Case Number: 06-97-00098-CV 08/05/1999 Notice sent to Court of Appeals 07/30/1999 Case stored in record room 04/22/1999 Petition for Review disposed proceeding denied 04/22/1999 Redrafted Petition for Writ of Mandamus, etc. proceeding denied 02/23/1999 Case forwarded to Court 01/15/1999 Redrafted Petition for Review filed 01/15/1999 No description available. 12/31/1998 Petition for Review disposed Filed document is struck by the court 12/31/1998 Returned document/s to attorney. See Remarks. 12/31/1998 Petition due 12/22/1998 Petition for Review filed 12/22/1998 Notice requesting filing fee 12/22/1998 Appendix to any instrument 12/10/1998 Response to Petition for Review filed 12/04/1998 M/E/T to file petition for review disposed Granted 12/04/1998 Petition due 12/03/1998 M/E/T to file petition for review filed OPINION
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. appeals from an order imposing sanctions because of discovery abuse. Although the facts in the underlying case are not clear, it appears that Gary Lynch permitted Wal-Mart to take three computers from his possession to determine if they were stolen. Wal-Mart believed these computers had been stolen from one of its Sam's Club stores and, after taking them from Lynch, refused to return them. Lynch then sued Wal-Mart for conversion.
In the discovery process of this suit, a hearing was held on August 26, 1996, at which time the court ordered Wal-Mart to supplement its answers to two of Lynch's interrogatories and to verify all supplemental answers. In the order at issue in this appeal, the court found that Wal-Mart had been compelled twice before to comply with discovery requests, that Wal-Mart had failed to comply with the court's order from the hearing held on August 26, and that Wal-Mart had exhibited a continual pattern of abuse of the discovery process. The court again ordered Wal-Mart "to verify all original and supplemented answers made in response to all of plaintiff's interrogatories" and to do so within forty-eight hours of the signing of that order. The court then sanctioned Wal-Mart in the amount of $5,000.00 and made that sum payable to Lynch.
Wal-Mart contends that this sanction constitutes an abuse of discretion and that it was improper because the trial court should have attempted to use other means to compel compliance before using monetary sanctions. As this sanction was not "case determinative," it is not a death penalty sanction. GTECommunications Sys. Corp. v. Tanner, 856 S.W.2d 725, 730 (Tex. 1993). In nondeath penalty cases, discovery sanctions imposed by a court will be set aside only if the court clearly abused its discretion. Koslow's v. Mackie, 796 S.W.2d 700, 704 (Tex. 1990). To establish a clear abuse of discretion, it must be shown that the trial court did not act with reference to any guiding rules and principles. Id.; Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). The test is whether the action taken was arbitrary or unreasonable in light of all the circumstances of the case. Koslow's, 796 S.W.2d at 704. That a trial court may decide a matter within its discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate court in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242. A mere error of judgment is not an abuse of discretion. Loftin v. Martin, 776 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tex. 1989); Pedraza v. Crossroads Sec. Sys., 960 S.W.2d 339, 342 (Tex.App. — Corpus Christi 1997, no writ).
A trial court does abuse its discretion if the sanction it imposes does not further one of the purposes that discovery sanctions were intended to further. Bodnow Corp. v. City ofHondo, 721 S.W.2d 839, 840 (Tex. 1986). The purposes of discovery sanctions are: (1) to secure the parties' compliance with the rules of discovery; (2) to deter other litigants from violating the discovery rules; and (3) to punish parties that violate the rules of discovery. Id.
Wal-Mart presents this case as dealing only with the question of whether verification of supplemental interrogatory responses is necessary and whether monetary sanctions are appropriate for failure to do so. That characterization of the matter is accurate, but incomplete. The trial court sanctioned Wal-Mart for failing to verify its supplemented responses to interrogatories after it had directly ordered Wal-Mart to do so, but that was not the limit of the court's order; the trial judge also sanctioned Wal-Mart for discovery abuse generally. *Page 355
In Circle Y of Yoakum v. Blevins, 826 S.W.2d 753, 756 (Tex.App. — Texarkana 1992, writ denied), this Court held that verification of supplementary responses to interrogatories is not required by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Four other intermediate appellate courts have taken this same position.1 Two courts of appeals have taken the opposite position.2 However, we note that in Circle Y of Yoakum, the issue of verification was raised in the context of one party attempting to exclude the other party's expert witness because that witness had been designated in a supplemental interrogatory verified only by the attorney and not by the party. The question before this Court now is not whether the trial court erred by excluding evidence because of a failure to properly verify. If that had been the dispute in the trial court, presented for the first time at trial or shortly before trial, as in Circle Y of Yoakum, a different situation would exist and we would follow our own precedent in analyzing the judge's actions for error. However, in the instant case, the complaint concerning verification was made early in the discovery proceedings when Wal-Mart had no viable excuse for not obeying the trial court's order to verify all its supplemented responses. Instead, it chose to do so only on its newly filed supplements.
Further, the trial court also stated in its order that Wal-Mart had failed to comply with a prior order and had exhibited a continual pattern of abuse of the discovery process. Wal-Mart addresses this aspect of the order by claiming that it simply did not understand what the trial court wanted it to do and by claiming that it complied with what it believed to be the court's will.
Three different hearings were held on Lynch's various motions to compel.3 The records taken at those hearings show that Lynch was seeking direct and concise answers to some questions, while seeking full answers to those questions requiring an explanation. At the first hearing, the trial court ordered Wal-Mart to answer questions directly, which asked whether Wal-Mart had taken two of the computers from Lynch's office, rather than in the evasive fashion in which Wal-Mart had answered. The court also ordered Wal-Mart to answer other questions about methods of inventory control and management in such a manner as to be responsive to the questions asked. The court further ordered Wal-Mart to reanswer some questions.
At the second hearing, the trial court reviewed several of the same interrogatories and noted that Wal-Mart had answered those asking about whether an employee had placed telephone calls to manufacturers with a yes or no answer, but then had failed to completely answer the question by providing the gist of the content of the calls to the two manufacturers involved. The court ordered Wal-Mart to answer the interrogatories fully and to verify all interrogatory answers. Wal-Mart took the position then that supplementary answers need not be verified; thus, it is clear that Wal-Mart understood the court's directive.
The trial court issued directives to Wal-Mart after the first two hearings and imposed sanctions after the third hearing. At the end of the first and second hearings, the judges stated that interrogatories were inadequately answered, and the judge stated in the second hearing that he was "getting the impression that Wal-Mart is engaging in a purposeful evading of the intent of the discovery rules." The trial court also informed Wal-Mart that if it failed to comply, sanctions would be imposed. Wal-Mart then answered the interrogatories, but did not obey *Page 356 the court's order to verify the previously filed supplemental interrogatories.
At the third hearing on a motion to compel, taking into consideration the history of the suit and the various hearings conducted, the trial judge sanctioned Wal-Mart by imposing a $5,000.00 penalty and ordered Wal-Mart to properly verify the interrogatories within forty-eight hours.
In this case, two different judges reviewed the answers to interrogatories and concluded that they were lacking. The judge at the second hearing also directed Wal-Mart to verify all interrogatory answers, apparently because of some concern about answers that were inconsistent from one set of answers to the next, and warned Wal-Mart about the consequences of failing to comply. In such a situation, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by issuing a sanction against Wal-Mart.
Wal-Mart also argues that the trial court had a duty to first use a lesser penalty to seek compliance. This theory applies in cases where death penalty sanctions have been imposed and is not directly applicable to the present case. There is a corollary theory that the sanction should be appropriate, as noted inKoslow's. That appropriateness is measured, however, by the same abuse of discretion standard set out above. After reviewing the record, we are not convinced that the trial court exceeded its authority or that the punishment was so excessive as to be wholly inappropriate. No abuse of discretion has been shown.
Wal-Mart also contends that the trial court was not authorized to impose monetary sanctions because TEX.R. CIV. P. 215 (3) only permits imposition of a specific laundry list of sanctions and imposition of a monetary fine is not one of the permissible sanctions.4 However, the court's order is clear that the $5,000.00 sanction was imposed under TEX.R. CIV. P. 215 (2)(b). This rule authorizes the court to make such orders "as are just" for failure to comply with proper discovery requests, or failure to obey an order to provide discovery, or failure to obey an order compelling discovery made under paragraph 1 of the rule. We hold that, under the circumstances of this case, monetary sanctions are authorized pursuant to the broad language of this rule.
Wal-Mart further contends that the amount of the fine is improper because it was arbitrary and not just. Determining whether a trial court has abused its discretion in setting a dollar figure on a monetary penalty is not a straightforward computation. The court has the authority to impose such a penalty for the multiple purposes that are enumerated earlier in this opinion, including punishment and deterrence. It is arguable that a smaller fine against Wal-Mart would have had no impact and that the nature of the failure justified imposing a fine in an amount that would make some impact upon the transgressor. In the absence of some clear indication that the amount is improper, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a $5,000.00 penalty.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.