[Cite as State v. Stewart, 2021-Ohio-3600.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 110219
v. :
DAVID STEWART, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 7, 2021
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-19-636193-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Megan Helton, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
John F. Corrigan, for appellant.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
Defendant-appellant, David Stewart (“Stewart”), appeals from his
convictions. He raises the following assignment of error for review:
1. The trial court did not inform and did not determine that appellant
understood the effect of a plea of guilty or fully inform of the maximum
sentence all in violation of Criminal Rule 11 and to the prejudice of
appellant.
After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm
Stewart’s convictions.
I. Procedural and Factual History
In January 2019, Stewart and his codefendants, Leslie Evans and
Tisean Young, were named in a multicount indictment in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-19-
636193-A. The indictment arose from a series of aggravated robberies that occurred
at a Dollar General store on September 3, 2018, a Family Dollar store on September
30, 2018, and a CVS store on October 4, 2018. The facts supporting the indictment
are set forth in State v. Evans, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108648, 2020-Ohio-3968, ¶
5-17.
For his role in the alleged crimes, Stewart was charged with aggravated
robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), with one- and three-year firearm
specifications (Count 5); robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), with one- and
three-year firearm specifications (Count 6); felonious assault in violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(2), with one- and three-year firearm specifications (Count 7); theft in
violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) (Count 8); aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.
2911.01(A)(1), with one- and three-year firearm specifications (Count 9); robbery in
violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), with one- and three-year firearm specifications
(Count 10); theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) (Count 11); aggravated robbery
in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), with one- and three year firearm specifications
(Count 12); robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), with one- and three-year
firearm specifications (Count 13); theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) (Count 14);
theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) (Count 15); misuse of a credit card in
violation of R.C. 2913.21(B)(2) (Count 17); and receiving stolen property in violation
of R.C. 2913.51(A) (Count 21).
The matter proceeded to a jury trial in April 2019. In the midst of trial,
however, Stewart expressed that he wished to withdraw his previously entered plea
of not guilty and accept the terms of a negotiated plea agreement with the state.
Following a Crim.R. 11 colloquy, Stewart pleaded guilty to a single count
of aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), with a one-year firearm
specification, as amended in Count 5 of the indictment; and a single count of
felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), as amended in Count 7 of the
indictment. In exchange for his guilty pleas, the state agreed to dismiss all
remaining offenses and specifications. In addition, the state agreed to a
recommended sentence of nine years in prison. The trial court accepted Stewart’s
guilty pleas and found him guilty of aggravated robbery and felonious assault. At
sentencing, the trial court imposed an aggregate nine-year term of imprisonment
and ordered Stewart to pay restitution in the amount of $250.
Stewart now appeals from his convictions and sentence.
II. Law and Analysis
In his sole assignment of error, Stewart argues the trial court’s failure
to comply with Crim.R. 11 rendered his guilty pleas to be less than knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary. Stewart contends that he “was not fully advised of the
effect of his guilty plea” pursuant to Crim.R. 11(B)(1) and (C)(2)(b). He further
maintains that the trial court’s postrelease control advisement was inadequate.
The underlying purpose of Crim.R. 11 is to convey certain information
to a defendant so that they can make a voluntary and intelligent decision regarding
whether to plead guilty. State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473, 479-480, 423 N.E.2d
115 (1981). “The standard for reviewing whether the trial court accepted a plea in
compliance with Crim.R. 11(C) is a de novo standard of review.” State v. Cardwell,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92796, 2009-Ohio-6827, ¶ 26, citing State v. Stewart, 51
Ohio St.2d 86, 364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977).
In order to ensure that a defendant enters a plea knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily, a trial court must engage in an oral dialogue with the
defendant in accordance with Crim.R. 11(C). State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527,
660 N.E.2d 450 (1996). Crim.R. 11(C) outlines the trial court’s duties in accepting
guilty pleas:
(2) In felony cases the court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty or a
plea of no contest, and shall not accept a plea of guilty or no contest
without first addressing the defendant personally and doing all of the
following:
(a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with
understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum
penalty involved, and if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible for
probation or for the imposition of community control sanctions at the
sentencing hearing.
(b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the defendant
understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the
court, upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and
sentence.
(c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant
understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury
trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to require
the state to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a
trial at which the defendant cannot be compelled to testify against
himself or herself.
“When a criminal defendant seeks to have his conviction reversed on
appeal, the traditional rule is that he must establish that an error occurred in the
trial court proceedings and that he was prejudiced by that error.” State v. Dangler,
162 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-2765, 164 N.E.3d 286, ¶ 13. “The test for prejudice is
‘whether the plea would have otherwise been made.’” Id. at ¶ 16, quoting State v.
Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990). A defendant must establish
prejudice “‘on the face of the record’” and not solely by virtue of challenging a plea
on appeal. Id. at ¶ 24, quoting Hayward v. Summa Health Sys., 139 Ohio St.3d 238,
2014-Ohio-1913, 11 N.E.3d 243, ¶ 26.
The traditional rule, however, is subject to two limited exceptions. Id.
at ¶ 14-16. Under these two exceptions, no showing of prejudice is required (1) when
a trial court fails to explain the constitutional rights set forth in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c)
that a defendant waives by pleading guilty or no contest, and (2) when a trial court
has completely failed to comply with a portion of Crim.R. 11(C). Id. at ¶ 14-15, citing
State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 31; State v.
Sarkozy, 117 Ohio St.3d 86, 2008-Ohio-509, 881 N.E.2d 1224, ¶ 22. “Aside from
these two exceptions, the traditional rule continues to apply: a defendant is not
entitled to have his plea vacated unless he demonstrates he was prejudiced by a
failure of the trial court to comply with the provisions of Crim.R. 11(C).” Dangler at
¶ 16, citing Nero at 108.
When reviewing a trial court’s compliance with Crim.R. 11, the inquiry
no longer focuses on strict, substantial, or partial compliance with the rule. State v.
Kauffman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109579, 2021-Ohio-1584, ¶ 12. As the Supreme
Court of Ohio recognized in Dangler, prior caselaw had “muddled [the] analysis by
suggesting different tiers of compliance with the rule” and “those formulations have
served only to unduly complicate what should be a fairly straightforward inquiry.”
Dangler at ¶ 17. Thus, the questions to be answered are as follows:
(1) has the trial court complied with the relevant provision of the rule?
(2) if the court has not complied fully with the rule, is the purported
failure of a type that excuses a defendant from the burden of
demonstrating prejudice? and (3) if a showing of prejudice is required,
has the defendant met that burden?
Id.
In this case, the record reflects that the trial court engaged in a detailed
Crim.R. 11 colloquy to ensure that Stewart understood the terms of his plea
agreement and the rights he would be waiving by entering pleas of guilty. The trial
court reviewed the relevant offenses and advised Stewart of the possible sentences
that could be imposed on his felony offenses, including minimum and maximum
penalties. The court further notified Stewart that he was not eligible for community
control sanctions and that the court was not bound to accept the recommended
prison term of nine years. Additionally, the record demonstrates, and Stewart
concedes, that the trial court informed Stewart of the constitutional rights he would
be waiving. Stewart confirmed his understanding of the terms of the plea agreement
and stated that he understood the rights he was waiving by entering his guilty plea.
Finally, Stewart expressed that he had no questions regarding his “rights, charges,
the penalties, or anything that is being done here today.” (Tr. 330.)
Nevertheless, Stewart argues on appeal that his plea was not
knowingly made because he “was never advised that the effect of a guilty plea
constituted a legal admission of guilt.” Stewart asserts that the court’s failure was
significant in this case because he did not understand that by admitting guilt, he was
severely limiting the scope of the arguments he could present on appeal. For
instance, Stewart states that he did not understand that by pleading guilty to
aggravated robbery and felonious assault, “he was waiving any future pursuit of
complaining that the conviction[s] stemmed from foul play, such as lying witnesses,
or was the result of some other error or irregularity.”
As previously stated, Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(b) provides that in a felony case,
a trial court shall not accept a plea of guilty “without first addressing the defendant
personally and * * * [i]nforming the defendant of and determining the defendant
understands the effect of the plea of guilty * * *, and that the court, upon acceptance
of the plea, may proceed with judgment and sentence.” In turn, Crim.R. 11(B)(1)
sets forth the effect of a guilty plea and states that “[t]he plea of guilty is a complete
admission of the defendant’s guilt.”
Stewart does not dispute that he was fully informed of the
constitutional rights set forth in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) that he would be waiving by
pleading guilty. Additionally, the record does not reflect that the court completely
failed to comply with a portion of Crim.R. 11(C). Thus, even if Stewart can establish
that the court did not fully comply with a portion of the rule, he must also
demonstrate prejudice on the face of the record. See Dangler, 162 Ohio St.3d 1,
2020-Ohio-2765, 164 N.E.3d 286, at ¶ 23-24.
After a thorough review of the plea proceedings, we are unable to
conclude that Stewart has satisfied his burden of persuasion. Viewing the court’s
Crim.R. 11 colloquy in its entirety, it is apparent that Stewart subjectively
understood the effect of his plea and the implications associated with his waiver of
constitutionally guaranteed rights, including the state’s burden of proof and his right
to confront witnesses presented against him. Although the trial court did not recite
the exact language of Crim.R. 11(B)(1), Stewart expressly admitted he was guilty of
aggravated robbery and felonious assault. (Tr. 331.) Furthermore, because Stewart
did not assert actual innocence at any time during the plea hearing, the trial court’s
failure to specifically inform him of the effect of his guilty plea is presumed not to be
prejudicial. See State v. Griggs, 103 Ohio St.3d 85, 2004-Ohio-4415, 814 N.E.2d 51,
¶ 19 (“[A] defendant who has entered a guilty plea without asserting actual
innocence is presumed to understand that he has completely admitted his guilt.”).
Here, it is evident that Stewart’s decision to enter pleas of guilty was predicated on
his desire to accept the terms of a favorable plea agreement, and not his alleged
misunderstanding of the rights he was waiving or the implications his pleas would
have on the scope of his appellate arguments. In the absence of information in the
record to support a conclusion that Stewart would not otherwise have entered his
pleas, we find Stewart has failed to demonstrate prejudice.
Furthermore, we are unpersuaded by Stewart’s contention that the
trial court’s postrelease control advisement was incomplete. As discussed, a trial
court’s responsibility to determine that a defendant’s plea is voluntary includes
assuring that the defendant has an understanding of the nature of the charges and
of the maximum penalty involved. Postrelease control constitutes a portion of the
maximum penalty involved in an offense for which a prison term will be imposed.
State v. Austin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105981, 2019-Ohio-1983, ¶ 16. “‘Without an
adequate explanation by the trial court of postrelease control, a defendant cannot
fully understand the consequences of his plea as required by Criminal Rule 11(C).’”
State v. Bell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96446, 2011-Ohio-5667, ¶ 10, quoting State v.
Griffin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83724, 2004-Ohio-4344, ¶ 13.
In this case, the following discussion occurred during the plea
colloquy:
THE COURT: And do you understand you will have, on the felony in
the first degree, a mandatory five-year period of postrelease control,
and on the felony of the second degree, a mandatory three-year period
of postrelease control?
STEWART: Yes.
THE COURT: So when you get out of prison, you’ll be on parole — they
call it postrelease control now — but you’ll be supervised. Do you
understand that?
STEWART: Yes.
THE COURT: For the felony in the first degree its mandatory five
years. For the felony of the second degree, it’s mandatory — it would
be three years. Do you understand that?
STEWART: Yes.
THE COURT: And do you understand if you violate postrelease
control, the parole board has the authority to impose up to half of the
original sentence?
STEWART: Yes.
THE COURT: If while you’re on postrelease control, you fail to report
to your parole officer, you could be charged with escape, which is a
felony. Do you understand that?
STEWART: Yes.
(Tr. 329-330.)
On appeal, Stewart does not dispute that the trial court advised him
that he was subject to a mandatory five-year period of postrelease control on his
first-degree felony conviction and a mandatory three-year period of postrelease
control on his second-degree felony conviction. R.C. 2967.28(B)(1) and (2).
Moreover, Stewart concedes that the court advised him that if the conditions of
postrelease control were violated, he could be returned to prison for up to one half
of his original sentence. R.C. 2967.28(F)(3). Nevertheless, Stewart maintains that
the postrelease control advisement was incomplete because the court completely
failed to notify him of the possible consequences under R.C. 2929.141(A)(1) if he
were to commit a new felony offense while under postrelease control.
Pursuant to R.C. 2929.141:
(A) Upon the conviction of or plea of guilty to a felony by a person on
post-release control at the time of the commission of the felony, the
court may terminate the term of post-release control, and the court may
do either of the following regardless of whether the sentencing court or
another court of this state imposed the original prison term for which
the person is on post-release control:
(1) In addition to any prison term for the new felony, impose a prison
term for the post-release control violation. The maximum prison term
for the violation shall be the greater of twelve months or the period of
post-release control for the earlier felony. In all cases, any prison term
imposed for the violation shall be reduced by any prison term that is
administratively imposed by the parole board as a post-release control
sanction. A prison term imposed for the violation shall be served
consecutively to any prison term imposed for the new felony. The
imposition of a prison term for the post-release control violation shall
terminate the period of post-release control for the earlier felony.
There is no dispute that when a defendant is on postrelease control at
the time a plea is entered, the Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) maximum penalty advisement
must include a discussion of the possible consequences under R.C. 2929.141(A)(1).
State v. Bishop, 156 Ohio St.3d 156, 2018-Ohio-5132, 124 N.E.3d 766, ¶ 21. In this
case, however, Stewart was not on postrelease control at the time of his plea in Case
No. CR-19-636193-A. Thus, the trial court was not obligated to advise Stewart of the
potential implications of R.C. 2929.141 should he hypothetically commit a future
felony offense while under postrelease control. See State v. Betts, 4th Dist. Vinton
No. 17CA706, 2017-Ohio-8595, ¶ 24 (“Appellate courts have consistently held that
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a), notice of the maximum penalty involved, does not require a trial
court to inform a defendant entering a guilty plea of the R.C. 2929.141 consequences
for violating post-release control.”), citing State v. Turner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
101578, 2015-Ohio-1148, ¶ 7; State v. Carr, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2020-12-129,
2021-Ohio-1983, ¶ 27 (“We agree and similarly conclude that a guilty plea is not
invalid where the trial court did not notify a defendant who was not on postrelease
control of the possible consequences the defendant faced under R.C. 2929.141(A)(1)
if the defendant committed a new felony after being released from prison and placed
on postrelease control.”).
Here, the record conclusively demonstrates that Stewart understood
that he would be subject to a mandatory period of postrelease control and that any
violation of the conditions of his postrelease control would subject him to the
consequences set forth in R.C. 2967.28. Because the trial court fully complied with
the requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a), a prejudicial effect analysis is unwarranted
in this context.
Based on the foregoing, we find Stewart’s guilty pleas were knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily made. Stewart is not entitled to an order vacating his
guilty pleas. The sole assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded to
the trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
MARY J. BOYLE, A.J., and
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR
State v. Stewart
Combined Opinion