Case Number: 06-00-00124-CV 08/20/2002 Mandate issued 08/20/2002 Case stored in record room 07/03/2002 Petition for Review disposed petition granted pursuant to TRAP 59.1 07/03/2002 Opinion issued judgment of ca vacated; cause remanded to ca 07/03/2002 Court approved judgment sent to attys of record 07/03/2002 Petition for Review disposed petition granted pursuant to TRAP 59.1 01/23/2002 Response to Petition for Review filed 01/15/2002 Motion for Extension of Time disposed. Granted 01/15/2002 Response to petition, motion, etc. due 01/07/2002 Designation of Lead Counsel 01/07/2002 M/E/T to file response 12/18/2001 Supreme Court of Texas Requested Response; mailbox rule does not apply 11/20/2001 Case forwarded to Court 11/19/2001 Response to Petition for Review waived 11/13/2001 Affidavit of inability to pay Court costs 11/05/2001 Petition for Review filed 11/05/2001 Appendix Filed 11/05/2001 Notice requesting filing fee 08/20/2001 Created for Data Conversion -- an event inserted to correspond to the mandate date of a process
OPINION
Casey Kenyon appeals from a district court judgment terminating her parental rights to her children, N.K., now four and one-half years of age, and D.T.K., now three years of age. In two points of error, Mrs. Kenyon urges this Court to adopt a heightened standard of appellate review for parental termination cases, and challenges both the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the court's ruling. In light of previous precedents from this and other appellate courts across the state, we will not adopt the intermediate standard advocated by Mrs. Kenyon, and because we find the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's findings, we affirm the judgment.
In November 1998, Fannin County Child Protective Services (CPS) received a referral alleging that Mrs. Kenyon and Damien Kenyon, the children's father, were physically neglecting and emotionally abusing their children, N.K. and D.T.K. The referral specifically alleged that N.K., then two and one-half years of age, exhibited bruising and had been locked in a closet by his mother and father; Zachary, the eldest of the Kenyons' children, had missed twenty-three days of school; the children would go for days without food; they were often unsupervised; they had a history of severe diaper rash; and both the Kenyons used illegal drugs. CPS received a subsequent referral a few weeks later, with similar allegations, as well as new allegations that Mrs. Kenyon left the children with their father, who could not adequately care for them, for as long as ten hours, during which time the children were not fed properly, and that she would bring crack cocaine home to Mr. Kenyon. During the CPS investigation, the Kenyons admitted they abused drugs and needed assistance. Ronald Hamilton, a CPS investigator, found little evidence to substantiate some of the allegations, but he did determine that Mrs. Kenyon allowed the children to run around the house unsupervised while she slept.1 Further, Debra Funtez, the court-appointed special advocate, also investigated the Kenyon family and determined they were in "great turmoil" because of the parents' drug abuse. Mrs. Funtez recommended termination of Mrs. Kenyon's parental rights, opining that she was unable to care for the children and likely would not be able to do so in the foreseeable future. Mrs. Funtez also observed that N.K. suffered from various insecurities, feelings of abandonment, and night terrors.
The Kenyons subsequently agreed to a service plan,2 but CPS received two additional referrals in early January. First, Zachary apparently did not return to school until a few days after the Christmas break. Second, the Kenyons left the children with a sitter, for over twenty-four hours without sufficient food or water, while purportedly attending a job interview. At this point, CPS representatives picked up the children and placed N.K. and D.T.K. with their paternal grandmother. On January 8, four days after first *Page 502 leaving the children with the sitter, the Kenyons visited the CPS office and admitted they had not been on a job interview, but rather on a "drug binge." N.K. and D.T.K. were ultimately placed in foster care. Mrs. Kenyon was unable to make satisfactory progress on her service plan because her community supervision for a criminal conviction was revoked in May 2000, and she was sentenced to ten years in prison.3
In March 1995, Mrs. Kenyon was sentenced to ten years' confinement, probated, for engaging in organized criminal activity in connection with her burglary of a habitation. Sometime during 1997 or 1998, she tested positive for marihuana and cocaine, at which time the State moved to revoke her community supervision. Mrs. Kenyon's community supervision was subsequently modified to require her placement at a Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (SAFPF). She completed the first phase of the drug treatment program at the SAFPF, but failed to complete the second phase at the Salvation Army treatment center in Dallas.4 She was terminated from the program for leaving the facility without permission. This conduct led to the revocation of her community supervision and the reinstatement of her ten-year prison sentence.
Before placing N.K. and D.T.K. in foster care, CPS representatives investigated the possible placement of the children with their maternal grandmother, Sheila Jacobs. However, because of a history of sexual abuse in Jacobs' home, the family's apparent nonchalant attitude toward such abuse,5 and the concern that Mrs. Jacobs might return the children to the Kenyons, CPS determined that such placement was not an option.
Section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code governs the involuntary termination of the parent-child relationship. Pursuant to that section, a court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if it finds by clear and convincing evidence one or more of the statutory grounds set out in Section 161.001(1), and determines that termination is in the best interest of the child as required by Section 161.001(2). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001 (Vernon 1996). Here, CPS alleged that termination was proper under Section 161.001(1)(D) and (E). Subsection (1)(D) allows termination where the parent knowingly places or knowingly allows the child to remain in conditions or surroundings that endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D). Subsection (1)(E) allows termination where the parent engages in conduct or knowingly places the child with persons who engage in conduct that endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(E). In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court found that termination was proper under both Subsections 1(D) and (E). The court also found termination to be in N.K.'s and D.T.K.'s best interests.
Rights that inure in the parent-child relationship are of constitutional *Page 503 dimensions. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846 (Tex. 1980); In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d 437, 439 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1995, writ denied). A parent's right to the parent-child relationship is "essential," "a basic civil right of man," and "far more precious than property rights." Holick v. Smith,685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985) (quoting Stanley v. Illinois,405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1976)). Because the involuntary termination of parental rights is complete, final, and irrevocable, trial court proceedings ordering termination must be strictly scrutinized. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d at 20; In reJ.J., 911 S.W.2d at 439.
For that reason, and because termination of parental rights is such a drastic remedy, the proof required to support a termination order is elevated from a preponderance of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001;In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847; In re King,15 S.W.3d 272, 275 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. denied). The clear and convincing standard is an intermediate standard, falling between the preponderance standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings. It requires "that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (Vernon 1996); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847;In re King, 15 S.W.3d at 275.
Citing Spangler v. Texas Dep't of Protective Servs.,962 S.W.2d 253 (Tex.App.-Waco 1998, no pet.), Edwards v. Texas Dep'tof Protective Servs., 946 S.W.2d 130 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1997, no writ), and Neiswander v. Bailey, 645 S.W.2d 835 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1982, no writ), Mrs. Kenyon contends that this heightened quantum of proof at trial requires that the appellate court reviewing an order of termination use a corresponding intermediate standard of review. See Spangler v. Texas Dep't of Protective Servs., 962 S.W.2d at 257; Edwards v. Texas Dep't of Protective Servs., 946 S.W.2d at 137; Neiswander v. Bailey, 645 S.W.2d at 836. However, on two prior occasions, In re King and In re J.J., we have declined to apply this intermediate standard of appellate review, relying on the unambiguous directive of the Texas Supreme Court inMeadows v. Green, 524 S.W.2d 509, 510 (Tex. 1975), which expressly rejected the use of this intermediate standard. In re King, 15 S.W.3d at 275; In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d at 439-40.6 In doing so, we join eight of our sister courts of appeals.7 We will continue to use the traditional appellate review standard in these kinds of cases unless the Texas Supreme Court changes its explicit ruling in Meadows v. Green, 524 S.W.2d 509, 510 (Tex. 1975).
Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force and *Page 504 dignity as a jury's answers to jury questions.Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). The findings of fact are reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support them by the same standards that are applied in reviewing evidence supporting a jury's answer.Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996); Catalina v.Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
When presented with legal and factual sufficiency challenges, we first review the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Glover v.Texas Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981) (per curiam). In determining a no-evidence point, we consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the party in whose favor the judgment has been rendered and indulge every reasonable inference from the evidence in that party's favor. FormosaPlastics Corp. v. Presidio Eng'rs Contractors, Inc.,960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998) (op. on reh'g); Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v.Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662,244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951). We uphold the fact finder's determination if any probative evidence supports it. ACSInvestors, Inc. v. McLaughlin, 943 S.W.2d 426, 430 (Tex. 1997). In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we view all the evidence and will sustain a factual sufficiency challenge only if we conclude that the finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996).
Evidence at trial showed that Mrs. Kenyon not only had a substance abuse problem with, at least, crack cocaine, but also that she would bring cocaine home to her husband while he was watching N.K. and D.T.K. The evidence also demonstrated that Mrs. Kenyon left her children with a sitter, and subsequently with CPS, for over four days without ample food and clothing while she was admittedly on a drug binge. Additionally, it was shown that her community supervision had been revoked, and she had been sentenced to ten years in prison for her drug possession and use.
Based on these facts, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Mrs. Kenyon engaged in conduct warranting termination of her parental rights to N.K. and D.T.K. Although there is little evidence that she committed any direct physical or emotional abuse of the children, the court could nevertheless have found that her conduct jeopardized the children's well-being. In order for parental conduct to constitute endangerment of the children's well-being, the conduct need not be directed at the children and the children need not actually suffer injury. Rather, endanger means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize.Boyd v. Texas Dep't of Human Servs., 715 S.W.2d 711, 715 (Tex.App.-Austin 1986), rev'd on other grounds, 727 S.W.2d 531 (Tex. 1987). Further, the specific danger to the children's well-being need not be established as an independent proposition, but may be inferred from parental misconduct. Id. at 533; In re King, 15 S.W.3d at 276-77; In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d at 440. Evidence of a parent's imprisonment may also contribute to a finding that the parent engaged in a course of conduct that endangered the children's physical and emotional well-being. In re Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 534.
Here there is evidence, not only of Mrs. Kenyon's imprisonment, but also that her conduct placed her children in serious risk of both physical and emotional abuse. Julie Ann Ford, N.K. and D.T.K.'s foster mother, testified that at the age of two and one-half years, N.K. exhibited a fear that the "[p]olice were after him" and that he had to "[h]ide the drugs." Mrs. Ford also *Page 505 testified that N.K. would pick up pieces of paper off the ground, roll them up, and ask her other children if they wanted a "joint" to "get high." Finally, Mrs. Ford testified that N.K., while having his diaper changed, would point to his penis saying, "Suck my D-I-C-K" or gyrate his hips in an upward thrusting motion saying, "Hump, hump, want to hump, are you going to touch me there?"8 At the time referenced by Mrs. Ford, D.T.K. was still an infant and could not yet speak. In light of this evidence, we cannot say that the trial court erred in finding that Mrs. Kenyon knowingly placed the children in conditions that endangered their physical and emotional well-being. In addition, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that by persistently engaging in illegal conduct, such as using crack cocaine, Mrs. Kenyon knowingly engaged in conduct that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of her children.
Furthermore, the trial court did not err in finding there was clear and convincing evidence that terminating Mrs. Kenyon's parental rights was in the children's best interests.9 Although Mrs. Kenyon has allegedly been released from prison and placed on community supervision, she is likely to remain on community supervision for ten years, and her past conduct indicates that she had difficulty complying with the terms of her community supervision, especially abstinence from illegal drug use. These facts, coupled with the young age of her children, make the case for parental rights termination quite compelling. Mrs. Funtez testified that the relative youth of the boys made them more adoptable, and because they had been in a foster home since the ages of two and one, the transition from foster care to adoption by the foster parents would be less tumultuous. Moreover, according to Mrs. Ford, N.K. is extremely concerned about where he is going to "be forever," and has told her, "Mommy, I love you, I want to stay here, I don't want to leave."10,11
Considering the evidence as a whole, it greatly preponderates in favor of the trial court's findings. Thus, the trial court's *Page 506 findings are not so against that great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
(a) the desires of the child;
(b) the present and future emotional and physical needs of the child;
(c) the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child;
(d) the parenting abilities of the individuals seeking custody;
(e) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interests of the child;
(f) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;
(g) the stability of the home or proposed placement;
(h) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and
(i) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.
Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976)