OPINION ON REMAND
We withdraw our previous opinion and judgment of March 13, 1997 and issue the following in its place.1
Appellant Robert Earl Denton shot and killed a man he discovered in bed with his estranged wife and was convicted by a jury of the offense of murder. On original submission, we determined the trial court erred in overruling defense counsel's objection to a remark made by the prosecutor during jury argument. After determining the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we reversed the judgment below and remanded both stages of the case for new trial. Denton v.State, 896 S.W.2d 580 (Tex.App. — Fort Worth 1995),rev'd, 920 S.W.2d 311 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals granted the State's petition for discretionary review and, while the Court agreed with our determination that the prosecutors made arguments that were unsupported by the record, a majority reversed and remanded the case to our court with directions that we reconsider two aspects of our harm analysis. Denton v. State, 920 S.W.2d 311 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). First, the Court held we improperly applied the harmless error standard by asking whether "every *Page 609 rational juror would necessarily reject the defense and return a verdict of guilty," rather than asking whether "in light of the record as a whole, there is a reasonable possibility the argument[s] complained of might have contributed to appellant's conviction or punishment." Id. at 312. Second, the Court ruled we failed to consider other relevant factors, such as the overwhelming evidence of guilt on the issue of appellant's intent and its interaction with the other evidence.Id. at 312-13.
We have reconsidered these issues as directed by the Court of Criminal Appeals. Applying the appropriate legal standards to the facts of the instant case, we conclude reversal of both stages of the case is required.
I. THE ERROR During jury argument at the guilt-innocence stage of the trial, the prosecutors twice made highly prejudicial remarks that were unsupported by the record and injected new and harmful facts into the case. The trial court overruled appellant's objection to the first argument but sustained appellant's objection to the second argument and instructed the jury to disregard it.2
The only seriously contested issue at trial was whether appellant intended to kill the victim. The defensive theory advanced at trial was that appellant entered his wife's residence only to confront her and her paramour and take photographs of them together as proof of their affair. According to appellant, the gun he brought with him discharged during a struggle when his wife grabbed the barrel and pointed the gun in a "down" position. The State's theory of the case was that the shooting was intentional.
The prosecutors' improper remarks occurred during argument at the guilt-innocence *Page 610 stage. In the first instance, the prosecutor, without any support in the record, told the jurors that immediately before the trigger was pulled, appellant made oral statements indicating his intent to kill the deceased and kill his wife:
[Appellant] was thinking when he told her, you're going to stand right there and you're going to watch while I kill him, and then I'm going to kill you. He was thinking when he took that safety off that shotgun. [Emphasis added.]
In the second instance, the other prosecutor, also without any support in the record, told the jurors that appellant told his wife she should watch him shoot the weapon:
She tells him, shoot me, and — you know, and [defense counsel] says, well, he could have killed them both. Why didn't he kill her first? [Defense counsel] said because he told her ladies and gentlemen, he's going to make her pay, see, for her infidelity. You're going to stand right here and watch me while I shoot — [objection interposed]. [Emphasis added.]
These remarks were totally outside the record. There was no testimony indicating what, if anything, appellant said to his wife immediately prior to the shooting. Therefore, the ultimate issue concerning the first remark is whether the trial court's error in overruling appellant's objection was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
II. RULE 81(B)(2) The determination of whether trial error requires reversal is governed by our rules of appellate procedure:
If the appellate record in a criminal case reveals error in the proceedings below, the appellate court shall reverse the judgment under review, unless the appellate court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to the conviction or to the punishment.
TEX. R. APP. P. 81(b)(2).
In conducting an analysis under this rule, the appellate court must ask whether, in light of the record as a whole, there is a reasonable possibility the argument might have contributed to the defendant's conviction or punishment.Denton, 920 S.W.2d at 312 (quoting Orona v.State, 791 S.W.2d 125, 128 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990)). The court must examine the source of the error, the nature of the error, whether or to what extent it was emphasized by the State, and its probable collateral implications. Harris v.State, 790 S.W.2d 568, 587 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989). In addition, the court must consider how much weight a juror would probably place upon the error and determine whether declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to repeat it with impunity. Id.
Analyzing these factors, we must calculate as much as possible, the probable impact of the error on the jury in light of the existence of other evidence. Id. Thus, the presence of overwhelming evidence of guilt plays a determinative role in resolving the issue. But we should not focus on the propriety of the outcome of the trial. Instead, we must be concerned with the integrity of the process leading to the conviction. It is the effect of the error and not the existence of overwhelming evidence or the lack thereof that dictates our judgment. Id.
Recently, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that in conducting a harmless error analysis, it is largely irrelevant that the evidence sufficiently, or even overwhelmingly, supports the verdict:
Atkinson v. State, 923 S.W.2d 21, 26 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996).[W]here the standard of harm is whether the record on appeal justifies a conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution whatsoever to the actual verdict, it is largely irrelevant that the evidence sufficiently, or even overwhelmingly, supports the verdict. We are concerned with the effect of the error upon real jurors, and it would not be proper to assume that an error at trial had absolutely no impact upon them just because the evidence was otherwise sufficient for a finding of guilt.
III. APPLICATION OF THE FACTORS
A. The Source of the Error
The source of the improper remark at issue in this case was the trial prosecutor. *Page 611 The State suggests that both parties were, in effect, sources of the remark, because the prosecutor was responding to an argument made earlier by defense counsel. In this argument, defense counsel referred to an even earlier argument by the prosecutor suggesting that appellant actually intended to kill both his wife and Clayton Brown:Why didn't Robert — if Robert went over there to kill her and Clayton Brown, why did he take two bullets? Why did he shoot him through the couch? That's kind of a chancy deal. You have only got two shots. You have got two people you are trying to snuff here. Let's shoot through this couch and hope we hit him good. That leaves us one shot to try to get her with.
Why — instead of taking the picture, why don't we just plug her right there? When I walk in the room, if that's my intent, why shoot him through the couch first and then worry her? That doesn't make sense. It didn't happen that way.
Nothing in this argument leads us to conclude the source of the error was shared by the defense. First, the record reflects the prosecutor's first improper comment, the objection to which was erroneously overruled by the trial court, occurredprior to defense counsel's argument. Therefore, it is not possible that the defense was a source of the error. Moreover, even if we were to apply the State's theory to the second instance of improper argument by the State, the theory of a "shared source" of error by the defense still fails. Defense counsel's jury argument invited a response by the prosecutor; however, defense counsel did not, through his remarks, invite an improper response. Here, the prosecutor ventured beyond all permitted areas of jury argument, and beyond the scope of any invitation, when she went outside the record and informed the jurors of "statements" made by the appellant immediately prior to the shooting that the jurors had not heard from the witness stand.
B. The Nature of the Error
The nature of the error was the trial court's "stamp of approval"3 on an improper jury argument in which the prosecutor was permitted to go outside the record and refer to evidence which, if believed, unequivocally established appellant's intent to kill the victim.C. Whether or to What Extent Emphasized by the State
The record reflects similar improper remarks were twice4 made by the State. In the first instance, defense counsel's objection was overruled; in the second, the trial court sustained defense counsel's objection and instructed the jurors to disregard the remark.
D. Probable Collateral Consequences and the Weight a Juror Would Place on the Error
As to the probable collateral consequences and the likely effect of the error on the jury, we believe it cannot be determined beyond a reasonable doubt the jurors were not swayed by the State's argument. The *Page 612 prosecutor's reference to evidence outside the record went to the heart of the defense and the only seriously disputed issue in the case — appellant's intent. The State suggested during oral argument on remand that we should recognize a trend away from the significance and importance of jury arguments generally, citing the public perception following the now infamous Simpson criminal trial in California as an example of the public's present low regard for lawyers. The State's theory is apparently based on the premise that lawyers are less trusted by jurors now than in the past; hence, improper jury arguments by lawyers carry less impact now than similar arguments in the past. We decline the State's invitation to hold that jury arguments have become less significant. We have no data on which to measure the State's theory, and certainly cannot conclude, as a matter of law, that jury arguments are any less a significant part of a criminal trial than in our past. In addition, one probable collateral consequence of the error is a reasonable possibility that the sentence recommended by the jury, which was near that recommended by the State, may have, at least in part, been the result of the trial error.
E. Encouraging Repetition
We agree with the State that the record does not show a "pattern and practice" on behalf of the State of similarly improper arguments. See Byas v. State, 906 S.W.2d 86, 88 n. 2 (Tex.App. — Fort Worth 1995, pet. ref'd). Nor do we find the improper remark was the result of any intentional misconduct on the part of the prosecutors.5 F. Overwhelming Evidence of Guilt
The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed our prior decision and remanded the case to us after ruling that we improperly conducted our harm analysis because we did not consider the "overwhelming evidence of guilt on the issue of appellant's intent and its 'interaction with the other evidence.' "Denton, 920 S.W.2d at 312 (citing Harris, 790 S.W.2d at 586). As directed, we will now proceed with that analysis.
1. The evidence supporting the State's theory the deceased was intentionally shot. The State contended that the shooting was intentional, not accidental. Myra Brown, the deceased's widow, testified that appellant phoned her at approximately 3:00 a.m. on September 23, 1989, and inquired as to whether she knew where her husband was. When Myra responded "No" appellant told her "well, I caught the son of a bitch with my wife and I'm going to kill him." Brown testified she begged appellant not to kill her husband.
Approximately twenty minutes later, police officers were dispatched to the apartment residence of Pamela Denton, appellant's estranged wife, to investigate a reported shooting. Police Sargent Avin Carter arrived first. Appellant was standing in the open doorway of the apartment and told Carter, in response to his question "what's going on" that he had "shot the guy inside." Carter looked inside and saw the body of a black male on the floor. Appellant told Carter that he shot the deceased with a .12-gauge shotgun slug, that he had caught the deceased in bed with his wife, and that his wife had run down the street. Appellant also advised Carter that he put the shotgun inside the hallway closet of the apartment.
Steven Putthoff, a Tarrant County Deputy Medical Examiner, performed the autopsy and determined the deceased died as the result of a shotgun slug wound to his right chest. Richard Ernest, a firearms examiner employed by the Tarrant County Medical Examiner's Office, examined the shotgun used in the shooting and testified it was in good working order with no mechanical *Page 613 weaknesses. The only way the weapon could be fired, according to Ernest, was to pull the trigger.
In addition, the record reflects that appellant's wife, Pamela Denton, was not called by appellant to testify on his behalf. The only conclusion the trial prosecutors sought to have the jurors draw from appellant's failure to call her as a witness was contained in the somewhat cryptic remark, "[a]nd the defense surely didn't call Pamela Denton to come up here and vouch for this man's life."
2. The evidence supporting the defense's theory thatthe shooting occurred during a struggle over the gunand was unintentional.
The defensive theory advanced in the trial court was that the shooting was not intentional and occurred during a struggle over the gun, although appellant suffered from what could be characterized as convenient memory lapses, particularly in regard to the threat he allegedly made to the deceased's wife. Appellant provided the police authorities with a written statement detailing the events that he alleged occurred that evening. He also testified at trial.According to appellant, the following sequence of events culminated in the shooting. On September 22, 1989, Pamela Denton invited appellant to her apartment for dinner. By that date, appellant had been separated from Pamela for approximately one week. After supper, their children went off to play while Pamela and appellant talked. On two occasions during their discussion the phone rang. Each time appellant answered the phone, but the unidentified party on the other end hung up. Appellant was suspicious that Pamela was romantically involved with someone else because, before she moved out of his home he was receiving similar "hang-up" phone calls, but after she moved out the calls ended. Appellant asked Pamela whether she was, in fact, seeing someone and she answered, "No." No further conversation on the subject took place and subsequently, appellant returned to his home while their children remained at Pamela's apartment.
While cleaning up his house, appellant began thinking about the hang-up phone calls. He decided that he would put a recorder on Pamela's phone to determine for himself whether she was having an affair. The same night, he returned to her apartment and hooked an electronic recorder to an outside phone line. He then let himself into the apartment with a key to determine whether the phone and recorder were properly installed. When he entered the apartment he saw his wife in bed with a black male. He could not identify the man at that time. But as he left the apartment he saw a car parked outside that looked similar to the car driven by Pamela's boss, Clayton Brown, a black male. Appellant testified that he became convinced Brown was the person he saw in bed with his wife when he looked inside the car and saw papers and books bearing the name "Guckenheimer," the name of the company where his wife was employed. Appellant decided that, in the event Pamela sought custody of the children, photographs of her in bed with Brown would benefit him. Appellant flattened the tires of Brown's car to prevent him from leaving. He then drove home, obtained his camera, and returned to the apartment. When he attempted to open the door, Pamela tried to keep him from entering. She told him to leave and asked him what he was doing there. He took her picture. Then she ran into the living room. According to appellant, he realized he brought his shotgun with him only after Pamela told him to give her the gun. After Pamela unsuccessfully repeated her demand for the gun, she struggled with him and the gun went off. Pamela ran outside and, as appellant looked at the bed, he saw feet under the bed and heard Brown moan. Appellant then realized he had shot Brown and that the police and an ambulance should be summoned. He put the gun in the closet and began knocking on neighbors' doors and yelling for someone to call 911.
In addition to relying on his own testimony, appellant offered circumstantial evidence to convince the jurors that a reasonable doubt existed as to whether the shooting was intentional. Appendix one is a photograph taken by appellant after he entered the apartment and only moments before the shooting. According to appellant, his motive *Page 614 for taking the picture was to document the fact that his wife was sleeping with her boss, in order to assist him in obtaining custody of their children. Although the jury ultimately rejected appellant's claim that the shooting was accidental, it would not have been unreasonable for the jurors to believe appellant and return a not guilty verdict.
3. Whether the defensive theory was contradicted by the position of the deceased at the time of the shooting. The Court of Criminal Appeals' opinion contains the following statement.
Denton, 920 S.W.2d at 313 (emphasis in original).The evidence further shows the victim died from a gunshot wound to the chest. This evidence was undisputed. At trial, appellant testified the shotgun "went off" when he and his wife were struggling over it and "she jerked it down." Denton, 896 S.W.2d at 583 (Emphasis Supplied). Thus, appellant claimed the victim was accidentally shot in the chest while the shotgun was pointed down.
Based on the foregoing, we vacate the judgment of the Second Court of Appeals and remand the cause to that Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
We are admittedly perplexed by the recitation of facts set forth by the Court of Criminal Appeals. Apparently, the majority of that court found that the defendant's testimony that the gun was pointed down at the time it was fired could not have reasonably supported a verdict of acquittal because the undisputed evidence showed the victim was shot in the chest. By not setting forth all of the details of the trial testimony in our earlier opinion we may have unintentionally contributed to that misunderstanding of the record by the higher court. It is true appellant testified the gun was pointed down when it went off. It is also true the victim was shot in the chest. The majority opinion does not recognize however, that the record unequivocally shows that the victim was lying on the floor attempting to hide under a fold-a-way bed at the time the gun was fired, and that all of the evidence, including that introduced by the State, indicates the gun was, in fact, pointed down at the time it was fired. Appendix one shows appellant's wife standing between appellant and the bed. The victim can be seen on the floor under the bed. None of the evidence relating to the angle at which the shotgun was fired is inconsistent with the appellant's testimony that the gun was pointed "down" when it was fired.6 Both *Page 615 under the State's theory and the defense theory, the gun was pointed down.7 The only issue in dispute was appellant's intent to shoot the victim.
G. Conclusion as to Whether the Error was Harmless Beyond aReasonable Doubt
Having considered the evidence of guilt and its interaction with other evidence, we cannot conclude the evidence was so overwhelming as to negate the reasonable possibility the argument complained of might have contributed to appellant's conviction or punishment.
This case required the jurors to determine whether appellant was truthful or untruthful when he testified that he did not intend to kill the victim and that the gun went off during a struggle with his wife. As an appellate court, we are particularly unsuited for determining credibility issues. Our review of the record, which is admittedly devoid of evidence of many things important to the trier of fact, such as demeanor, leads us to believe the defense had the weaker case in the trial court. Certainly, it is reasonable to believe that absent the improper jury argument advanced by the State in this case, a jury might reject the defensive theory advanced by the appellant, perhaps after carefully weighing his assertions against the inculpatory statement made by him in the prior telephone call to the victim's wife. However, it is also reasonable to believe that, without the improper argument, a rational jury might accept such a defense and find a reasonable doubt as to appellant's guilt, perhaps questioning why a man intent on committing murder would pause to take photographs of his estranged wife and her lover for use in a child custody battle. Under Rule 81(b)(2) we must reverse the case for new trial unless we determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to the conviction or to the punishment. We cannot hold the error stemming from the improper jury argument made by the prosecutor in this case harmless under this test.8
Point of error four is sustained, the judgment of the trial court is reversed, and the case is remanded for a new trial.9
The State's contention that appellant waived any error in the first instance by failing to properly object in the second instance is without merit. First, defense counsel did object in the second instance. None of the cases cited by the State stand for the proposition that defense counsel must move for a mistrial when an improper argument is repeated in order to preserve for appellate review an earlier error by the trial court in failing to sustain an objection. Moreover, as noted above, while both arguments improperly injected new and harmful facts, the specific facts related in the arguments were different.
[Pamela] lunged at me, and I brought the gun up to protect myself like this (indicating). And we was fighting over the gun, and she was fighting me, and she pulled down on the gun with a jerk and it went off. And we both jumped because we was in shock from the gun going off. She looked at me and she shoved me back and she was gone.
According to the State, this testimony shows the shooting was not accidental, because under this version of events, Pamela Denton, who was not injured, would necessarily have been in the line of fire and would have sustained injury in the blast. We do not agree that the above testimony indicates Pamela Denton was in the line of fire at the time the gun discharged.
In its motion for en banc rehearing, the State contends that in deciding this issue the court does not have the benefit of two critical factors which were available to the jurors: (1) the demonstration by appellant of where the parties were and how he held the weapon; and (2) appellant's testimonial demeanor. From this premise, citing Gaona v. State,733 S.W.2d 611, 613 n. 1 (Tex.App. — Corpus Christi 1987, pet. ref'd), and Wawrykow v. State, 866 S.W.2d 87, 90 (Tex.App. — Beaumont 1993, pet. ref'd), the State next argues that ambiguities in the record should be resolved in favor of the jury's verdict, i.e., in a light most favorable to the State. We agree with the State's initial premise. The appellate record is silent as to both the demonstration referred to above and appellant's testimonial demeanor. However, Gaona and Wawrykow involved defense challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. A much different rule applies when the reviewing court is conducting a harm analysis under Rule 81(b)(2).
In Harris, 790 S.W.2d at 586, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that analysis under our harmless error rule requires the appellate court to evaluate the entire record in a neutral, impartial, and even-handed manner, not in thelight most favorable to the prosecution. We cannot say, based on a neutral and impartial reading of the record, that the above testimony indicates Pamela Denton was in the line of fire at the time the gun discharged. We also cannot say, based on a neutral reading of the record, that appellant's demeanor was bad. We simply do not know. The State suggests that the best evidence that appellant was not credible was the jury's verdict; however, such reasoning is clearly circular. The issue is whether there is a reasonable possibility the improper jury argument might have contributed to the conviction or punishment, not whether there is sufficient evidence to uphold the verdict. In Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79, 88 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991), the Court of Criminal Appeals stated that there is no burden of persuasion on the State in the sense that it bears the responsibility to come forward with arguments establishing the harmlessness of the error; however, the court went on to note that the State "will indeed suffer reversal on appeal if the reviewing court cannot determine after its examination of the record that an error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." Id.