IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS
______________________________________
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HARMONIA HOLDINGS GROUP, LLC, )
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Plaintiff, ) No. 21-1704C
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v. ) Filed: September 27, 2021
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THE UNITED STATES, ) Re-issued: October 12, 2021
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Defendant, )
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and )
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PERATON INC., )
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Defendant-Intervenor. )
______________________________________ )
OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Harmonia Holdings Group, LLC requests that the Court preliminarily enjoin the
performance of a sole source bridge contract awarded by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS” or
“Agency”) to Defendant-Intervenor Peraton Inc. (“Peraton”) following the cancellation of the
solicitation that is the subject of this bid protest. For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds Plaintiff
has failed to demonstrate the requisite factors to obtain the relief it seeks. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s
Motion for Preliminary Injunction is DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Original Solicitation and Bid Protests
In early 2020, the IRS solicited bids from contractors to develop and execute software
application testing to assist with the IRS’s tax administration systems and applications related to
intake, processing, and customer support during tax season. 1 Prelim. Admin. R. (“Prelim. AR”)
at 74–186, ECF No. 25; see Def.’s Resp. to Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 9, ECF No. 30; Pl.’s
Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 6, ECF No. 29. The bids were evaluated based on six factors: (1)
Mandatory Requirements, (2) Technical Support, (3) Relevant Experience, (4) Past Performance,
(5) Management Approach, and (6) Price. Prelim. AR 168; see ECF No. 29 at 7–8.
The IRS received 33 bids and on December 7, 2020 awarded four blanket purchase
agreements (“BPA”), one of which went to Plaintiff. Prelim. AR 62; see ECF No. 30 at 9. Prior
to this request for bids, the testing support services had been provided by Northrop Grumman
Systems Corporation (now Peraton) for 22 years. Prelim. AR 2; see ECF No. 29 at 6. The award
was protested by three unsuccessful offerors, including Northrop Grumman, at the Government
Accountability Office (“GAO”). ECF No. 30 at 9. The protestors alleged that the IRS’s
evaluations of the proposals (as to both the protestors and the awardees) were arbitrary and that its
price analysis and best value determinations were flawed. Id.; see Prelim. AR 3–6.
B. Corrective Action and Cancellation of the Solicitation
In response to the protests, on December 30, 2020, the IRS notified the GAO that it would
take corrective action by reevaluating the three protesters’ bids under factors 2, 3, and 4;
reassessing factor 5; and reassessing the price realism evaluation of the protestors and of the most
qualified offerors. Prelim. AR 735. The IRS would then issue a new technical evaluation report
(“TER”) and source selection decisions. Id. Performance of the BPAs would remain stayed during
this process. Id. Following the reevaluation and award, the IRS would lift the stay of the awarded
1 The solicitation sought proposals from offerors holding contracts under the General
Services Administration (“GSA”) Federal Supply Schedule 70, with the intent to award four
multiple award, blanket purchase agreements to procure information technology services to
support the IRS. See Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. to Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 6, ECF No. 31.
2
contracts, if they remained the best value to the Government, or would cancel any award that no
longer represented the best value to the Government and issue new or additional awards if the
Agency determined it would be in the Government’s best interest. Id. The IRS further stated that
additional corrective action may be taken if appropriate. Id. As a result, on January 19, 2021, the
GAO dismissed the protests as “academic.” Id. at 738, 740, 742.
As of May 17, 2021, the Agency’s corrective action remained incomplete. Id. at 747. IRS
had been unable to adequately complete a TER addressing all the evaluation factors. Id.; see ECF
No. 30 at 10. It noted in an internal presentation that “the evaluation ratings are not supported,
specifically strengths do not show how the Government will benefit and weaknesses don’t show
any risk.” Prelim. AR 748. Additionally, the Agency’s legal office had concerns that the technical
evaluation panel (“TEP”) was biased against Northrop Grumman. Id. IRS also had not finished
its reassessment of factor 5. Id. at 749. The internal presentation further noted the Agency’s
concern about a lapse in service, expected July 25, 2021, and the need for a sole source bridge
contract if it could not complete the reevaluation by the expiration of the existing contract with
Peraton. Id. at 744, 747. The internal presentation put forth two solutions: (1) complete the
corrective action, notify the offerors, and see if the new reevaluation is protested; or (2) cancel the
award, start the acquisition process over, and issue a sole source bridge contract to allow time for
the re-compete. Id. at 748–49; see Pl.’s Reply in Support of Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 6,
ECF No. 32. It noted that a sole source bridge contract might be necessary even if the Agency
proceeded with the first option. Prelim. AR 749.
On May 26, 2021, the Acting Director of the Office of Information Technology
Acquisition, Steven Brand, agreed that “canceling the current solicitation and starting over is the
3
right course of action” and that, as discussed, the IRS would need “to execute a bridge contract
that will provide [the Agency] time for the re-compete.” Id. at 750.
C. Sole Source Bridge Contract Awarded to Peraton
The IRS filed a Justification for an Exception to Fair Opportunity on July 22, 2021, to
obtain approval to issue a task order under the Alliant 2 Governmentwide Acquisition Contract
(“GWAC”) to Peraton “to provide continued services while the re-compete process is completed.”
Id. at 752; see ECF No. 30 at 11. The IRS explained that the need to avoid a lapse in service was
urgent enough that “providing a fair opportunity would result in unacceptable delays.” Prelim.
AR 752 (citing Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) 16.505(b)(2)(i)(A)). It intended to award
the sole source bridge contract to Peraton, the incumbent, because Peraton’s “experience, technical
expertise and . . . high level of resources in place” would allow it to continue services more
efficiently and with less costs than if a new contractor were selected. Id. at 753. The justification
was approved, and Peraton was awarded an approximately $17.7 million contract, with a 12-month
term beginning July 26, 2021 followed by three four-month option periods. Id. at 754; Def.-
Intervenor’s Resp. to Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 9, ECF No. 31. On August 11, 2021, the
IRS notified the public of the decision. Prelim. AR 937–40.
On August 17, 2021, Plaintiff filed a bid protest action in this Court, along with a motion
for a preliminary injunction. See Pl.’s Compl., ECF No. 1; Pl.’s Mot. For Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 3.
In accordance with the Court’s scheduling order (ECF No. 14), Defendant filed a preliminary
administrative record and Plaintiff subsequently filed a revised preliminary injunction motion. See
ECF Nos. 25, 29. Plaintiff’s Motion seeks an order preliminarily enjoining the IRS from allowing
Peraton to perform the current bridge task order. ECF No. 29 at 22.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
In a bid protest action, this Court may issue a preliminary injunction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(2) and Rule 65 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). A
preliminary injunction, however, is an “extraordinary remedy, which should not be granted as a
matter of course.” Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 165 (2010). To obtain
preliminary relief, the movant has the burden of demonstrating that: (1) it will suffer irreparable
injury if the injunction is not granted; (2) there is a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits
of its claim(s) at trial; (3) the harm suffered by the movant, if the injunction is not granted, will
outweigh the harm suffered by the Government and any third-parties; and (4) granting the
injunction would not be contrary to the interest of the public. See Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council,
Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); see also MORI Assocs. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 503, 519 (2011)
(citing FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d 424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993)).
No one factor is dispositive, and the weakness of one factor may be sufficient to justify
denial of preliminary relief depending on the weight (or lack thereof) assigned to the remaining
factors. Sumecht NA, Inc. v. United States, 923 F.3d 1340, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citing Chrysler
Motors Corp. v. Auto Body Panels of Ohio, Inc., 908 F.2d 951, 952 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). At the least,
the “movant must establish both ‘likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable harm’ for the
court to grant a preliminary injunction.” Chamberlain Grp., Inc. v. Techtronic Indus. Co., 676 F.
App’x 980, 984 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc., 239
F.3d 1343, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (emphasis added)).
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B. Plaintiff’s Request for a Preliminary Injunction Must Be Denied.
Plaintiff has not met its burden to justify the extraordinary relief of preliminarily enjoining
the Agency’s award to Peraton pending a final determination in this bid protest action. As
discussed below, the preliminary injunction factors weigh in favor of denying Plaintiff’s Motion.
1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
To assess Plaintiff’s likelihood of success, the Court must evaluate both jurisdictional and
merits arguments. Defendant and Peraton raise objections to the Court’s jurisdiction over some or
all of Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 (“FASA”),
41 U.S.C. § 4106. The Tucker Act, as amended by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of
1996 (“ADRA”), Pub. L. No. 104-320, 110 Stat. 3870 (1996), provides the Court with “jurisdiction
to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to”: (1) “a solicitation by a Federal
agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract,” (2) “a proposed award or the award of a
contract,” or (3) “any alleged violation of a statute or regulation in connection with a procurement
or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). FASA, however, bars protests that are “in
connection with the issuance or proposed issuance of a task or delivery order.” 2 41 U.S.C.
§ 4106(f). The Federal Circuit has recognized the FASA protest bar as expansive and unyielding.
As it explained in SRA International, Inc. v. United States,
[t]he statutory language of FASA is clear and gives the court no room to exercise
jurisdiction over claims made “in connection with the issuance or proposed
issuance of a task or delivery order.” Even if the protestor points to an alleged
violation of statute or regulation, as [plaintiff] does here, the court still has no
jurisdiction to hear the case if the protest is in connection with the issuance of a
task order. We acknowledge that this statute is somewhat unusual in that it
2 The FASA bar does not apply to two types of protests: (1) “a protest on the ground that
the [task or delivery] order increases the scope, period, or maximum value of the contract under
which the order is issued” and (2) “a protest of an order valued in excess of [$10 million].” 41
U.S.C. §§ 4106(f)(1)(A)–(B). Protests in the latter category fall within the exclusive jurisdiction
of the GAO. Id. § 4106(f)(2).
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effectively eliminates all judicial review for protests made in connection with a
procurement designated as a task order—perhaps even in the event of an agency’s
egregious, or even criminal, conduct. Yet Congress’s intent to ban protests on the
issuance of task orders is clear from FASA’s unambiguous language.
766 F.3d 1409, 1413 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
Defendant and Peraton argue that FASA precludes the Court from exercising jurisdiction
over Plaintiff’s challenge to the task order issued to Peraton. See ECF No. 30 at 19–20; ECF No.
31 at 9–14. Peraton goes one step further, arguing that because of the way Plaintiff framed its
allegations the “Complaint and Motion are ‘in connection with’ the Agency’s award to Peraton of
the Task Order Bridge,” and thus this Court is “deprive[d] . . . of jurisdiction over the entirety of
the protest.” ECF No. 31 at 13 (citing SRA Int’l, 766 F.3d at 1414). Conversely, Plaintiff argues
the FASA protest bar is inapplicable to this matter altogether. ECF No. 32 at 3. According to
Plaintiff, the case “does not revolve around the Agency’s arbitrary and unlawful issuance of a sole
source contract to Peraton” but instead “relates to the Agency’s decision to cancel the BPA awards
and ignore its stated corrective action.” Id.; see id. at 5 (“[Plaintiff] challenges the Agency’s
corrective action. Peraton’s contract is a byproduct of the Agency’s unlawful and arbitrary failure
to follow its corrective action.”).
Plaintiff’s contention in briefing appears to be belied by the opening sentence of its
Amended Complaint, which describes this action as “protesting [the] award to Peraton.” See Am.
Compl. at 1, ECF No. 28. Indeed, allegations throughout the Amended Complaint seem to draw
a connection between the Agency’s decision to cancel the solicitation and its decision to award a
task order to Peraton, as well as challenge the lawfulness of and seek relief against the task order
itself. See, e.g., id. ¶ 1 (“the Agency’s cancellation and corrective action, which resulted in a sole
source award to Peraton, lacks a rational basis is unlawful, arbitrary and capricious”), id. ¶ 5
(alleging that the Agency’s task order award to Peraton was unlawful); id. at 6 (identifying Count
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One as, “[t]he Agency’s Cancellation and Sole Source is a Violation of Law”); id. at 7 (seeking as
part of the Prayer for Relief a preliminary and permanent injunction of the performance of the task
order to Peraton). 3 Consequently, Plaintiff’s allegations could fairly be said to raise objections to
the Agency’s cancellation of the solicitation, “abandonment” of its stated corrective action, and
the subsequent task order award to Peraton. See id. ¶¶ 29–30.
The parties, however, do not contest that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain claims based
on Plaintiff’s first two objections, at least to the extent they are standalone claims. The Court
agrees. Other judges of this court have held that a challenge to a solicitation cancellation decision
arises under the final prong of § 1491(b)(1)—i.e., an alleged violation of statute or regulation in
connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement. See Tolliver Grp., Inc. v. United States,
151 Fed. Cl. 70, 87 (2020); see also MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 523 (observing that the final
prong “must be the vehicle by which the remainder of [the Court’s] pre-existing jurisdiction over
procurement protests was preserved” after ADRA and includes a protest of a cancellation of a
solicitation). Challenges to an agency’s corrective action have been categorized as arising under
the Court’s pre-award jurisdiction (i.e., the first prong) or under the final prong, depending on the
allegations. See Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 430, 443 (2017) (citing Ceres
Gulf, Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 303, 315–16 (2010) (discussing cases related to corrective
action protests as reflecting challenges to pre-award conduct) and Sys. Application & Techs. v.
United States, 691 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (noting the first and final prongs as bases for
jurisdiction to challenge a corrective action, even if not yet implemented, that plaintiffs argued
was both arbitrary and capricious and involved an alleged violation of law)).
3 At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel likewise described the cancellation decision and
subsequent task order award as inextricably linked, stating that the two could not be “decoupled”
and were “wrapped up in the same decision.”
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That the Agency decided to issue a task order to Peraton as a short-term replacement
procurement vehicle does not automatically preclude the Court from exercising jurisdiction over
potentially part of Plaintiff’s protest. See BayFirst Sols., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 493,
503 (2012) (“It may be that each protest requires a fact-intensive inquiry as to the agency’s
decision-making process, and a careful analysis of the connectedness of each challenged
procurement decision to the issuance or proposed issuance of a task order.”). The Court must
evaluate whether the basis of and facts surrounding Plaintiff’s first two objections cause them to
be “logically distinct” from the subsequent issuance of the task order bridge to Peraton. See MORI
Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 533; see also SRA Int’l, 766 F.3d at 1413 (explaining that “a temporal
disconnect may, in some circumstances, help to support the non-application of the FASA bar”).
Several courts have found such disconnection between a decision to cancel a solicitation and a
decision to procure the same services through issuance of a task order. See Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl.
at 99 (holding “the cancellation decisions themselves are far removed from the selection of a
replacement acquisition vehicle”); BayFirst, 104 Fed. Cl. at 507 (“The cancellation of the
[s]olicitation may be viewed as a discrete procurement decision and one which could have been
the subject of a separate protest.”); see also MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 525, 533–34.
Here, the Agency’s decision to cancel the solicitation (rather than completing the corrective
action) predates the award to Peraton and could potentially serve as an independent basis for the
Court’s jurisdiction; therefore, the application of the FASA protest bar to the cancellation and
corrective action claims would not be unavoidable. See BayFirst, 104 Fed. Cl. at 507; see also
Guam Indus. Servs. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 546, 555 (2015) (“Not every decision that
precedes the selection of a task order vehicle is so bound up with the proposed issuance of a task
order that a protest of the decision would be prohibited by FASA.” (quoting MORI Assocs. v.
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United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 33, 38 (2013)). While there is some causal connection between the
Agency’s decisions not to complete the corrective action, but rather to cancel and re-compete the
solicitation, and the issuance of the task order to Peraton to avoid a lapse in service during the re-
compete process, see Prelim. AR 748, this type of proximate causation has been recognized as
insufficient to implicate the FASA protest bar for a cancellation challenge, see BayFirst, 104 Fed.
Cl. at 507.
But accepting arguendo Plaintiff’s disavowal that its protest concerns the Agency’s award
of the bridge task order to Peraton, what jurisdictional basis does the Court have to review or
potentially enjoin that separate procurement decision? See, e.g., DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno,
547 U.S. 332, 352 (2006) (observing the requirement of a plaintiff to demonstrate standing for
each claim and each form of relief sought); see ECF No. 28 at 7 (requesting in Prayer for Relief
that the Court preliminarily and permanently enjoin “the performance of the sole source bridge
contract issued to Peraton”). Plaintiff argues that Tolliver and MORI Associates provide the
answer. ECF No. 32 at 4–5. As Peraton notes, these cases are arguably distinguishable. Both
involved similar circumstances: following protests of contract awards, the respective agencies
committed to corrective actions before ultimately cancelling the solicitations and procuring the
services under a different procurement vehicle involving task orders. Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 80–
83; MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 511–16. Unlike this case, however, the plaintiffs in Tolliver
and MORI Associates raised separate challenges to the agencies’ cancellation decisions (claiming
they were arbitrary and capricious and violated FAR 1.602-2(b)) and the lawfulness of the
replacement procurement method (claiming the agencies failed to comply with the Rule of Two).4
4 The Rule of Two provides that “[t]he contracting officer shall set aside any acquisition
over the simplified acquisition threshold for small business participation when there is a reasonable
10
Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 98–99 (holding the FASA protest bar did not preclude the court’s
jurisdiction over plaintiff’s Rule of Two claim); MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 533–34 (same).
With respect to the latter, the courts held that the Rule of Two involved an alleged violation of law
arising during a stage of the procurement process that is logically distinct from the issuance or
proposed issuance of the task orders; and consequently, the FASA bar was inapplicable. See
Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 98–99 (focusing on distinct nature of Rule of Two challenge); MORI
Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl at 533–34. The Tolliver court also held that the plaintiff’s Rule of Two claim,
brought under the final prong of the Court’s § 1491(b)(1) jurisdiction, did not constitute a “protest”
to which the FASA bar could apply. 151 Fed. Cl. at 100. It specifically noted, however, that a
cancellation of a solicitation is expressly identified as a “protest” under the Competition in
Contracting Act, which has been used to inform this Court’s bid protest jurisdiction. Id. at 98–99
& n.40.
Neither court held that jurisdiction over the cancellation claims ipso facto conferred
jurisdiction to either review or enjoin the subsequently issued task orders.5 See id. at 85 n.12, 99
n.40. Moreover, although Tolliver articulated the plaintiffs’ Rule of Two challenge as being
“neither to a particular solicitation nor to the merits of an award or to a proposed award of a task
order,” id. at 105 n.48, the same cannot be said of Plaintiff’s allegations here. Plaintiff does not
raise a Rule of Two or similar “[d]iscrete, preliminary matter.” MORI Assocs., 113 Fed Cl. at 38.
Rather, as part of its argument that the Agency’s cancellation decision was irrational and violated
expectation that—(1) Offers will be obtained from at least two responsible small business
concerns; and (2) Award will be made at fair market prices.” FAR 19.502-2(b).
5Indeed, the Government argued in Tolliver that the cancellation and Rule of Two claims
were separate, and the Court found independent jurisdiction for both. Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 99
& n.40.
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FAR § 1.602-2(b), Plaintiff essentially invites the Court to evaluate the necessity of the issuance
of the task order—i.e., the merits of the award. ECF No. 29 at 18 (the “record plainly does not
support the conclusion that the corrective action could not be completed or that the Agency’s
chosen alternative—another 2-year sole source award—was necessary.” (emphasis added)).
FASA appears to preclude the Court from engaging in this type of inquiry.6 See DataMill, Inc. v.
United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 740, 757 (2010) (observing that decision to procure software program
through non-competitive sole source procurement was “by its very nature[] ‘in connection with’
the ‘issuance’ of [the] delivery order”). Accordingly, although Plaintiff’s cancellation and
corrective action claims, if they stand alone, could be within the Court’s bid protest jurisdiction,
the Court finds that Plaintiff has not demonstrated at this stage a likelihood that the Court has
jurisdiction to review or enjoin the performance of the task order awarded to Peraton.
Beyond the threshold issue of jurisdiction, the Court must also examine the likelihood of
success of Plaintiff’s cancelation/corrective action claims. The Court reviews challenged agency
decisions pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) standard of review. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(4). In assessing whether an agency decision is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the Court must inquire
6 If the Court analyzes Plaintiff’s claims as framed in the Amended Complaint, the
jurisdictional problems potentially increase. As Peraton points out, portions of the Amended
Complaint’s allegations and prayer for relief arguably entwine the issuance of Peraton’s task order
with the remainder of Plaintiff’s bid protest, which could invoke the broad application of the FASA
bar to the entirety of Plaintiff’s protest See SRA Int’l, 766 F.3d at 1414 (examining the relief
sought and determining it, while not dispositive, to be demonstrative that the protest actually
concerned the issuance of the task order); Mission Essential Pers., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed.
Cl. 170, 179 (“The fact that [plaintiff’s] requested relief bears directly on the Army’s task orders
strongly indicates that this protest is ‘in connection with the issuance’ of those task orders.”); see
also DataMill, Inc. v. United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 740, 757 (2010). It is not necessary to resolve
these arguments now, but they give some weight to the Court’s determination that Plaintiff has not
met its burden on the likelihood of success factor as it relates to the jurisdictional objections to any
task order-related claim or relief.
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if: “(1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure
involved a violation of regulation or procedure,” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi
v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Challengers bear the “‘heavy burden’ of
showing that the award decision ‘had no rational basis.’” Id. at 1333 (quoting Saratoga Dev. Corp.
v. United States, 21 F.3d 445, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). A challenge alleging a violation of a
regulation or procedure requires plaintiffs to prove “a clear and prejudicial violation of applicable
statutes or regulations.” Id. (quoting Kentron Haw., Ltd. v. Warner, 480 F.2d 1166, 1169 (D.C.
Cir. 1973)).
The Federal Circuit has described the arbitrary and capricious standard applicable to the
bid protest context as “highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216
F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Because the “greater the discretion granted to a contracting
officer, the more difficult it will be to prove the decision was arbitrary and capricious,” a plaintiff’s
heavy burden in challenging a cancellation decision is weightier. Galen Med. Assocs. v. United
States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Burroughs Corp. v. United States, 617 F.2d
590, 597 (Ct. Cl. 1980)). This is because a contracting officer’s discretion is at its “greatest” when
“deciding to cancel a negotiated procurement.” Madison Servs., Inc. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl.
120, 125 (2010); see also Am. Gen. Leasing, Inc. v. United States, 587 F.2d 54, 58–59 (Ct. Cl.
1978).
According to Defendant, the reasons underlying the cancellation decision, and by extension
the decision to end the corrective action, are twofold: (1) between January 2021, when the Agency
announced the corrective action, and mid-May 2021 the technical team was unable to adequately
complete the TER; and (2) the Agency’s legal division had concerns that the TEP was biased
against Northrop Grumman. See ECF No. 30 at 16–17 (citing Prelim. AR 747, 748). Upon an
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initial review of the limited record, and with the deferential standard of review in mind, both
reasons could potentially provide a rational basis for cancelling the solicitation, considering the
risk of a lapse in critical services and the importance of maintaining the integrity of the Agency’s
procurement process. That being said, Plaintiff raises legitimate concerns about the sufficiency of
the Agency’s explanation in support of its decision. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm
Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (authorizing courts to set aside agency action where
the agency fails to “articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made”); see also Fla. Power & Light Co. v.
Lorion, 470 U.S. 749, 743–44 (1985). The sum of the Agency’s reasoning is contained in only an
undated PowerPoint presentation, which provides no further context beyond conclusory
statements, and a single e-mail from the Acting Director of the Office of Information Technology
Acquisition, which simply states his agreement that cancelling the solicitation and starting over is
the proper course of action. Prelim. AR 747, 748, 750. This is not to suggest the Agency will be
unable to produce additional documentation in the complete administrative record to support the
rationale of its decision. However, at this juncture, with only a preliminary administrative record,
there is not much evidence demonstrating what facts the Agency considered, nor is there a
meaningful articulation of the basis for its decision. 7 See State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43; Fla. Power
& Light, 470 U.S. at 744.
Accordingly, the likelihood of success factors weigh both for and against Plaintiff. It has
demonstrated some likelihood of success on the merits vis-à-vis the Agency’s decision to forego
7 Plaintiff alleges the Agency’s decision also violates FAR § 1.602-2(b). ECF No. 29 at
17–18. As far as the Court can discern, Plaintiff’s FAR claim mirrors its arbitrary-and-capricious
claim. See id. at 18 (“The Agency’s decision to cancel the Solicitation was arbitrary and, thus,
violated FAR § 1.602-2.”). Accordingly, no separate analysis for the purpose of the likelihood of
success factor is necessary.
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the corrective action and cancel the solicitation (at least on the current limited record), and there
is no jurisdictional obstacle to the Court independently entertaining those claims. However,
Plaintiff has not demonstrated a likelihood that the Court has jurisdiction to review or enjoin the
task order to Peraton.
2. Irreparable Harm
Plaintiff must “demonstrate that irreparable injury is likely,” not just a mere possibility.
Winter, 555 U.S. at 22 (emphasis added). To assess irreparable harm, the “relevant inquiry . . . is
whether plaintiff has an adequate remedy in the absence of an injunction.” Magellan Corp. v.
United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 446, 447 (1993). Some decisions of this court have recognized that lost
profits and business from a government contract may constitute an irreparable harm. See, e.g.,
Springfield Parcel C, LLC v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 163, 194 (2015) (noting that “[m]onetary
relief under the Tucker Act is limited only to bid preparation and proposal costs, which ‘are not
equivalent to potential profits from a government contract’” (quoting BayFirst Sols., LLC v. United
States, 102 Fed. Cl. 677, 696 (2012))); Hosp. Klean of Tex., Inc. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 618,
624 (2005) (“[L]oss of profit, stemming from a lost opportunity to compete for a contract on a
level playing field has been found sufficient to constitute irreparable harm.”); but see Minor Metals
v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 379, 381–82 (1997) (“[E]conomic harm without more, does not seem
to rise to the level of irreparable injury.”). At least one decision has held, however, that a
“procurement error coupled with loss of business does not necessarily require injunctive relief.”
Hawpe Constr., Inc. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 571, 582 (2000).
Plaintiff contends the Court may presume it will be irreparably harmed, absent preliminary
injunctive relief, based on Plaintiff’s lost opportunity to compete under the now-cancelled
solicitation. ECF No. 29 at 19; ECF No. 32 at 8–9. Plaintiff does not provide any meaningful
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explanation of the alleged irreparability of its injury but, in support, cites several cases recognizing
that the loss of potential work and profits constitutes irreparable harm for purposes of granting a
permanent injunction. See ECF No. 29 at 19 (citing Remington Arms Co., LLC v. United States,
126 Fed. Cl. 218, 232–33 (2016); MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 552–53; Contracting, Consulting,
Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 334, 335 (2012)). But whether Plaintiff is ultimately
entitled to injunctive relief upon the Court’s final determination in this matter is not the question
before the Court now; rather, the focus is on any alleged irreparable harm that may be incurred
during the pendency of the litigation absent preliminary relief. See Sierra Mil. Health Servs. v.
United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 573, 582 (2003) (evaluating whether disappointed bidder was entitled
to preliminary injunction halting transition work, during the pendency of a protest, that was
necessary for awardees to begin actual performance of contracts at a future date).
Here, Plaintiff has made no showing in that regard. Moreover, if successful in its protest
and the cancellation decision is set aside, Plaintiff will not have suffered any lost opportunity to
compete. Even if unsuccessful, the Agency intends to re-compete the solicitation, Prelim. AR 750,
and there is nothing in the record to indicate that Plaintiff would be ineligible to compete under
the new solicitation, cf. MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 516; PGBA, LLC v. United States, 60 Fed.
Cl. 196, 221 (2004) (acknowledging loss of opportunity to fairly compete for a contract may
qualify as an irreparable injury where protester demonstrates that it will “‘inevitably’ suffer harm”
consequently). Accordingly, Plaintiff has not established it will suffer any irreparable injury
absent a preliminary injunction.
Assuming Plaintiff has demonstrated irreparable harm, Plaintiff also fails to persuade the
Court that preliminarily enjoining the task order would remedy such harm. See Lewis v. Casey,
518 U.S. 343, 357 (1996) (explaining scope of injunctive relief “must of course be limited to the
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inadequacy that produced the injury in fact”); Gemveto Jewelry Co. v. Jeff Cooper Inc., 800 F.2d
256, 259 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (“[I]njunctive relief should be narrowly tailored . . . .”). Plaintiff’s
alleged harm seems to derive directly from the Agency’s cancellation decision, not from the
current performance of the task order. The Court, therefore, does not grasp how enjoining the task
order would preserve the parties’ relative positions or maintain the status quo until a decision on
the merits. 8 See Smith Int’l, Inc. v. Hughes Tool Co., 718 F.2d 1573, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (“A
preliminary injunction will normally issue only for the purpose of preserving the status quo and
protecting the respective rights of the parties pending final disposition of the litigation.”). As
Defendant noted at oral argument, an injunction that would be narrowly tailored to Plaintiff’s
alleged harm would either rescind the cancellation of the solicitation and/or prevent the IRS from
moving forward with re-competing the solicitation. 9 Plaintiff’s Motion does not request such
relief.
The irreparable harm factor, therefore, weighs heavily against granting preliminary relief,
and on that basis alone the Motion should be denied. See Chamberlain Grp., 676 F. App’x at 984.
8Indeed, Plaintiff does not dispute that it is ineligible to perform work under an Alliant 2
task order. Accordingly, if the Court enjoined Peraton’s performance of such task order, it is not
at all evident that IRS would procure IT services on an interim basis from Plaintiff. See ECF No.
31 at 14.
At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel asserted for the first time that it was seeking a more
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limited injunction, which would permit a contractor to fulfill—in a narrowly-tailored fashion—the
IRS’s need for only the most critical services that are the subject of Peraton’s task order. Counsel,
however, provided no explanation of how narrowing the scope of the bridge contract would more
particularly remedy Plaintiff’s alleged harm, what authority the Court possesses to instruct the
Government on how it should go about procuring services under the contract, or how the Court
could adequately describe the scope of such injunctive relief under RCFC 65(d)(1).
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3. Remaining Factors
Under the remaining factors, the Court must weigh the harm suffered by the movant, if the
motion is not granted, against the harm to the Government and any third-party intervenor if the
motion is granted. Akal Sec. Inc. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 311, 320 (2009). Additionally, the
Court must decide if it is in the public’s interest to issue the preliminary injunction. Winter, 555
U.S. at 24 (cautioning courts to “pay particular regard for the public consequences in employing
the extraordinary remedy of injunction” (quoting Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305,
312 (1982))).
Plaintiff contends it continues to suffer harm from the lost opportunity to compete, while
the Agency would suffer no harm in completing its corrective action. ECF No. 29 at 21. It further
asserts that preliminary injunctive relief would serve the public interest by preserving: (1) the
integrity of the procurement process and (2) the Court’s ability to redress violations of procurement
laws and regulations. See id. According to Defendant, the preliminary injunctive relief sought
would result in a lapse in services needed to support IRS’s tax administration systems and
applications, which would lead to serious harm to Treasury Department operations and to
taxpayers. See ECF No. 30 at 24; Decl. of Aaron Francesconi ¶ 12, ECF No. 30-1. Peraton also
describes the harms that would result from enjoining performance of the task order, including
economic loss as well as the loss of valuable personnel. See ECF No. 31 at 26.
The balance skews decidedly against granting preliminary injunctive relief. Defendant and
Peraton have asserted with specificity a number of concrete, serious harms that would be caused
by even a temporary lapse in services. The potential disruption to the efficient administration of
the nation’s tax system far outweighs the non-specific, policy-based harms alleged by Plaintiff.
See Munilla Constr. Mgmt., LLC v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 131, 137 (2016) (finding the
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balance of hardships weighs in favor of the Government and Intervenor when work under a
contract has begun and it would prove disruptive to halt such work only to resume it at a subsequent
time); Aero Corp., S.A. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 237, 242 (1997) (“[A] procuring agency should
be able to conduct procurements without excessive judicial infringement upon the agency’s
discretion.”). For the same reasons, the Court finds that the potentially serious fiscal impact that
would result from enjoining Peraton’s performance of the task order is not in the public interest.
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction is DENIED and Plaintiff’s
initial Motion for Preliminary Injunction, filed concurrently with the Complaint, is DENIED AS
MOOT. The parties shall submit by no later than October 4, 2021 a joint status report proposing
a schedule for further proceedings.
This opinion and order will be unsealed in its entirety after October 11, 2021 unless the
parties submit by no later than October 6, 2021 an objection specifically identifying the protected
information subject to redaction. Any objecting party must submit a proposed redacted version of
the decision and provide the reason(s) supporting the party’s request for redaction.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 27, 2021 /s/ Kathryn C. Davis
KATHRYN C. DAVIS
Judge
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Harmonia Holdings Group, LLC v. United States
Combined Opinion