FIFTH DIVISION
RICKMAN, C. J.,
MCFADDEN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
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COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
November 3, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A21A0784. IN THE INTEREST OF S. H., et al., children.
MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.
This appeal challenges a juvenile court order terminating a father’s parental
rights to his minor children. Because the juvenile court failed to make necessary
findings on the record that the father had waived his right to counsel before
proceeding with the termination hearing, we vacate the termination order and remand
the case with direction that the juvenile court make the necessary findings.
1. Facts and procedural posture.
In July 2019, the Forsyth County Department of Family and Children Services
(“DFCS”) filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of the mother and father of
minor children S. H., L. H., and B. H. At an August 1, 2019 judicial review hearing,
the mother and father, who were each represented by appointed counsel, informed the
court that they wanted to terminate the services of their appointed attorneys and hire
a new attorney to represent them together. The court released the appointed attorneys
and advised both parents that it would be their duty to hire their own attorney or re-
qualify for court-appointed counsel. The court also told the parents that any newly-
hired counsel would have to be available for the termination hearing beginning on
November 12 because the court would not continue that hearing for new counsel.
Two-and-a-half months later, in October 2019, the juvenile court appointed
new counsel to represent the mother because she was incarcerated. The court
subsequently entered an order continuing the termination hearing from November
2019 to January 2020 in order to provide the mother’s new counsel time to prepare
for the hearing. The continuance order further stated that it appeared the father had
not yet hired an attorney or re-applied for appointed counsel, and that the court would
not further continue the case based on either the father’s failure to obtain counsel or
any new counsel’s request for a continuance. The trial court sent the continuance
order to an email address for the father and his last known physical address, although
the father later claimed that he had not received it.
At the outset of the termination hearing on January 7, 2020, the judge stated
that the father was not present. The court delayed the proceedings, and the father, who
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had been in state court resolving a traffic ticket, eventually appeared in the juvenile
court without counsel. No evidence was presented on the termination petition, but the
mother, with the assistance of her appointed counsel, agreed in open court to
voluntarily surrender her parental rights. The judge asked the pro se father if he also
wanted to execute a voluntary surrender of his parental rights, but the father refused
to do so. The judge then stated that the parties should return the next morning and that
the proceedings would resume no later than 9:15 a.m.
At 9:15 the next morning, the court announced that the father had not appeared
and that the presentation of evidence would proceed without him. Counsel for DFCS
then introduced numerous exhibits and began presenting witness testimony. During
testimony of the third witness, the father arrived in the courtroom, again without
counsel. He said that he was late because he did not have a ride and, upon inquiry by
the court, he again refused to voluntarily surrender his parental rights. The court then
directed counsel for DFCS to continue with the presentation of evidence. DFCS later
called the father as its final witness, and he was cross-examined by counsel for DFCS
and by advocate attorneys for the children. When one of the attorneys asked why he
did not have an attorney, he said that he did not have the money to hire one. After
DFCS had rested, the father told the court that he had no evidence.
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A month after the hearing, the juvenile court entered its order terminating the
father’s parental rights. The juvenile court subsequently appointed appellate counsel
to represent the father. The father’s appellate counsel filed a motion for new trial,
which was denied. Counsel for the father then filed an application for discretionary
appeal, which we granted, and this appeal followed.
2. Waiver of right to counsel.
The father contends that the juvenile court erred in terminating his parental
rights without determining on the record whether or not he was indigent and whether
he had waived his right to counsel. We agree.
As stated by our Supreme Court, there can scarcely be imagined
a more fundamental and fiercely guarded right than the right of a natural
parent to its offspring. Wresting a child away from the care and custody
of its parents is of serious consequence and is so drastic that it should be
attended only by the most stringent procedural safeguards. In order to
defend this stringently protected right, Georgia law provides that the
court shall appoint an attorney for any indigent parent who desires
counsel in any proceeding involving the termination of his or her
parental rights. And to waive a right as fundamental as effective counsel,
the trial court must, on the record, determine that the waiver is knowing,
intelligent and voluntary.
In re J. M. B., 296 Ga. App. 786, 789 (676 SE2d 9) (2009) (citations, punctuation,
and footnote omitted). See OCGA § 15-11-262 (a) (parent, as a party to termination
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of parental rights proceedings, “shall have the right to an attorney at all stages of the
proceedings”).
In this case, the juvenile court failed to make the required determination on the
record that the father had made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his
right to counsel. Indeed, it appears from the record that “the juvenile court [did not
even] fully inquire whether the [father was] indigent and, therefore, entitled to a
court-appointed attorney.” In the Interest of C. H., 343 Ga. App. 1, 10-11 (1) (b) (805
SE2d 637) (2017). While the juvenile court had previously told the father that it was
his responsibility to either retain counsel or qualify for appointed counsel, the record
contains no colloquy in which the father expressly waived his right to counsel.
Indeed, even though the father appeared for the termination hearing without counsel
and indicated during cross-examination that he could not afford to hire an attorney,
the hearing transcript contains
no colloquy in which the court advised the father of his right to counsel
[and the father waived that right], nor does it show that the court
inquired into whether the father was indigent or waiving his right to
counsel, and [it is undisputed that] the father did not receive
court-appointed counsel. As such, it appears that the father was denied
his right to counsel[ at] the [termination] proceedings[.]
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In the Interest of J. G., 350 Ga. App. 588, 591 (1) n. 3 (829 SE2d 828) (2019).
Accord In the Interest of J. B., 354 Ga. App. 704, 705 (841 SE2d 425) (2020)
(“Among other deficiencies, the record contains no colloquy in which the mother
waived her right to counsel. As a result, the record conclusively demonstrates that the
mother was denied her right to counsel at the hearings.”) (citation and punctuation
omitted); In the Interest of C. H., supra at 11 (1) (b) (parents denied right to counsel
where, among other deficiencies, “the record contains no colloquy in which [they]
waived their right to counsel”).
Furthermore, even if the father was not indigent, the juvenile court failed to
make required findings on the record to support a determination that the father had
waived his right to counsel by failing to act with reasonable diligence. As we have
explained, such a “[w]aiver will not be lightly presumed, and a trial judge must
indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver.” In the Interest of A. M. A., 270
Ga. App. 769, 776 (3) (607 SE2d 916) (2004) (citation and punctuation omitted).
Since a non-indigent [parent’s] right to counsel is predicated upon [his
or] her own diligence, a failure on [his or] her part to retain counsel may
constitute a waiver of the right to counsel. Thus, when presented with
a non-indigent [parent] who has appeared for trial without retained
counsel, the trial judge has a duty to delay the proceedings long enough
to ascertain whether the [parent] has acted with reasonable diligence in
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obtaining an attorney’s services and whether the absence of an attorney
is attributable to reasons beyond the [parent’s] control.
Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).
Here, even assuming for the sake of argument the father was not indigent, the
record does not show that the juvenile court inquired into whether he had acted with
reasonable diligence in attempting to retain counsel or whether the absence of an
attorney was due to reasons beyond his control. Absent such inquiry, “the trial court
failed to exercise its affirmative duty of determining on the record whether (the
father) exercised reasonable diligence in attempting to retain trial counsel.” In the
Interest of A. M. A., supra. (citation and punctuation omitted). Accord In the Interest
of C. H., supra (juvenile court failed to “delay the proceedings long enough to
ascertain whether the [parents] acted with reasonable diligence in obtaining an
attorney’s services and whether the absence of an attorney [was] attributable to
reasons beyond [their] control”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment below must be vacated and the case
remanded with direction that the juvenile court determine on the record whether the
father was indigent and entitled to appointed counsel and if so, whether he
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. “If, after making
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these determinations, the [juvenile] court finds that [the father] had a right to counsel
which [he] did not waive, the [juvenile] court must [appoint counsel to represent the
father and] order a new hearing on the termination petition.” In the Interest of
A. M. A., supra at 776-777 (3). But if the juvenile court determines that the father
“either waived [his] right to appointed counsel or had no such right because [he] was
not indigent [and failed to act with reasonable diligence in attempting to retain
counsel], it may reenter its original judgment.” Id. at 777 (3). Accord In re J. M. B.,
supra at 791 (where record did not show that indigent mother waived right to counsel,
termination order vacated and case remanded to juvenile court for rehearing).
3. Other enumerations of error.
Because of our holding above, we do not reach the father’s other enumerations
of error.
Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. Senior Appellate Judge
Herbert E. Phipps concurs and Rickman, C. J., dissents.
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In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A21A0784. IN THE INTEREST OF S. H., et al., children
(FATHER).
RICKMAN, Chief Judge, dissenting.
The father’s right to counsel in this case originates from and is governed by OCGA
§ 15-11-262 (j). Because he was given all opportunities afforded by that statute, I
respectfully dissent.
In a termination of parental rights proceeding, a parent “shall be informed of his or her
right to an attorney prior to the adjudication hearing and prior to any other hearing at
which a party could be subjected to the loss of residual parental rights.” OCGA §
15-11-262 (j). In addition, a parent shall be given an opportunity to: (1) obtain and
employ an attorney of the parent’s own choice; (2) obtain a court
appointed attorney if the court determines that the parent is an indigent person; or (3)
waive the right to an attorney. Id.
Applying this statutory right to counsel here, the record shows that during the
five-month period between the time the father terminated the services of his appointed
counsel and the termination of parental rights hearing, the court instructed him more
than once that he needed to obtain new counsel or re-qualify for appointed counsel
prior to the scheduled hearing. Based on his prior experience, the father knew how to
hire counsel and was given an opportunity to obtain and employ an attorney of his
choice during that time period. The father also knew how to seek appointed counsel
and was given the opportunity to obtain another court-appointed attorney after he
chose to terminate the attorney previously appointed for him.
With respect to waiver, the record does not show that the father expressly waived his
right to counsel. But the plain language of OCGA § 15-11-262 (j) does not require an
express waiver of counsel, and we cannot add language to a statute to yield the court’s
preferred meaning. See City of Albany v. GA HY Imports, LLC, 348 Ga. App. 885, 891
(1) (825 SE2d 385) (2019).
The record does show, as the juvenile court concluded in its order denying the father’s
motion for new trial, that the father failed to exercise due diligence in
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attempting to hire counsel and therefore waived his right to retained counsel. See In
the Interest of A. B., 350 Ga. App. 158, 161 (2) (828 SE2d 394) (2019) (affirming
denial of motion for continuance to hire counsel where record contained no evidence
that mother had exercised reasonable diligence to obtain retained counsel in 43-day
period after the juvenile court first advised her of her right to hire her own attorney);
In the Interest of A. M. A., 270 Ga. App. 769, 776 (3) (607 SE2d 916) (2004)
(recognizing that non-indigent parent’s right to counsel is predicated upon parent’s
own diligence and that a failure on parent’s part to retain counsel may constitute a
waiver of the right to counsel). In addition, even if the father was indigent, the record
shows that he chose to terminate his previously-appointed counsel, was advised
numerous times of his right to obtain new appointed counsel prior to the termination
of parental rights hearing, and failed to act on that advice. The father also failed to
appear timely on either day of the termination hearing; further, when he did eventually
appear, he made no request that counsel be appointed, but instead asserted that he
planned to hire counsel. Compare In the Interest of J. M. B., 296 Ga. App. 786, 791
(676 SE2d 9) (2009) (termination order vacated where indigent mother requested
appointed counsel during her termination hearing and notified juvenile court that she
had been unable to obtain counsel because of her
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incarceration, but court refused to provide one; case decided under former OCGA §
15-11-98 (b), which provided that in a termination of parental rights proceeding, if a
parent desires to be represented by counsel but is indigent, the court shall appoint an
attorney for such parent). Under these specific circumstances, the juvenile court did
not err in failing to stop the termination hearing when the father finally appeared and
again provide him with appointed counsel. See generally In the Interest of J. I. H., 191
Ga. App. 848, 849 (2) (383 SE2d 349) (1989) (under former OCGA § 15-1185 (b),
where mother never requested that counsel be appointed before the termination
hearing, applied for the appointment of an attorney, or showed proof of her indigency,
there was no error in failing to appoint her counsel).
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