United States v. Ramsey

20-860 (L)
United States v. Ramsey et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT
ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
3 29th day of October, two thousand twenty-one.
4
5 Present:
6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
7 Chief Judge,
8 ROBERT D. SACK,
9 DENNY CHIN,
10 Circuit Judges.
11
12 _____________________________________
13
14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
15
16 Appellee,
17
18 v. 20-860, 20-877
19
20 MALIEK RAMSEY, AKA “SQUINGE,”
21
22 Defendant-Appellant,
23
24 RODNEY MUSCHETTE, AKA “STITCH,”
25
26 Defendant-Appellant.
27
28 _____________________________________
29
30 For Defendant-Appellant Ramsey: BEVERLY H. VAN NESS, New York, NY.
31

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32 For Defendant-Appellant Muschette: STACEY VAN MALDEN, of counsel, Goldberger &
33 Dubin, P.C., New York, NY.
34
35 For Appellee: ELIZABETH GEDDES, (Jo Ann M. Navickas, Patrick
36 Hein, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys,
37 for Mark J. Lesko, Acting United States Attorney,
38 Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY.
39
1
2 Appeal from the judgments of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

3 New York (Korman, J.).

4 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

5 DECREED that the judgments of the district court are AFFIRMED.

6 Defendants-Appellants Maliek Ramsey (“Ramsey”) and Rodney Muschette (“Muschette”)

7 appeal from the judgments of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York

8 (Korman, J.) entered on March 9, 2020, after a jury found them guilty of murdering a federal

9 witness, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1513(a)(1)(B), 1513(a)(2)(A), and 1111(b). The district court sentenced the

10 Defendants-Appellants to life imprisonment. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

11 underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal. 1

12 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

13 We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence and denials of Rule 29 motions

14 for acquittal de novo. See United States v. Harvey, 746 F.3d 87, 89 (2d Cir. 2014). “A defendant

15 seeking to overturn a jury verdict on sufficiency grounds bears a heavy burden.” United States v.

16 Anderson, 747 F.3d 51, 59 (2d Cir. 2014) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). When

17 assessing a sufficiency challenge to a guilty verdict, we must “view the evidence in the light most

18 favorable to the government, crediting every inference that could have been drawn in the

1
Ramsey and Muschette join in each other’s arguments that are not inconsistent with their own. See Fed.
R. App. P. 28(i).

2
 1 government’s favor, and deferring to the jury’s assessment of witness credibility, and its

2 assessment of the weight of the evidence.” United States v. Vargas-Cordon, 733 F.3d 366, 375 (2d

3 Cir. 2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We will uphold the conviction if “any

4 rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

5 doubt.” United States v. Coplan, 703 F.3d 46, 62 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443

6 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

7 In this case, sufficient evidence supported the Defendants-Appellants’ convictions for

8 retaliation murder, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1513(a)(1)(B), 1513(a)(2)(A), 2 and 3551 et seq. In order to

9 convict the Defendants-Appellants of aiding and abetting a retaliatory murder, the government was

10 required to prove that each defendant took “an affirmative act in furtherance of” retaliatory murder,

11 “with the intent of facilitating the offense’s commission.” United States v. Delgado, 972 F.3d 63,

12 73 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Rosemond v. United States, 572 U.S. 65, 71 (2014)). At trial, the

13 government’s theory was that Ramsey enlisted Muschette to murder fellow Eight Trey Crips gang

14 member Nashwad Johnson (“Johnson”) on December 31, 2008. The government argued that the

15 murder came in the wake of an open-court statement made by Larry Pagett (“Pagett”), the leader

16 of the Eight Trey Crips, at his sentencing hearing on December 30, 2008, revealing that Johnson

17 had been cooperating against the gang. Ample evidence introduced at trial supported this theory,

18 including phone records, which showed that Ramsey received a call from Pagett’s sister

19 immediately after the sentencing. On a recorded phone line, Pagett’s sister later stated that she told

20 Ramsey about Johnson’s cooperation and that Ramsey was upset about it. Phone records also

21 showed that Ramsey spoke with Muschette immediately after speaking with Pagett’s sister. The

22 evidence introduced at trial further included cell phone data placing Muschette at the location

23 where Johnson’s body was recovered, and phone records showing that Ramsey spoke to Muschette

3
1 on the evening of the murder and that Muschette called Ramsey repeatedly in the middle of the

2 night shortly after the murder until finally making contact. Anthony Braithwaite (“Braithwaite”),

3 another gang member, testified at trial that he witnessed the murder, that Muschette explained to

4 him how he murdered Johnson, and that Ramsey admitted to organizing the murder when he visited

5 Braithwaite in prison. Other evidence included a 2012 tweet in which Ramsey referred to himself

6 as a “Certified Rat Killer” and made other threats about “rats”; Muschette’s false denial upon arrest

7 that he was in Atlanta at the time of the murder; as well as testimony from Braithwaite and another

8 gang member, Godfrey Grant (“Grant”), that gang members had been waiting for concrete proof

9 of Johnson’s cooperation, which they received at Pagett’s sentencing, before taking action against

10 Johnson. This evidence was in no sense “so meager that no reasonable jury could find guilt beyond

11 a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Guadagna, 183 F.3d 122, 130 (2d Cir. 1999) (citations and

12 internal quotation marks omitted).

13 Ramsey nonetheless argues that the evidence did not adequately show that he took an

14 affirmative step in support of the murder as required for accomplice liability. That argument fails,

15 however, because the jury was entitled to credit Braithwaite’s testimony that Ramsey organized

16 the murder as well as to infer, from both the phone record evidence showing Ramsey’s

17 communications with Pagett’s sister about Johnson’s cooperation and Ramsey’s phone calls with

18 Muschette before and after the murder, that Ramsey arranged Johnson’s murder with Muschette

19 and other gang members. Ramsey also admits that he had a contingency plan with another

20 individual present at the scene to murder both Muschette and Johnson if Muschette did not carry

21 out the murder plan. See Delgado, 972 F.3d at 74 (explaining that the affirmative act requirement

22 for accomplice liability is a “low hurdle” covering “all assistance rendered by words, acts,

23 encouragement, support, or presence” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). Ramsey’s

4
1 arguments that Braithwaite’s testimony was inconsistent and incredible also do not assist him.

2 “Assessments of witness credibility and choices between competing inferences lie solely within

3 the province of the jury.” United States v. Payne, 591 F.3d 46, 60 (2d Cir. 2010); see also United

4 States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641, 676 (2d Cir. 1997) (“[W]here there are conflicts in the testimony,

5 we must defer to the jury’s resolution of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the

6 witnesses.” (citations omitted)). In this case, Ramsey points to potential discrepancies concerning

7 cell locations that are not sufficiently serious to render Braithwaite’s testimony “incredible on its

8 face,” or in “def[iance of] physical realities.” United States v. Truman, 688 F.3d 129, 139 (2d Cir.

9 2012) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we reject the Defendants-

10 Appellants’ sufficiency challenge.

11 B. New Trial Motion

12 “We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial.”

13 United States v. Josephberg, 562 F.3d 478, 488 (2d Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). Rule 33(a)

14 provides that on “the defendant’s motion, the court may vacate any judgment and grant a new trial

15 if the interest of justice so requires.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a). “In determining whether to grant a

16 Rule 33 motion, the ultimate test is whether letting a guilty verdict stand would be a manifest

17 injustice,” United States v. Walker, 974 F.3d 193, 208 (2d Cir. 2020) (alteration, citations, and

18 internal quotation marks omitted), and courts must take care not to usurp the role of the jury in

19 resolving conflicting evidence and assessing witness credibility, see United States v. Ferguson,

20 246 F.3d 129, 133–34 (2d Cir. 2001) (Walker, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)

21 (explaining that courts may only “intrude upon the jury function of credibility assessment” “where

22 exceptional circumstances can be demonstrated” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

23 To order a new trial, “[a] court must have a real concern that an innocent person may have been

5
1 convicted in light of the evidence presented and the credibility of the witnesses.” Walker, 974 F.3d

2 at 208 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

3 In this case, strong circumstantial evidence, supported by witness testimony, implicated

4 the Defendants-Appellants in Johnson’s murder. Braithwaite’s testimony was corroborated in

5 several respects, including through the Defendants-Appellants’ and their co-conspirators’ cell

6 phone records around the time of the murder, cell phone location data showing Muschette in

7 proximity to the murder scene, the medical examiner’s testimony, testimony about the Eight Trey

8 Crips gang from other gang members, and Muschette’s false denial that he was in Atlanta on the

9 day of the murder. Moreover, to the extent that the Defendants-Appellants challenge Braithwaite’s

10 credibility, that issue, as well as the Defendants-Appellants’ argument that there was other

11 information suggesting Johnson’s cooperation prior to December 2008, was placed squarely before

12 the jury. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of the Defendants-Appellants’ Rule 33

13 motion.

14 C. Brady v. Maryland

15 Where defendants raise Brady v. Maryland challenges as bases for a Rule 33 motion, we

16 review the denial of that motion for abuse of discretion. 373 U.S. 83 (1983); see United States v.

17 Middlemiss, 217 F.3d 112, 122 (2d Cir. 2000). Under Brady, “the Government has a constitutional

18 duty to disclose favorable evidence to the accused where such evidence is ‘material’ either to guilt

19 or to punishment.” United States v. Jackson, 345 F.3d 59, 70 (2d Cir. 2003) (citations and internal

20 quotation marks omitted). To demonstrate a Brady violation, a defendant must show that “(1) the

21 Government, either willfully or inadvertently, suppressed evidence; (2) the evidence at issue is

22 favorable to the defendant; and (3) the failure to disclose this evidence resulted in prejudice.”

23 United States v. Coppa, 267 F.3d 132, 140 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263,

6
 1 281–82 (1999)). “[E]vidence is not considered to have been suppressed within the meaning of the

2 Brady doctrine if the defendant or his attorney either knew, or should have known, of the essential

3 facts permitting him to take advantage of that evidence.” United States v. Payne, 63 F.3d 1200,

4 1208 (2d Cir. 1995) (alteration, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted).

5 Here, the belatedly disclosed call tapes were neither “suppressed” nor material to the

6 defense’s case. The alleged Brady material included information suggesting that Grant viewed

7 Johnson as a “snitch” and referred to him as such in two rap songs; that Grant may have played

8 some role in helping to orchestrate the murder; that Grant had a relationship with a member of

9 another gang; and that Grant and Pagett had a rift after Johnson’s murder regarding something

10 Grant did with a member of the other gang. However, because Defendants-Appellants had access

11 to this information prior to trial, it was not suppressed for Brady purposes. See id.; United States

12 v. Diaz, 922 F.2d 998, 1007 (2d Cir. 1990). Indeed, the Defendants-Appellants also knew much of

13 this information, including the fact that Grant’s girlfriend was the brother of a member of another

14 gang, that a member of the other gang had driven Johnson to Atlanta before the murder, and that

15 one of the participants in the murder was a member of that gang.

16 While the Defendants-Appellants may not have reasonably known that Pagett was angry

17 with Grant for some reason, this fact, like the other facts just mentioned, was not in any case

18 “material” to the Defendants-Appellants’ defense as there is no reasonable probability that the

19 introduction of this evidence would have altered the verdict. See Youngblood v. West Virginia, 547

20 U.S. 867, 870 (2006) (per curiam) (explaining that the standard for materiality is whether the

21 favorable evidence can “reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to

22 undermine confidence in the verdict” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). Indeed,

23 while the Defendants-Appellants argue that the evidence supported a theory that Grant and others

7
1 were involved, the jury would have been required to make a series of untenable inferences in order

2 to reach the conclusion that Muschette and Ramsey were not themselves responsible, discarding

3 the cell phone location data and other evidence in favor of a theory supported by no concrete

4 evidence. See United States v. Cacace, 796 F.3d 176, 184 (2d Cir. 2015) (explaining that the

5 “participation of additional people in the murder [wa]s not inconsistent with the government’s

6 account of the . . . murder”). The calls also did not provide material for impeachment of Grant’s

7 testimony as Grant focused mainly on the organization of the gang and its knowledge about

8 Johnson’s cooperation. Moreover, the defense had significant opportunity to cross-examine Grant,

9 particularly about the lyrics of his rap videos, which it did not do. In sum, the district court did not

10 abuse its discretion in finding no Brady violation and accordingly denying the Defendants-

11 Appellants’ Rule 33 motion.

12 D. Admission of Evidence

13 “We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Mercado, 573

14 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). An “[a]buse of discretion occurs when the court

15 acts in an arbitrary and irrational manner.” United States v. McCallum, 584 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir.

16 2009) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). A district court’s decision to admit

17 evidence is subject to harmless error analysis. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a); United States v. Madori,

18 419 F.3d 159, 168 (2d Cir. 2005). An error is harmless if it “did not affect the defendant’s

19 substantial rights or influence the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Tubol, 191 F.3d 88, 96–97 (2d

20 Cir. 1999).

21 1. Sentencing Letter

22 The Defendants-Appellants first challenge the admission of Pagett’s sentencing letter.

23 Evidence is admissible if relevant. Fed. R. Evid. 402. “Evidence is relevant if ‘it has any tendency

8
 1 to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence’ and if ‘the fact is of

2 consequence in determining the action.’” United States v. Monsalvatge, 850 F.3d 483, 494 (2d Cir.

3 2017) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 401). “A district court ‘may exclude relevant evidence if its probative

4 value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.’” Id. (citing Fed. R. Evid.

5 403). “[W]e accord great deference to the district court’s assessment of the relevancy and unfair

6 prejudice of proffered evidence.” United States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289, 310 (2d Cir. 2007)

7 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We will disturb a district court’s determination

8 as to Rule 403 “only if it is arbitrary or irrational.” United States v. Kadir, 718 F.3d 115, 122 (2d

9 Cir. 2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

10 Here, the sentencing letter, in combination with other evidence, tended to make more

11 probable the factual inference that Ramsey and Muschette had carried out the murder after

12 receiving confirmation of Johnson’s cooperation. See Fed. R. Evid. 401. Braithwaite testified that

13 Muschette told him on the trip home from Atlanta after Johnson’s murder that he had received

14 “paperwork” on his phone concerning Johnson’s cooperation. Braithwaite and Grant also testified

15 that they and other gang members had previously given Johnson the benefit of the doubt as to

16 rumors about his cooperation and needed more proof. The fact that the government did not adduce

17 proof that the letter reached Ramsey or Muschette did not render the evidence irrelevant, nor did

18 the fact that Defendants-Appellants presented countervailing evidence that gang members

19 suspected Johnson’s cooperation at an earlier period. Moreover, the sentencing letter did not have

20 much potential to give rise to a “strong emotional or inflammatory impact” that would “distract

21 the jury from the issues in the case” and “arouse the jury’s passions to a point where they would

22 act irrationally in reaching a verdict.” Monsalvatge, 850 F.3d at 495 (citations and internal

23 quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court.

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 1 2. Prior Bad Acts

2 Muschette next challenges the admission of the Defendants-Appellants’ prior drug

3 dealings, including evidence of a law enforcement stop in December 2008 in which Muschette and

4 another gang member were found transporting $16,000 in cash and statements made by Johnson

5 to law enforcement about Ramsey’s gang and drug dealings. While admission of “[e]vidence of

6 any other crime, wrong, or act” is inadmissible “to prove a person’s character in order to show that

7 on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character,” Fed. R. Evid.

8 404(b)(1), such evidence is allowed where it is introduced for another purpose, Fed. R. Evid.

9 404(b)(2); Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 685 (1988). When reviewing the admission

10 of evidence under Rule 404(b), “we consider whether: (1) the prior act evidence was offered for a

11 proper purpose; (2) the evidence was relevant to a disputed issue; (3) the probative value of the

12 prior act evidence substantially outweighed the danger of its unfair prejudice; and (4) the court

13 administered an appropriate limiting instruction.” United States v. Garcia, 291 F.3d 127, 136 (2d

14 Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). “Since a district court is in the best position to evaluate the evidence

15 and its effect on the jury,” we will not overturn a district court’s Rule 404(b) ruling “absent a clear

16 showing of abuse of discretion.” United States v. Pitre, 960 F.2d 1112, 1119 (2d Cir. 1992)

17 (citations omitted).

18 In this case, prior to admitting the “other act” evidence, the district court heard Braithwaite

19 and an officer involved in the police stop testify. The district court reasoned that the “other act”

20 evidence was offered for a proper purpose relevant to disputed issues as it helped show

21 relationships within the gang, as well as Pagett’s motivation for removing Johnson. See United

22 States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52, 79 (2d Cir. 1999) (explaining that prior act evidence is admissible “to

23 inform the jury of the background of the conspiracy charged, in order to help explain how the

10
 1 illegal relationship between participants in the crime developed, or to explain the mutual trust that

2 existed between coconspirators” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)); United States

3 v. Roldan-Zapata, 916 F.2d 795, 804 (2d Cir. 1990) (finding prior act evidence admissible “to help

4 explain to the jury how the illegal relationship between participants in the crime developed” and

5 “how the instant transaction came about and their role in it” (alterations, citations, and internal

6 quotation marks omitted)). The district court also reasonably exercised its discretion in concluding

7 that the danger of unfair prejudice did not outweigh the probative value of this evidence. See

8 United States v. Bermudez, 529 F.3d 158, 161–62 (2d Cir. 2008). As this case involved

9 considerably more serious activities than drug dealing, see Pitre, 960 F.2d at 1120, it was unlikely

10 that the evidence would have had an “adverse effect upon [the Defendants-Appellants] beyond

11 tending to prove the fact or issue that justified its admission into evidence,” United States v.

12 Massino, 546 F.3d 123, 132 (2d Cir. 2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

13 Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the admission of the prior drug dealings evidence.

14 3. Pagett’s Tattoo

15 The Defendants-Appellants next challenge the admission of a photograph of Pagett’s

16 tattoo. Under Rule 804(b)(3), the hearsay rule does not exclude evidence of a statement against an

17 unavailable declarant’s penal interest if the statement is one that: “(A) a reasonable person in the

18 declarant’s position would have made only if the person believed it to be true because, when made,

19 it . . . had so great a tendency . . . to expose the declarant to . . . criminal liability; and (B) is

20 supported by corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate its trustworthiness, if it is offered

21 in a criminal case as one that tends to expose the declarant to criminal liability.” Fed. R. Evid.

22 804(b)(3); see United States v. Williams, 506 F.3d 151, 155 (2d Cir. 2007).

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 1 Here, the district court properly determined that Pagett was unavailable as a witness after

2 Pagett’s counsel indicated that Pagett would invoke his Fifth Amendment rights. The district court

3 also determined that the statement was relevant and “clearly an admission against interest,” Gov’t

4 App’x at 231, and that the “likely inference” was that the individual depicted hanging in the noose

5 was Johnson. Accordingly, the admission of the tattoo evidence was not an abuse of discretion.

6 See United States v. Ojudun, 915 F.3d 875, 885 (2d Cir. 2019).

7 4. Post-Arrest Statements

8 Muschette further argues that the district court abused its discretion in admitting statements

9 he made post-arrest. To prove that a defendant validly waived his rights under Miranda v. Arizona,

10 384 U.S. 436 (1966), the government bears the burden of showing that the defendant’s

11 relinquishment of his rights was (1) “knowing,” meaning “the waiver must have been made with

12 a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the

13 decision to abandon it,” and (2) “voluntary,” meaning “that it was the product of a free and

14 deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception.” United States v. Murphy, 703

15 F.3d 182, 192 (2d Cir. 2012) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). A “waiver need not

16 have been express; ‘courts can infer a waiver of Miranda rights from the actions and words of the

17 person interrogated.’” United States v. O’Brien, 926 F.3d 57, 73 (2d Cir. 2019) (quoting Berghuis

18 v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 387 (2010)). When reviewing a denial of a motion to suppress, “we

19 review legal conclusions de novo and findings of fact for clear error.” United States v.

20 Bershchansky, 788 F.3d 102, 108 (2d Cir. 2015) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

21 We will reverse the district court only where its determinations are “clearly erroneous.” United

22 States v. Iverson, 897 F.3d 450, 459 (2d Cir. 2018) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

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 1 In response to Muschette’s suppression challenge, the district court held a suppression

2 hearing at which Agent Campbell and Muschette testified. The district court thereafter determined

3 that Muschette waived his right to remain silent, crediting Agent Campbell’s testimony. Moreover,

4 the conclusion that Muschette acted voluntarily was a “reasonable view of the evidence” that was

5 not clearly erroneous. United States v. Spencer, 995 F.2d 10, 11 (2d Cir. 1993) (per curiam)

6 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we reject the suppression challenge.

7 5. Proffer Statements

8 The Defendants-Appellants also challenge the admission of statements made by Johnson

9 to the police. Under Rule 804(b)(6), the hearsay rule does not require the exclusion of “[a]

10 statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused—or acquiesced in wrongfully causing—

11 the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result.” Fed. R. Evid.

12 804(b)(6). “[T]he government has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that

13 (1) the defendant (or party against whom the out-of-court statement is offered) was involved in, or

14 responsible for, procuring the unavailability of the declarant through knowledge, complicity,

15 planning or in any other way, and (2) the defendant (or party against whom the out-of-court

16 statement is offered) acted with the intent of procuring the declarant’s unavailability as an actual

17 or potential witness.” United States v. Dhinsa, 243 F.3d 635, 653–54 (2d Cir. 2001) (citations and

18 internal quotation marks omitted). “The government need not, however, show that the defendant’s

19 sole motivation was to procure the declarant’s absence; rather, it need only show that the defendant

20 was motivated in part by a desire to silence the witness.” Id. at 654 (citations and internal quotation

21 marks omitted). We review the district court’s admission for abuse of discretion. Id. at 649.

22 Here, the evidence sufficiently demonstrated that Ramsey and Muschette were “involved

23 in, or responsible for, procuring [Johnson’s] unavailability” as a witness and that the Defendants-

13
 1 Appellants “acted with the intent of procuring [Johnson’s] unavailability as an actual or potential

2 witness.” Id. at 653–54. The record suggested that the Defendants-Appellants aimed to prevent

3 Johnson from further cooperation against the gang, including in relation to ongoing investigations

4 of the gang’s headquarters at an apartment complex. Accordingly, there was no abuse of discretion

5 in the admission of Johnson’s statements.

6 E. Confrontation Clause

7 The Defendants-Appellants also challenge limits imposed by the district court on their

8 cross-examination. Under the Confrontation Clause, a criminal defendant must be afforded a

9 “meaningful opportunity to cross-examine witnesses against him.” Brinson v. Walker, 547 F.3d

10 387, 392 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 51 (1987) (plurality opinion)).

11 “The Confrontation Clause does not, however, guarantee unfettered cross-examination.” Alvarez

12 v. Ercole, 763 F.3d 223, 230 (2d Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). “A trial judge retains ‘wide latitude’

13 to restrict cross-examination ‘based on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice,

14 confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally

15 relevant.” Corby v. Artus, 699 F.3d 159, 166 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475

16 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)). A defendant’s confrontation rights are not violated as long as “the jury is

17 in possession of facts sufficient to make a ‘discriminating appraisal’ of the particular witness’s

18 credibility.” United States v. Roldan-Zapata, 916 F.2d 795, 806 (2d Cir. 1990) (quoting United

19 States v. Singh, 628 F.2d 758, 763 (2d Cir. 1980)). We review challenges to a district court’s

20 imposition of limits on cross-examination for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Treacy, 639

21 F.3d 32, 42 (2d Cir. 2011).

22 In this case, the district court properly exercised its discretion in granting the government’s

23 objections to questions posed by defense counsel to Agent Campbell. As for the Defendants-

14
 1 Appellants’ first challenge, concerning evidence of Muschette and Tanya Pagett’s contact, the

2 district court properly determined that the defense’s question called for speculation about matters

3 about which the witness did not have personal knowledge. See Fed. R. Evid. 602; United States v.

4 Afriyie, 929 F.3d 63, 69 (2d Cir. 2019). As for their second challenge, concerning Braithwaite’s

5 presence at the scene of the murder, the district court also did not err in refusing to permit Agent

6 Campbell to answer a question that was argumentative and overly broad. In relation to the third

7 challenge, the district court reasonably denied the defense’s attempt to elicit that Johnson had told

8 Agent Campbell about a previous attempt to shoot him, which the court noted was not relevant,

9 and which was hearsay. In relation to the fourth challenge, the district court further did not err in

10 precluding the defense from exploring the government’s knowledge of Grant’s claim that he had

11 pled guilty to racketeering, which the defense hoped would demonstrate the government’s

12 “complicit[y]” in Grant’s perjury. Gov’t App’x at 266. As for the fifth challenge, the district court

13 did not err in sustaining objections to questions about Grant’s knowledge of the types of people

14 who buy “gangster rap,” and in any case, permitted questioning resulting in the introduction of

15 similar evidence. Lastly, the district court did not err in denying the Defendants-Appellants an

16 opportunity to cross-examine Braithwaite about whether he had made a required payment

17 connected with his sentencing and whether he knew the reasons for a particular sentencing

18 requirement, which the district court determined was irrelevant. Accordingly, the Defendants-

19 Appellants’ Confrontation Clause rights were not violated. 2

2
We also reject Ramsey’s challenge that the prosecution committed misconduct. “[A] defendant who seeks
to overturn his conviction based on alleged prosecutorial misconduct in summation bears a heavy burden.”
United States v. Farhane, 634 F.3d 127, 167 (2d Cir. 2011) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
In relation to summation comments, a defendant “must show more than that a particular summation
comment was improper,” and indeed “that the comment, when viewed against the entire argument to the
jury and in the context of the entire trial, was so severe and significant as to have substantially prejudiced
him, depriving him of a fair trial.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, none of the

15
1 * * *

2 We have considered the Defendants-Appellants’ remaining arguments and find them to be

3 without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgments of the district court.

4 FOR THE COURT:

5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

statements that Ramsey objects to—some of which he objected to at trial and some of which he did not—
constitutes prosecutorial misconduct, let alone misconduct amounting to a violation of the right to a fair
trial. For similar reasons, we also conclude that the Defendants-Appellants’ claims, even taken
cumulatively, do not amount to prejudice. See In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in E. Afr., 552
F.3d 93, 146–47 (2d Cir. 2008).

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