Affirmed as Modified and Memorandum Opinion filed October 12, 2021.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-19-00237-CR
RYAN COLEMAN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 337th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1619943
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Ryan Coleman appeals his conviction for aggravated sexual
assault. After a jury convicted appellant, the trial court assessed his punishment at
70 years in prison. In a single issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused
its discretion in denying his motion to suppress evidence of four alleged extraneous
offenses involving other complainants because the prejudicial effect of that
evidence substantially outweighed its probative value. We modify the trial court’s
judgment to delete an incorrect special finding that appellant waived his right to
appeal, and as so modified, affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Background
Complainant, who is from Honduras, testified that she was working as a
dancer at a club in June 2015 when she met appellant at the club. When the club
closed, complainant, a co-worker, appellant, and appellant’s female friend all went
to another bar. After consuming a drink that appellant’s friend gave her,
complainant said that her heart began to race, she felt dizzy, and she had to go to
the restroom to vomit. Shortly thereafter, complainant and her coworker decided to
leave, but when the coworker discovered that her car had been towed, appellant
and his friend offered to give them a ride to complainant’s apartment. Appellant,
however, drove them instead to the apartment complex where he and his friend
lived. The friend explained that they needed to pick something up first.
When they arrived at the complex, the friend showed complainant her
apartment while complainant’s coworker was outside talking to her boyfriend on
her phone. The friend then informed complainant that appellant would be the one
to take complainant home. Complainant followed appellant to his apartment. She
said that she was not concerned at this point and thought he was just going to get
his keys.
Once they entered appellant’s apartment, appellant closed the door.
Complainant immediately tried to open the door but found that there was a device
on the doorknob that just spun in her hand, and she could not get the door open.
Complainant told appellant to open the door, but he refused and began groping her.
She pushed him away and told him no, but he started trying to remove her clothes.
She then noticed a gun tucked into the waistband of appellant’s pants. When he
took the gun out, complainant ran to the bathroom, locked the door, and told him
she was going to call the police, although she had left her phone in appellant’s car.
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Appellant pounded on the door and told her to open it. He then pried the door open
with a kitchen knife. Still holding the knife, he fondled complainant and then
grabbed her by her hair and threw her on the couch in the living room. Appellant
offered her money, but she again told him no. Appellant began to kiss her on the
neck while still holding the knife. He groped her and lay on top of her.
Complainant tried to fight him off, but she said his weight was too much. She kept
telling appellant no and that the police could arrive any moment. Appellant then
forcibly penetrated complainant’s vagina with his penis. Complainant said it was
painful.
Afterwards, appellant placed a finger to his lips while holding the knife and
told complainant to calm down. Appellant then opened the door, and they walked
outside. Complainant began to run down the stairs, yelling for her friend who had
apparently left. Appellant briefly grabbed complainant’s hair, but she kept running,
stopping only to grab her phone out of his car, and ran through the apartment
complex’s gate and across the street. She then called the police and watched as
appellant got in his car and drove away quickly.
One of the officers who responded to the scene testified that complainant
appeared traumatized and the apartment showed signs of a struggle. After the
police arrived, complainant was taken to the hospital by ambulance. She was
treated for pain, various bruises and abrasions were noted, and a tampon was
removed from her vaginal vault. Later DNA analysis of a semen sample recovered
from complainant could not exclude appellant as the source of the semen. In 2017,
appellant was located in Arizona and extradited back to Texas.
At trial, defense counsel’s opening statement and questioning focused on
whether the sexual intercourse between complainant and appellant was consensual
and on complainant’s immigration status as a reason for why she may have
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fabricated the charge. Defense counsel also elicited testimony that complainant had
apparently stopped cooperating with the police investigation for a time.
Complainant explained that this was because she was afraid.
When the State offered evidence regarding four other sexual assaults that
appellant had allegedly committed against other women, the trial court held a
hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress that evidence. As will be discussed more
fully below, each of these four allegations included elements similar to the alleged
sexual assault of complainant. The trial court denied the motion to suppress but
instructed the jury both orally and in the jury charge regarding their consideration
of these extraneous offenses.
Standards of Review
In his sole issue, appellant asserts the trial court erred in admitting the
evidence of four extraneous offenses because the prejudicial effect of that evidence
substantially outweighed its probative value. We review a trial court’s decision to
admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. De La Paz v.
State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). As long as the trial court’s
ruling falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement, we will affirm that
decision. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Under Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b), evidence of a “crime, wrong, or other
act” is not admissible to prove a person’s character or that he acted in conformity
with that character. Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(1); see also Metcalf v. State, No.
14-19-00101-CR, 2020 WL 1880991, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr.
16, 2020, no pet.). Evidence that does not have relevance apart from character
conformity is inadmissible. Tex. R. Evid. 404(b); Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870,
879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). However, evidence of extraneous offenses may be
admissible for another purpose “such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,
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preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.”
Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(2); see also Metcalf, 2020 WL 1880991, at *5. Moreover,
extraneous offense evidence is not inadmissible under Rule 404(b) when it is
offered to rebut an affirmative defense or a defensive issue that negates one of the
elements of the crime. Casey, 215 S.W.3d at 879. Here, the State argued that the
challenged evidence was admissible to show intent as well as to rebut the defensive
theories that the sexual intercourse was consensual and that complainant fabricated
the sexual assault allegation to enhance her immigration status.
Appellant does not appear to challenge the relevance of the extraneous
offense evidence for these purposes but instead argues that the evidence was in a
sense “too relevant,” i.e., that any value of the contested testimony was
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice and therefore should
have been excluded pursuant to Texas Rule of Evidence 403. The general rule is
that the defendant is to be tried only for the offense charged, not for any other
crimes or for being a criminal generally. Segundo v. State, 270 S.W.3d 79, 87 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008). However, evidence of extraneous acts of misconduct may be
admissible if (1) the uncharged act is relevant to a material issue in the case, and
(2) the probative value of that evidence is not significantly outweighed by its
prejudicial effect. Id. All evidence tends to be prejudicial to one party or the other.
Hernandez v. State, 390 S.W.3d 310, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Only “unfair”
prejudice provides the basis for exclusion of relevant evidence. Montgomery v.
State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Metcalf, 2020 WL 1880991,
at *5. Prejudice is “unfair” if it has an “undue tendency to suggest a decision on an
improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.”
Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 378. In conducting a rule 403 analysis, courts must
balance (1) the inherent probative force of the proffered evidence and (2) the
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proponent’s need for that evidence, against (3) any tendency of the evidence to
suggest a decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency to confuse or distract the
jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency to be given undue weight by the jury,
and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate
amount of time or be cumulative of other evidence. Gigliobianco v. State, 210
S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Metcalf, 2020 WL 1880991, at *5.
The balance is always slanted toward admission, not exclusion, of otherwise
relevant evidence. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343. We will examine each of these
factors and how they relate to the extraneous offense evidence offered in this case.
Analysis
Probative value. The term “probative value” refers to the inherent probative
force of an item of evidence, i.e., how strongly it serves to make more or less
probable the existence of a fact of consequence to the litigation. See Casey, 215
S.W.3d at 879. As mentioned, the State sought admission of this evidence to show
intent and to rebut defensive theories of consent and fabrication. To prove
aggravated sexual assault in this case, the State was required to establish that
appellant intentionally or knowingly engaged in sexual conduct with complainant
without her consent. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.021(a)(1)(A)(i); Tinker v. State, 148
S.W.3d 666, 669 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.). When, as here,
the defensive theory of consent is raised, a defendant necessarily disputes his intent
to do the act without the consent of the complainant. Rubio v. State, 607 S.W.2d
498, 501 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). Such intent cannot be inferred from the mere act
of sexual intercourse. Id.
The probative value of the evidence of other alleged sexual assaults of other
complainants lies in its tendency to show that this complainant did not consent to
the sexual activity in this case. See Casey, 215 S.W.3d at 882. When evidence of
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an extraneous offense is offered to show intent, its relevance derives from the
so-called “doctrine of chances,” which “tells us that highly unusual events are
unlikely to repeat themselves inadvertently or by happenstance.” De La Paz, 279
S.W.3d at 347–48; Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 300 (Tex. App.—Austin
2013, no pet.). For the doctrine to apply, there must be a distinct similarity between
the charged and extraneous offenses, since it is the improbability of a like result
being repeated by mere chance that gives the extraneous offenses probative weight.
Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 300; see also Casey, 215 S.W.3d at 881. However, the
similarity required is less when intent is the issue than when identity is the issue.
Rickerson v. State, 138 S.W.3d 528, 531 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004,
pet. ref’d).
Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s determination that the
extraneous offenses in this case were distinctly similar to the charged offense. In
making that determination, the trial court noted similarities between the charged
offense and the extraneous offenses, including the similarity in age of all of the
women, the “manner and means” of the assaults, meeting at or going to a club or
strip club, and drinking alcohol. The court further noted that several of the women
were either dancers at strip clubs or, in the case of one, a model at a bar. Each
extraneous allegation did not include all these similarities but each did have
similarities with the charged offense. We conclude that the probative value of the
extraneous offense evidence weighs in favor of its admission. See, e.g., Rickerson,
138 S.W.3d at 531–32 (holding extraneous offenses were sufficiently similar
where each complainant was acquainted with appellant, was surprised by his
actions, was around the same age, and alleged similar assaults).
Need for the evidence. The State’s need for the extraneous offense evidence
in this case stems from the fact that without such evidence, this case is largely a
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he-said, she-said dispute. There were no eyewitnesses to the alleged sexual assault.
Although bruises and abrasions were noted on complainant’s person and one
officer testified it appeared that there had been a struggle in appellant’s apartment,
the only testimony that these were the result of a sexual assault by appellant came
from complainant. The DNA evidence suggested appellant and complainant may
have had sexual intercourse but said nothing about whether it was consensual.
Also, the defense suggested complainant fabricated the allegation to aid her
immigration status.1 Accordingly, we conclude that the State’s need for the
extraneous offense evidence in this case strongly supports admission of the
evidence. See, e.g., McCombs v. State, 562 S.W.3d 748, 767 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (explaining that State’s need for extraneous offense
evidence in sexual assault case stemmed from the fact the direct evidence was
largely the complainants’ testimony).
Tendency toward improper basis. Certainly, the testimony of four women
alleging appellant sexually assaulted them possessed some tendency toward
suggesting a decision on an improper basis; however, the trial court orally
admonished the jury regarding the proper consideration of this evidence four times
during the State’s presentation and included a limiting instruction in the jury
charge. This lessened the prejudicial impact of this factor. See Banks v. State, 494
S.W.3d 883, 894 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d). Accordingly,
this factor somewhat favors exclusion of the extraneous offense evidence.
Tendency to confuse or distract. The extraneous offense evidence in this
case was direct and very relevant to the issues of intent, consent, and fabrication.
See id. Appellant does not raise any concerns regarding confusion or distraction.
1
On cross-examination by defense counsel, complainant testified that a police officer
informed her that as a complainant of criminal activity she could apply for a “U visa.”
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This factor weighs in favor of admission.
Tendency for undue weight. Appellant suggests that the repetitive nature of
receiving evidence of four alleged extraneous offenses could lead the jury to assign
undue weight to that evidence in determining appellant’s guilt for the sexual
assault of complainant. Although this is of some concern in this case, we again
note that the trial court orally admonished the jury four times and instructed them
regarding the proper consideration of this evidence in the jury charge. Moreover,
as the trial court noted, the extraneous offense allegations were similar to and “no
more heinous” than the allegations in the charged case.
Presentation time. Lastly, we note that the State took a considerable portion
of the trial to present the extraneous offense evidence. Appellant estimates that this
evidence took about one-fifth of the total time spent on the State’s case-in-chief.
Even the testimony in the suppression hearing occupied about 100 transcript pages.
The time required is not surprising given that there were four extraneous offenses
and each had to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in order for the jury to
consider it. See Distefano v. State, 532 S.W.3d 25, 38 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d). This factor, however, does weigh somewhat against
admission of the evidence.
Conclusion. Although the extraneous offense evidence in this case took a
fair amount of time to present and had some tendency to suggest a decision on an
improper basis and potentially to be assigned undue weight, given the strong
probative value of the evidence, the State’s need for that evidence, and the lack of
any notable tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury, the trial
court’s decision to admit the evidence was within the zone of reasonable
disagreement. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
the evidence under Rule 404(b). See Gigliobianco, 210 S.W.3d at 641–42; Moses,
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105 S.W.3d at 627; Metcalf, 2020 WL 1880991, at *5. We overrule appellant’s
sole issue.
We modify the trial court’s judgment to delete the special finding, “Appeal
waived. No permission to appeal granted,” and affirm the judgment as so modified.
See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b); see also French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1992) (“[A]n appellate court has authority to reform a judgment to . . .
make the record speak the truth when the matter has been called to its attention by
any source”).
/s/ Frances Bourliot
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Bourliot, Zimmerer, and Spain.
Do Not Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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