COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Humphreys and O’Brien
UNPUBLISHED
Argued by videoconference
CLINTON COLEMAN, S/K/A
CLINTON DAMON COLEMAN
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0993-20-2 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN
OCTOBER 5, 2021
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG
Joseph M. Teefey, Jr., Judge
Daniel W. Hall (Law Office of Daniel W. Hall, on brief), for
appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
A jury convicted Clinton Damon Coleman (“appellant”) of aggravated malicious wounding,
in violation of Code § 18.2-51.2, and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of
Code § 18.2-53.1. Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions.
He also argues that the court abused its discretion by refusing to grant a new trial based on
after-discovered evidence.
BACKGROUND
We state the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party
at trial, and “accord the Commonwealth the benefit of all reasonable inferences fairly deducible
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
from that evidence.” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 153 (2018) (quoting Sidney v.
Commonwealth, 280 Va. 517, 520 (2010)).
At approximately 5:30 p.m. on February 18, 2019, Petersburg police officers responding to a
911 call from the Pecan Acres apartment complex found Demario Fisher, who had been shot
multiple times. Fisher told the officers that three men had shot him: appellant, Jaquan Tucker, and
William Rives. Fisher’s statements identifying appellant as a shooter were recorded in an officer’s
body camera footage. Before the officers arrived, Fisher had also left a voicemail message for his
girlfriend identifying the same men as the shooters. The body camera footage and voicemail
message were played for the jury.
Fisher had driven to the apartment complex that day to see friends. When he arrived, he
noticed Tucker and appellant. Fisher parked and approached a group of people that included
Tucker’s brother, “Mojo.” Mojo received a telephone call from Tucker and handed the phone to
Fisher. Tucker threatened Fisher, who started to walk back toward his car.
Tucker approached and shot Fisher in the arm. Fisher ran away and heard more gunshots as
he was running. He hid behind a brick wall and called 911. When the shooting stopped, Fisher
tried to get back to his car. Appellant, Tucker, and Rives came from behind a building, and each
began shooting Fisher, who sustained serious injuries. The assailants were subsequently arrested.
During the first day of trial, before Fisher testified, the court advised that it would recess
until the next day due to an electrical problem. At that time, outside the presence of the jury, the
Commonwealth told the court that Fisher did not want to return and no longer wanted to testify.
The court reminded Fisher that he was under subpoena and required to come back the next day or
face incarceration. Fisher appeared the next morning, and the trial proceeded without incident.
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In his testimony, Fisher identified appellant as one of the men who shot him, and he
specified that appellant was armed with a “semi-automatic . . . black handgun.” On
cross-examination, appellant did not question Fisher about any reluctance to testify.
A resident of the apartment complex testified that she heard “at least [twenty] or more
gunshots” and subsequently discovered “at least five or six bullet shells” in her front yard. She also
found “three bullet holes in [her] house,” near her front living room. A handyman working in
another apartment unit heard gunshots as well and later discovered that bullets had been fired
through the windshield of his truck.
Justus Watson testified for appellant. He stated that appellant did not shoot Fisher. Watson
explained that he was with appellant on February 18, 2019, and when the shooting began, they both
ran away. According to Watson, he saw a “light-skinned person chasing Mr. Fisher down the street,
shooting.”
Deja Brown, who identified herself as appellant’s “best friend,” testified that when the
shooting started, she was talking with appellant from inside her car. Brown drove away when she
heard gunshots, and she testified that appellant ran in a different direction from the gunshots. She
also stated that she did not see appellant with a gun.
Appellant testified that he and Brown were “smoking weed” when the shooting began. He
stated that they ducked down, heard more gunshots, and saw Fisher being chased by a light-skinned
man “they refer [to] as Teasy.” Appellant denied carrying a gun or shooting Fisher. Appellant
admitted that he initially told the police that he was not present when the shooting occurred and
knew nothing about the incident. He also admitted that he had given the police the names of two
would-be alibi witnesses who would falsely testify that he was not there. Finally, appellant
confirmed that he sent Brown a text message before trial “to make sure she said the right things.”
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Appellant’s sister testified that after the shooting, Fisher told her via Facebook Messenger
that he knew appellant was innocent and, although the Commonwealth was forcing him to “stick to
[his] story,” he would drop the charges for $3,500. Facebook messages reflecting this conversation
were admitted into evidence, but Fisher denied having participated in the conversation.
The jury convicted appellant of both charges. Appellant subsequently filed motions to set
aside the verdict and dismiss or, in the alternative, grant a new trial based on after-discovered
evidence consisting of new testimony from Fisher. The court denied appellant’s motion to set aside
the verdict and dismiss, but it conducted a hearing on his motion for a new trial. At the hearing,
Fisher stated that he was “mistaken” when he testified at trial that appellant shot him. He stated that
appellant “was out there, he was with them, but I didn’t honestly see him shoot me.” Fisher
explained that he mistakenly identified appellant as a shooter because “[a] lot was going on at the
time” because he was “getting shot” approximately twenty times.
On cross-examination, Fisher acknowledged that immediately after being shot, he left a
voicemail message for his girlfriend identifying appellant as one of the shooters. He conceded that
he told the same information to the police. He also admitted he had been offered payment not to
come to court and testify at appellant’s trial. Although Fisher denied being threatened, he stated that
after the trial, someone shot at his vehicle while he was inside it.
The court determined that, considering all the trial evidence identifying appellant as one of
the shooters, Fisher’s new testimony was insufficient to set aside the verdict. Specifically, the court
noted that in addition to Fisher’s trial testimony identifying appellant as one of the shooters, the jury
heard recordings of two separate statements he made to different people at the time of the shooting
that named appellant as a shooter. The court also referred to “the level of threat” that had been
made against Fisher after the trial. Accordingly, the court denied the motion for a new trial.
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ANALYSIS
I. Sufficiency of the evidence
Appellant first contends that “[t]he evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that [appellant] was guilty of malicious wounding and use of a firearm.”
When considering the sufficiency of the evidence from a jury verdict, we consider the
evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. See
Chavez, 69 Va. App. at 161. Further, we “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that
of the Commonwealth[.]” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 254 (2003) (en banc). “If
there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its
own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at
the trial.’” Chavez, 69 Va. App. at 161 (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288
(2017)). “We will reverse a trial court’s refusal to set aside a jury verdict only if that verdict was
‘plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Banks, 67 Va. App. at 288 (quoting Code
§ 8.01-680).
Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he shot Fisher because
Fisher’s testimony was “inherently incredible.” He also relies on the Commonwealth’s failure to
establish a motive for the shooting.
Although appellant concedes that motive is not an element of aggravated malicious
wounding, he nevertheless argues that without evidence of a motive, the Commonwealth was
unable to establish malicious intent, as required by Code § 18.2-51.2(A).1
1
The statute provides as follows:
If any person maliciously shoots, stabs, cuts or wounds any other
person, or by any means causes bodily injury, with the intent to
maim, disfigure, disable or kill, he shall be guilty of a Class 2 felony
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Malice is “the doing of a wrongful act intentionally, or without just cause or excuse, or as a
result of ill will.” Watson-Scott v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 251, 255-56 (2019) (quoting Dawkins
v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 55, 61 (1947)). Whether a defendant acted with malice is a question of
fact. Robertson v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 814, 823 (2000).
Malice can be inferred from the deliberate use of a deadly weapon. See Watson-Scott, 298
Va. at 256; Perricllia v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 85, 91 (1985). Although no other witnesses
testified that they saw appellant with a gun, Fisher’s testimony and recorded evidence identifying
appellant as one of the shooters, coupled with the presence of bullet holes and shell casings at the
scene, constituted sufficient evidence from which the jury could conclude that appellant used a
firearm and therefore acted with malice.
In arguing that Fisher’s trial testimony was inherently incredible, appellant contends that the
court should have considered Fisher’s reluctance to testify as “strong evidence that his testimony as
to [appellant’s] participation in the shooting . . . was not worthy of belief.”
“Determining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of the jury,
which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they testify.” Dalton
v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Lea v.
Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “When ‘credibility issues have been resolved by
the jury in favor of the Commonwealth, those findings will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly
wrong.’” Towler v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 284, 291 (2011) (quoting Corvin v.
Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 296, 299 (1991)). Testimony is only inherently incredible as a matter
of law if it is “either so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it, or it must be
shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men
if the victim is thereby severely injured and is caused to suffer
permanent and significant physical impairment.
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should not differ.” Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006) (quoting Cardwell v
Commonwealth, 209 Va. 412, 414 (1968)).
Fisher’s reluctance to testify was not evidence before the jury. Accordingly, the jury could
not and did not consider it when assessing Fisher’s credibility. Appellant nevertheless contends that
the court, which addressed Fisher’s reluctance outside the presence of the jury, erred by not finding
Fisher’s testimony inherently incredible and should have set aside the jury verdict on that basis.
In ruling on appellant’s motion, the court declined to speculate as to the reason for Fisher’s
reluctance to testify. The court stated that it was “not the place for the [c]ourt to divine why” a
witness may be reluctant to testify. On the contrary, the court found that Fisher testified “in a
straightforward way,” and his testimony was “accepted by the jury.”
We defer to credibility determinations made by the trier of fact. See Dalton, 64 Va. App. at
525. Here, Fisher not only testified at trial that appellant was one of the people who shot him, but
immediately after the shooting Fisher related the same information to his girlfriend and the police.
His trial testimony was not inherently incredible but was in fact corroborated by recorded
statements in the voicemail message and on the police officer’s body camera footage. In contrast,
appellant admitted at trial that he lied to police and attempted to procure alibi witnesses to establish
that he was not present when the crime was committed. The jury was entitled to reject appellant’s
testimony, believe Fisher, and base its verdict upon his testimony. See id. at 526 (stating that when
the trier of fact “judge[s] the credibility of a witness . . . [and] sees fit to base the verdict upon that
[witness’] testimony, there can be no relief in the appellate court” (quoting Simpson v.
Commonwealth, 199 Va. 549, 557-58 (1957))). The court also was not required to speculate as to
the reason for Fisher’s initial reluctance to testify.
The jury’s verdict was not plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Therefore, the
court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to set aside the verdict.
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II. Motion for a new trial
Appellant also contends that the court erred by denying his motion for a new trial based on
after-discovered evidence. He relies on Fisher’s testimony that he “could not recall” if appellant
shot him and was “mistaken” about whether appellant shot him.
A motion for a new trial “is a matter submitted to the sound discretion of the circuit court
and will be granted only under unusual circumstances after particular care and caution has been
given to the evidence presented.” Orndorff v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 486, 501 (2006) (“Orndorff
I”). The party moving for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence has the burden to establish
that such evidence
(1) appears to have been discovered subsequent to the trial; (2) could
not have been secured for use at the trial in the exercise of reasonable
diligence by the movant; (3) is not merely cumulative,
corroborative[,] or collateral; and (4) is material, and such as should
produce opposite results on the merits at another trial.
Id. (quoting Odum v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 123, 130 (1983)).
Here, the court determined that appellant failed to satisfy the “materiality” requirement of
the Odum test. Appellant was required to prove that the evidence he produced in support of the
motion was “material, and such as should produce opposite results on the merits at another trial.”
Odum, 225 Va. at 130. See also Mundy v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 461, 481 (stating that a
new trial is only granted “when it appears that the newly discovered evidence has sufficient
probative weight to produce a different result on retrial”), aff’d on reh’g en banc, 11 Va. App. 461
(1990).
Further, where the purportedly new evidence is a witness’ recantation, “[t]here must be clear
and convincing proof that the witness testified falsely at the trial, and not merely proof that by
reason of conflicting statements his testimony is unworthy of belief.” Lewis v. Commonwealth,
193 Va. 612, 625 (1952). Clear and convincing proof is required in the context of recantation
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evidence because “[t]he opportunity and temptation for fraud are so obvious[.]” Id. In Lewis, the
Supreme Court affirmed the denial of a new trial motion where a witness recanted his trial
testimony in a sworn affidavit and also repudiated this recantation at the hearing on the motion. Id.
at 626. The Court stated,
[W]hile we know from his lips that this witness spoke falsely on one
occasion, this does not establish that his testimony at the trial was
false and the statements in the subsequent affidavit were true. In the
final analysis proof of such conflicting statements amounts merely to
an attack upon his credibility.
Id.
“[W]hen a circuit court is presented with conflicting evidence in considering a motion for a
new trial, the court’s role resembles that of a fact finder in determining whether the evidence is such
that it should produce an opposite result on the merits at a new trial.” Orndorff I, 271 Va. at 505.
As fact finder, the court is required to assess the credibility of a witness presenting the
after-discovered evidence. See id. In the context of recantation evidence, this credibility
determination can involve weighing the witness’ new testimony against the opposite testimony he
gave at trial. Virginia law has long recognized the importance of this gatekeeping duty in the
context of purported recantation evidence. See Lewis, 193 Va. at 625. Further, “newly-discovered
evidence which merely discredits, contradicts, or generally impeaches a witness is not a basis for
granting a new trial.” Mundy, 11 Va. App. at 481.
Under these principles, if a court finds that the new recantation evidence does not establish
by clear and convincing proof that the trial testimony was false, this credibility determination
controls, and the court must deny the motion for a new trial. See Orndorff I, 271 Va. at 501. The
appellate court, in turn, “may not substitute its own judgment of the record, but [it] must defer to the
circuit court which had the opportunity to assess the credibility of the witnesses and was in the best
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position to determine the weight to be accorded the evidence.” Orndorff v. Commonwealth, 279
Va. 597, 605 (2010) (appeal after remand of Orndorff I).
Here, we hold that the court acted within its discretion in weighing all the evidence and
concluding that Fisher’s new testimony – that he could not recall who shot him and that he
mistakenly identified appellant – would not produce a different result in a new trial. In reaching that
conclusion, the court recounted evidence that supported not only appellant’s convictions but also
Fisher’s trial testimony identifying appellant. The court emphasized that, in the immediate
aftermath of the shooting, Fisher identified appellant as one of the perpetrators both in a voicemail
message to his girlfriend and to the police who responded to the scene, corroborating Fisher’s trial
testimony identifying appellant as one of the shooters. The court also noted that Fisher had
experienced threats since trial, including gunfire at his car, which impacted the credibility of his new
testimony.
The court did not explicitly assess whether Fisher’s hearing testimony amounted to clear and
convincing proof that he testified falsely at trial. Nevertheless, the court clearly understood that it
was required to act as the fact finder in evaluating the new evidence. It was free to weigh Fisher’s
hearing testimony against his prior statements unequivocally identifying appellant as the shooter
and to consider the weight of all other evidence supporting the conviction.
Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the evidence supports the court’s
finding that appellant did not meet his burden of showing that Fisher’s new testimony was material
and warranted a new trial.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to sustain appellant’s
convictions for aggravated malicious wounding and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony.
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Further, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion for a new trial.
Therefore, we affirm appellant’s convictions.
Affirmed.
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