[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 535 OPINION
This is an interlocutory appeal of the denial of a motion for summary judgment in a personal injury and wrongful death action. Appellee, Misty Morales, individually and as personal representative of the Estate of Donna Morales, sued Appellants, Troopers Randy Loftin and Barry Evans, each individually and in his official capacity as a Texas Department of Public Safety Officer, the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), and the State of Texas for damages resulting from her injuries and her daughter's death. On appeal, Appellants assert that the trial court erred in denying their motion for summary judgment because they proved the elements of official immunity and Morales failed to provide sufficient controverting evidence to defeat the motion. We affirm.
BACKGROUND On May 14, 2001, Troopers Loftin and Evans observed a purple Ford Probe traveling seventy-four miles per hour in a fifty-five mile per hour zone. The driver accelerated when Loftin, who was driving the patrol car, activated his emergency lights to stop the vehicle. The troopers pursued the vehicle at speeds up to one hundred miles per hour. They traveled over rural farm-to-market roads, through Eagle's Bluff golf course, and into a rural residential community. While in the residential area and traveling fifty or sixty miles per hour, the patrol car struck a pickup driven by Misty Morales. Her five-year-old daughter, Donna, was killed as a result of the accident. Ms. Morales, invoking the Texas Tort Claims Act, sued alleging that the troopers negligently caused the death of her daughter as well as her own physical injuries, mental anguish, loss of earnings and earning capacity, physical impairment, disfigurement, and loss of enjoyment of life. Donna's father, Arnulfo Morales, filed a plea in intervention seeking damages he suffered due to mental anguish and the destruction of the parent-child relationship.
Appellants filed a motion for summary judgment claiming entitlement to judgment as a matter of law under the doctrine of immunity. They supported the motion with affidavits of Loftin, Evans, and accident investigator Don Willingham, and excerpts from Loftin's deposition testimony. Morales responded, supporting her response with her own affidavit as well as those of Loftin, Evans, and David A. Lysek, her expert, and Loftin's and Evans's complete deposition testimony. The trial court denied the motion and Appellants *Page 536 filed this interlocutory appeal.1 IMMUNITY Appellants contend the trial court erred in denying their motion for summary judgment because Troopers Loftin and Evans are, as a matter of law, entitled to official immunity. They argue that the officers acted as reasonably prudent peace officers when attempting to stop and apprehend the driver of the Probe. They contend the summary judgment evidence shows the officers reasonably believed that the need to immediately apprehend the suspect outweighed the risk of harm to the public. Further, they assert Morales did not meet her burden to controvert Appellants' summary judgment proof on the issue of good faith. Morales responds that Appellants did not establish that they were acting in good faith and that contradictory statements in Loftin's affidavit and deposition testimony raise fact questions.
Standard of Review
To obtain a summary judgment, the movant has the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c). In deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co.,690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Id. at 549. Summary judgment for a defendant is proper when the summary judgment evidence negates an essential element of the plaintiff's cause of action as a matter of law or conclusively establishes all elements of an affirmative defense as a matter of law. See Black v. Victoria Lloyds Ins.Co., 797 S.W.2d 20, 27 (Tex. 1990). Once the defendant produces sufficient evidence to establish the right to summary judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to produce controverting evidence raising a fact issue as to the elements negated or the established defense. Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler,899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995).
Applicable Law
Official immunity is an affirmative defense that protects government employees from personal liability. Univ. of Houstonv. Clark, 38 S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000). When official immunity shields a governmental employee from liability, sovereign immunity shields the governmental employer from vicarious liability. Id. A governmental employee is entitled to official immunity for the performance of discretionary duties within the scope of the employee's authority provided the employee acts in good faith. Id. Because official immunity is an affirmative defense, to obtain summary judgment on official immunity, the governmental employee must conclusively prove each element of the defense. Id.
Actions that require obedience to orders or the performance of a duty to which the actor has no choice are ministerial. City ofLancaster v. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d 650, 654 (Tex. 1994). However, the decision to pursue a particular suspect, as well as other decisions made during the course of the pursuit such as which route to follow, what speed to travel, whether to call for backup, and how closely to follow the fleeing vehicle, involve the officer's discretion. Id. at 655. *Page 537
To obtain summary judgment on good faith in a pursuit case, a law enforcement officer must prove that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that the need to immediately apprehend the suspect outweighed a clear risk of harm to the public in continuing the pursuit. Clark, 38 S.W.3d at 581. The officer need not prove that all reasonably prudent officers would have continued the pursuit. Id. The officer must prove only that a reasonably prudent officer might have believed that he should have continued the pursuit. Id.
The need element refers to the "urgency of the circumstances requiring police intervention" or "the seriousness of the crime or accident to which the officer responds, whether the officer's immediate presence is necessary to prevent injury or loss of life or to apprehend a suspect, and what alternative courses of action, if any, are available to achieve a comparable result."Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464, 467 (Tex. 1997). The risk element of good faith refers to "the countervailing public safety concerns" or "the nature and severity of harm that the officer's actions could cause (including injuries to bystanders as well as the possibility that an accident would prevent the officer from reaching the scene of the emergency), the likelihood that any harm would occur, and whether any risk of harm would be clear to a reasonably prudent officer." Id. An officer acts in bad faith only if he could not have reasonably reached the decision in question. Clark, 38 S.W.3d at 581.
To controvert an officer's summary judgment proof on good faith, the nonmovant must do more than show that a reasonably prudent officer could have decided to stop the pursuit. Id. The nonmovant must show that no reasonable person in the officer's position could have thought that the facts justified the officer's acts. Id. The court must consider the rights of bystanders or other innocent parties if an officer acts in gross disregard of public safety. Chambers, 883 S.W.2d at 656.
THE RECORD None of the parties question whether both officers were performing discretionary duties and all seem to agree they were acting within the scope of their employment. Therefore, our review shall focus on the good faith element of immunity.
Evidence in Support of Appellants' Motion
Appellants submitted affidavits of Loftin, Evans, and Sergeant Don Worthington, a DPS accident investigator, and excerpts from Loftin's deposition testimony. We first survey this evidence and identify that which addresses the need to pursue the Ford Probe and immediately apprehend its occupants.
In his January 5, 2005 affidavit, Loftin stated that the Probe was going seventy-four miles per hour in a fifty-five mile per hour zone. Loftin observed that the back left window was broken leading him to believe the car might be stolen. Although the driver turned and looked directly at the troopers, he accelerated and ran a stop sign instead of stopping for the officers. The Probe traveled on several different roads, including roads going through a golf course, at a high rate of speed. The Probe entered Shadybrook, a rural residential community, continuing to disregard stop signs and drive recklessly. The Probe drove through the yard of a private residence causing Loftin to believe the suspects might attempt to exit their vehicle, dispose of contraband, or endanger residents of the subdivision. Loftin explained that, due to the Probe's dangerous and reckless manner of operation, including *Page 538 disregard of stop signs and trespassing, and the suspect's evasion of arrest, he believed that the suspect vehicle posed an immediate danger to the public and needed to be apprehended. He explained that the violations of law that he observed "threatened the safety of the many people who were in or potentially in the area and/or on the roads."
In his January 5, 2005 affidavit, Evans stated that the Probe was speeding and they pursued the Probe when it failed to stop. He explained that during the pursuit, he saw two or three small, brown, square objects come out of the passenger window. He thought those were probably controlled substances or other contraband. During the pursuit, the driver of the Probe drove in a reckless manner, committing many traffic violations that "threatened the safety of the many people who were in or potentially in the area and/or on the roads." Evans described the driver of the Probe as an "immediate danger to the public." Evans believed that the suspect's reckless operation of his vehicle and the suspected criminal conduct necessitated an immediate stop to avert any threat of harm to persons in or near the area or the roadway.
Next, we identify the evidence regarding the risk to the public posed by the high-speed chase. Loftin described Shadybrook as a "sparsely populated rural community" and stated that "there were several stretches where there were no homes at all." Loftin said there was almost no traffic, very few homes, and few visible pedestrians. He saw one man standing beside the roadway inside Shadybrook and never saw any pets or children. He saw the driver of a utility truck pull over to the right and get out of his truck. Loftin described the roads in Shadybrook as rough. He said they made numerous right and left turns and he never achieved a high rate of speed in the subdivision. He felt that any risk to the public significantly diminished inside Shadybrook because little to no pedestrian traffic or vehicular traffic was observed during the pursuit in the subdivision. He explained that the risk of pursuing the Probe into the subdivision was minimal in comparison to the risk of allowing the continued reckless operation of that vehicle. Loftin noted that at all times his siren and emergency lights were operating to notify the public of their presence. Loftin stated that, "at all times, [he] maintained a safe speed under the circumstances and took all reasonable and prudent measures to effectuate the stop without unnecessarily endangering the safety of persons in the area or on the roadways." Loftin testified in his deposition that he did not see any speed limit signs in Shadybrook.
In his deposition Loftin said, "There wasn't a need to apprehend him." He also said, "It's not like chasing somebody down through the middle of the city of Tyler, it wasn't like that. So I didn't see any danger down there at all until — until this happened." In his January 5, 2005 affidavit, Loftin explained that these statements were meant to address his assessment of the circumstances surrounding his decision to continue the pursuit in Shadybrook, not his assessment of the continued need to apprehend the suspect.
The following deposition testimony sums up Loftin's thoughts on balancing need and risk:
*Page 539[Counsel]: [I]s it accurate to say that you didn't feel like there was an immediate danger that was going to be caused if you did not apprehend him?
[Loftin]: That's correct.
[Counsel]: Okay. Given that feeling, if you had felt that your pursuit of this suspect presented a clear risk to the public, would you have broken it off?
[Loftin]: Yes, sir.[Counsel]: Okay. And the reason you would have broken it off is because you didn't feel that the need to apprehend this suspect would have outweighed that clear risk to the public?
[Loftin]: That's correct.
Referring to that testimony in his January 5, 2005 affidavit, Loftin clarified that he was addressing his assessment of the circumstances surrounding his decision to continue the pursuit in Shadybrook and not his assessment of the continued need to apprehend the suspect. He reiterated that it was his belief that the need to apprehend the suspect outweighed a diminished risk to the public in Shadybrook in continuing the pursuit.
Evans stated in his affidavit that vehicular traffic was light. Due to the rough condition of the roads in Shadybrook, they never reached high speeds inside the subdivision. He only saw one man on the side of the road in the subdivision. Most of the houses in the sparsely populated subdivision were at a distance from the roadway. He stated that the potential risk of harm to people in the area because of the pursuit was minimal.
During the chase, Evans reported the Probe's license plate number to dispatch, and dispatch gave the troopers the name of the registered owner. Loftin explained in his deposition that, at one point, he attempted to use the squad car to hit the Probe's right, rear corner to "spin him out." He missed, ran off the road, and hit a stop sign. He denied losing control of his vehicle.
Willingham investigated the accident and prepared an affidavit setting out the facts of the incident. Before entering Shadybrook, the chase covered six miles of farm-to-market and county roads, including a county road through a golf course. That portion of the chase lasted five minutes. The portion of the chase within Shadybrook lasted twenty-two minutes and covered nine and seven-tenths miles. The chase covered numerous streets within the subdivision. Both vehicles disregarded numerous stop signs in the subdivision. Willingham described the street where the wreck occurred as "a narrow oil sand road with heavy foliage on both sides" that blocked Loftin's view of vehicles approaching intersections.
Evidence in Support of Morales's Response
Morales filed a response to Appellants' motion supported by affidavits of Morales, Loftin, Evans, and David A. Lysek, an accident investigator retained by Morales as an expert witness, and the complete deposition testimony of Loftin and Evans.
In his deposition testimony, Loftin admitted that he was not familiar with the subdivision and did not see the stop sign at the intersection where the accident occurred. He did not know how fast he was going and did not think it was sixty miles per hour, but had no reason to dispute Evans's statement that they were going fifty to sixty miles per hour. Before entering Shadybrook, he thought they traveled sixty to eighty miles per hour. He believed they were going thirty miles per hour when they drove in the yard between two houses. The officers learned during the chase that the Probe had not been reported stolen. When questioned by the State, Loftin said he did see a need to apprehend and he did not see any clear risk of danger in continuing the pursuit. In a separate statement, labeled Deposition Exhibit 1 and dated June 30, 2001, Loftin explained that his speed decreased greatly in the subdivision due to road surface and visibility. He said there were two long stretches in the subdivision where *Page 540 possibly they reached higher rates of speed.
In an affidavit dated May 21, 2003, Loftin described the events of the day of the accident that occurred two years before. This affidavit contains the information that is in his January 2005 affidavit, but in less detail.
In his deposition testimony, Evans explained that he had graduated from the Department of Public Safety's academy in March 2001 and was in training at the time of the accident. He stated they traveled up to ninety or one hundred miles per hour on FM 344 and in the sixties or maybe seventy miles per hour on County Road 187 inside Eagles Bluff. During the pursuit, they learned the name of the car's registered owner and that the car was not reported stolen. Evans had never been in Shadybrook before and did not know it was a residential area when they entered the subdivision. He explained that they slowed down "a good bit" and the roads in Shadybrook are rough, oil blacktop roads. Evans assumed that they were going fifty or fifty-five miles per hour through Shadybrook. He guessed that they were going thirty miles per hour when they drove through the yard between two houses. He admitted that seemed like a dangerous thing to do and there might be kids playing. He agreed that thirty miles per hour would be a reasonable speed in a subdivision due to the road conditions and sight restrictions. While he did not see the speedometer, he thought they were going fifty or sixty miles per hour at impact with Morales's vehicle.
Exhibit 1 to Evans's deposition is a sworn statement by Evans dated June 7, 2001. He explained that on May 14, 2001, at approximately 10:30 a.m., he and Loftin were conducting a stationary radar check when a Ford Probe sped past them. Evans described the pursuit and stated that he saw two or three brown, square objects come out of the passenger-side window. During the chase, dispatch gave him the name of the Probe's registered owner. Evans stated "there was light vehicular traffic in Shadybrook with rough roads, and therefore I feel the speeds of the Ford Probe and our patrol car could not have reached high speeds." He explained that at one point he feared the occupants of the Probe might abandon the vehicle and enter one of the homes. He described running over a stop sign, going into the ditch, and accelerating again on Jason Street. While driving down this street, he saw a slow moving blue object enter their path from the left and felt the impact.
Evans's May 21, 2003 affidavit is identical to the January 2005 affidavit described above.
Morales's expert, David A. Lysek, investigated the accident. He concluded that driving at speeds up to one hundred miles per hour on a farm-to-market road presents a clear risk of injury or death to the public and driving between fifty and sixty miles per hour in a residential subdivision, disregarding stop signs, and entering a blind intersection at fifty or sixty miles per hour creates a very clear risk of serious personal injury or death to the public. In Lysek's opinion, no reasonably prudent peace officer could believe that the pursuit of May 14, 2001 did not create a risk of serious harm. Relying on Loftin's statement that he did not believe there was an immediate need to apprehend the driver of the Probe, Lysek stated that no reasonably prudent peace officer who believes that the immediate apprehension of a suspect is not necessary would engage in a high speed pursuit or believe that a high speed pursuit in a residential subdivision was justified.
Lysek reported that the entry of Shadybrook clearly marked it as a gated subdivision *Page 541 and it was obvious that it was a residential area. He described the roadways as narrow. When two cars meet from opposite directions, both vehicles must move to their right and drive on the shoulder or grassy area. Speed limit signs indicated a thirty mile per hour limit in the subdivision. Vegetation in the subdivision caused "blind corners" at intersections. He noted that a vehicle failing to stop for the stop sign at the intersection where the wreck occurred would not have time to react for traffic even at thirty miles per hour. Witnesses stated that they observed the patrol car traveling between sixty and seventy miles per hour in the residential area. Lysek stated that a speed of sixty miles per hour is supported by the physical evidence.
ANALYSIS With regard to the need element, the officers are required to show they considered the "urgency of the circumstances" and the "seriousness of the crime" involved as if applying a sliding scale of need based on how heinous the crime or how contemptible the criminal. Here, the original crime to which the officers responded was a traffic violation, speeding nineteen miles per hour over the limit. Although the officers did not know who was driving the Probe, they knew to whom the car was registered. Even though Loftin suspected the car was stolen, the officers knew the Probe had not been reported stolen. Although speeding, there was no evidence that the suspect drove recklessly prior to the onset of the chase. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 545.401(a) (Vernon 1999) (A person commits an offense if the person drives a vehicle in wilful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property.). When the officers attempted to stop the Probe, the suspect quickly violated additional laws, creating a danger to the public in the process. It is an offense to flee from a peace officer attempting a lawful arrest or detention. TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 38.04(a) (Vernon 2003). Nonetheless, there was no evidence that, at the time the chase was initiated, the circumstances were of such urgency that taking the suspect into custody immediately was necessary. See Wadewitz, 951 S.W.2d at 467.
Morales targets Loftin's statements that there was not a need to apprehend the driver of the Probe and that he did not feel it would cause an immediate danger if he did not apprehend the driver, claiming these statements defeat Appellants' assertion that there was a need to apprehend the driver of the Probe. When considering whether Appellants met their burden on the need element in the summary judgment proceeding, these statements are not determinative. A party's testimonial declarations that are contrary to his position are quasi-admissions. Hennigan v. I.P.Petroleum Co., 858 S.W.2d 371, 372 (Tex. 1993). Such admissions are to be distinguished from judicial admissions, which are a formal waiver of proof. Id. The requirements for treating a party's testimonial quasi-admission as a conclusive judicial admission include that the statement be "deliberate, clear, and unequivocal" and that "the hypothesis of mere mistake or slip of the tongue must be eliminated." Id. Here, Loftin made statements that appear to be contrary to his position. He then attempted to explain his meaning, indicating that he was referring to his decision to continue the pursuit, not the need to apprehend. It cannot be said that his admissions are clear and unequivocal. They may well be a slip of the tongue. As quasi-admissions, these statements are merely some evidence and not conclusive. Id. Accordingly, the evidence indicates that while the officers had reason to stop the Probe, the *Page 542 circumstances did not indicate an urgent need for police intervention as required by Wadewitz. See Wadewitz,951 S.W.2d at 467.
The officers noted that both vehicular and pedestrian traffic was light. They downplayed the fact that the majority of the chase took place in a residential neighborhood, which had lower speed limits than the farm-to-market and county roads they had traveled on. This particular neighborhood was characterized by rough, narrow roads and blind intersections with only two-way stops. Although Loftin said he never reached a high rate of speed in the subdivision, he did not dispute Evans's estimate that they were going fifty to sixty miles per hour, which is up to twice the posted limit. Loftin's conclusory statement that he maintained a safe speed and took all reasonable and prudent measures to stop the Probe without unnecessarily endangering the safety of people in the area does not establish good faith. SeeClark, 38 S.W.3d at 581; Brownlee v. Brownlee, 665 S.W.2d 111,112 (Tex. 1984) (Affidavits consisting of conclusions are incompetent summary judgment evidence.). With the possible exception of the failed "spin out" attempt, which is never described by Loftin as an alternative to pursuit, the evidence provides no indication that the officers considered any alternatives to pursuit. Accordingly, the evidence does not reflect facts to show the officers assessed the possibility that there were any alternatives to pursuit as required to show good faith. See Clark, 38 S.W.3d at 587-88.
Further, police pursuits require a reassessment of whether to continue the pursuit in response to changing circumstances during the pursuit. Id. at 583. This chase lasted for twenty-seven minutes over country roads, through a golf course, and throughout a residential area. The evidence does not indicate that the officers reassessed the need to continue the pursuit when they reached the entry to Shadybrook. Loftin stated in his January 5 affidavit that his deposition testimony referenced his "assessment of the circumstances surrounding [his] decision in continuing the pursuit in Shadybrook." The referenced testimony was vague and conclusory. His statements are not fact based and do not indicate a reassessment. Evans admitted that driving thirty miles per hour between houses was dangerous. Neither Loftin nor Evans stated that he considered the likelihood of the risk of a collision with a third party. See id. at 585. With the exception of stating that they slowed down in Shadybrook, the officers said little about road conditions or the impact of rough, narrow roads with poor visibility. See id. at 586. Further, the officers' lack of familiarity with the streets is a factor to be considered. See id.
We recognize that in applying the good faith test, we are not to penalize an officer for his inability to perceive or evaluate a risk due to circumstances beyond his control and that officers are not necessarily forbidden from pursuing suspects for traffic violations or in residential areas. See id. at 583. Additionally, an officer's inability to thoroughly analyze each need or risk factor should not alone prevent him from establishing good faith. See id. Nevertheless, we conclude that neither Loftin nor Evans adequately addressed the degree, likelihood, and obviousness of the risks created by the twenty-seven minute high speed chase. See Wadewitz,951 S.W.2d at 467.
We are required to take as true evidence favorable to the nonmovant, indulge reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmovant, and resolve doubts in favor of the nonmovant. SeeNixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548-49. After noting that the Probe was *Page 543 traveling seventy-four miles per hour in a fifty-five mile per hour zone and surmising that the vehicle might be stolen, the officers began what would turn out to be an unfruitful and injurious twenty-seven minute chase. While we are aware that the work of law enforcement is difficult and officers must make decisions under arduous circumstances, we cannot agree that Appellants met their burden under the facts of this case. Appellants' evidence did not establish as a matter of law that a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed that the need to immediately apprehend the speeding suspect outweighed a clear risk of harm to the public in continuing the pursuit in the residential area.See Clark, 38 S.W.3d at 581.
CONCLUSION We cannot say that Appellants established their entitlement to summary judgment as a matter of law. Id. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying their motion for summary judgment. We overrule Appellants' sole issue.
We affirm the trial court's order.