all of his money hidden. It was at this point that Vandiver told Thomas that the money was wrapped up in a Christmas package. After Vandiver said just don't shoot me no more, or something like that, Mathes walked over to Cecil Covington, Jr., and handed Cecil the .38. To satisfy Mathes, Cecil fired two shots at Vandiver.
When Thomas came out of the house, he had a quantity of marijuana and Cecil carried out a Christmas package full of money. Mathes drove the van away. During the drive away from Vandiver's house, Thomas asked Cecil how much money was in the package. The package was opened up; it was too dark to accurately count. Cecil seemed to think that there would be about $70,000. Tom said something like, well we could count it back at the motel. Thomas obviously was the ringleader and could be described as the planner or mastermind of these dastardly deeds of murder. It is plausible that the State can offer cogent evidence that Thomas Mathes, III, *Page 168 from the very first, planned to rob and kill Vandiver but notnecessarily either to rob or murder Debra Davis.
Cecil was shown to have acted as Tom's bodyguard and was constantly under his command or direction. Cecil did not question Tom's commands. In turn, Holland was a number one, or lead student, under Cecil Covington, Jr., for the purpose of taking various levels of belts of karate training.
Thomas Mathes was described as a "big-shot" and "handled" people around him, including Cecil and Holland. Holland described Cecil Covington, Jr., as a Sensi, being an instructor in a type of karate. Under karate rituals, Cecil was equivalent to an absolute master. There exists a special bond between the Sensi and his number one student; that is, between Cecil Covington, Jr., and Holland. The student owes unquestionable loyalty to the Sensi. Holland testified that he was Cecil's No. 1 disciple and that Holland lived with Cecil. Holland unequivocally testified that anything that Cecil asked or told him to do, Holland would do it without a question. This was common practice or custom for the style of karate that Holland was being trained in, known as Shorin-Ryu. Shorin-Ryu form of karate was described as the hardest of the three forms which required the most dedication and it was the deadliest form of karate.
Mathes let Vandiver suffer, Mathes would not deliver the coup de grace. Vandiver suffered horribly for quite awhile before he was dispatched by Holland at the instruction of either Cecil or Tom and Cecil.
Debra Davis' actual death was brought about, it appears, by being attacked repeatedly with a Samurai sword wielded by Makosky.
The application of collateral estoppel must be based on a final judgment. This is a correct concept because the doctrine is based on preserving the finality of judgments. In our case there is no final judgment. We have the appealed case, tried on the merits, before us. It is pending on our docket as Appeal Cause No. 09-86-190 CR styled Thomas SmithMathes, III v. The State of Texas, not yet orally submitted.
The brief of the Appellant in the appeal on behalf of Thomas Smith Mathes, III, sets out six "points of error" which are ably briefed and vigorously argued.
In the prayer for relief in Appellant's brief, in the unsubmitted case, he takes the position that because the evidence is insufficient our court should render a judgment of acquittal. In the alternative, because of many trial errors, the brief maintains the Ninth Court should reverse thejudgment and remand the whole cause for new trial. Hence, thejudgment in the appealed case is not final. Thus, the doctrine of collateral estoppel would not and should not apply.
But the court speaks of the next trial involving Mathesas a capital murder trial. It is interesting to note that, in the case involving the death of Debra Davis, there were ten large volumes of Statements of Fact just on the voir dire, consisting of 2,686 pages. Query: How will the trial judge try the case against Mathes involving the death of Vandiver? Query: Will it be tried all the way through as a stricly capital murder case with the attendant lengthy time and extraordinary expense involved in the selection of the capital murder jury? Query: How will the court charge the jury? Query: Will it charge the jury on capital murder and ask the first special issue, omitting the second issue? Query: Will the trial court disobey the statute as to the special issues? Query: Or will the court follow the statute all the way through, charging on capital murder, and then, on the punishment phase, follow the statute as the Legislature has dictated and ask both questions even though the majority of this court has granted a habeas corpus writ to the effect that the death penalty cannot be assessed.
In Padgett v. State, 717 S.W.2d 55 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986) the court set out the following guidelines to test whether a prosecutor is collaterally estopped. The court wrote:
*Page 169"To determine whether a state is collaterally estopped from relitigating an
issue in a criminal case, the Supreme Court offered the following guidance:Id. at 57 quoting Ashe v. Swenson, supra.`[A court should] . . . examine the record of a prior proceeding, taking into account the pleadings, evidence, charge, and other relevant matter, and conclude whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to foreclose from consideration [footnote omitted]. The inquiry must be set in a practical frame and viewed with an eye to all the circumstances of the proceedings.'"
The charge to the jury in No. 18,557 D — the murder of Debra Davis — styled The State of Texas v. Thomas S.Mathes, III on the punishment phase of the capital murder case was filed on May 12, 1986, over two years ago. The record reflects that Mathes is in the State Department of Corrections, nothing more.
On May 12, 1986, the jury was presented with Special Issue No. 1 reading:
"Whether the conduct of the defendant that caused the death of the deceased was committed deliberately and with the reasonable expectation that the death of the deceased or another would result?"Answer Yes or No."
The unanimous answer was "Yes".
Special Issue No. 2 was:
"Where there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society?
"Answer Yes or No."
The jury unanimously answered "No". Since the jury was trying the capital murder case involving the killing of Debra Davis and since Special Issue No. 2 speaks of a "probability" as of May 12, 1986, it was natural for the jury to be weighing Mathes' actions in regard to the killing of Debra.
Furthermore, following the tests set out in Padgett v.State, supra and Ashe v. Swenson, supra, the State would not and should not be estopped from trying Mathes and seeking a capital murder conviction, including the supreme penalty of death.
It is interesting to note that, on Relator's application for habeas corpus, under his pleading concerning collateral estoppel, the Relator, himself, defines collateral estoppel as:
"Collateral estopple [sic] is that principal [sic] of law which means that when an Issue of fact has once been determined by a valid and final Judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit." (emphasis ours)
Relator then agrees that collateral estoppel comes into play only after a valid judgment becomes final. No final judgment has taken place in the capital murder trial involving the killing of Debra Davis. Hence, the doctrine of collateral estoppel cannot be properly and procedurally applied in this original proceeding.
That the sole or only aggravating circumstances found by a state court jury, at the sentencing phase of the trial, was also identical to an element of a capital murder conviction does not violate the federal constitution. Lowenfield v.Phelps, 484 U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 546, 98 L.Ed.2d 568 (1988).
The Court has before it the Statement of Facts and the Transcript of the trial in Cause No. 09-86-00190-CR for the Court's further examination of the State's evidence as to the different roles played by Appellant in the two deaths. This Statement of Facts contains the evidence in the case involving Debra's death. We have been asked to examine that entire record. There being no objection, I have done so.
I have found no provision in the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure allowing the trial of a capital murder case without submitting both special issues to the jury as dictated by the statute.
Further, in my opinion, the Court's holding is overbroad. I think the Court should limit or restrict its holding based on the understanding that the State's evidence would be virtually identical to the evidence presented in Mathes' first trial. Apparently the State, below, had agreed that the evidence in the second capital murder proceeding would be exactly the same. Considering *Page 170 the long duration of time that has elapsed since the first trial, I do not understand how the State can realistically enter into such an agreement.
The writ of habeas corpus should not be granted.