NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4499-18
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JEREMIAH E. MONELL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Argued November 1, 2021 – Decided November 15, 2021
Before Judges Fasciale and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Cumberland County, Indictment No. 17-03-
0270.
Alyssa Aiello, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
Public Defender, attorney; Alyssa Aiello, of counsel
and on the brief).
Valeria Dominguez, Deputy Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent (Andrew J. Bruck, Acting
Attorney General, attorney; Valeria Dominguez, of
counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant stabbed his wife eighty-nine times in their mobile home in front
of their twelve-year-old son (the son), who testified during the trial. The son
heard his mother's body hit the ground and watched his father choke her while
she screamed. He saw his father grab a knife in the kitchen and begin stabbing
her; as this was happening, the son heard his mother's blood gushing from her
body. The son got under his blanket, cried, then peaked into the room where his
parents were and saw his father smoking a cigarette.
The son immediately accused his father of killing his mother and then
cried himself to sleep after defendant said he should not have seen it. The next
morning, the son and his five-year-old sister, also in the mobile home, found
their mother's body under a blanket. The son carried his sister to a neighbor's
home and explained what he saw. The knife left long jagged incised wounds in
the victim's neck that cut through her trachea and esophagus, and she also
suffered blunt force injuries to her right shoulder, arm, and thigh. The cause of
death was "multiple sharp force injuries."
Defendant appeals from his convictions for first-degree purposeful or
knowing murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1)-(2) and N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(b)(4)(c);
third-degree possession of a weapon (knife) for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A.
A-4499-18
2
2C:39-4(d); and fourth-degree unlawful possession of a weapon (knife),
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d). The judge imposed an aggregate sentence of life in prison
without parole.
On appeal, defendant raises the following arguments:
POINT I
THE JURY VOIR DIRE WAS FATALLY FLAWED
BY THE INTENSE DISCORD EXHIBITED
BETWEEN [DEFENDANT] AND HIS ATTORNEYS
IN FRONT OF THE JURY VENIRE, RESULTING IN
A HIGH PROBABILITY OF PREJUDICE THAT
ONLY A MISTRIAL WITH A NEW JURY
SELECTION PROCESS COULD HAVE CURED.
A. The Conflict Between [Defendant]
And His Attorneys.
B. The Right To Peremptorily Remove
A Prospective Juror Is A Substantial Right,
And The Decision To Exercise That Right
Is Primarily The Defendant's.
C. The Court Erred In Denying
[Defendant's] Motion For A Mistrial.
POINT II
THE TRIAL [JUDGE'S] DENIAL OF []
DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO PROCEED PRO SE
WAS ERRONEOUS AND NECESSITATES
REVERSAL.
A-4499-18
3
POINT III
THE ADMISSION OF DETECTIVE CRAIN'S
EXPERT TESTIMONY VIOLATED
[DEFENDANT'S] RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND A
FAIR TRIAL, BECAUSE (1) THE SCIENTIFIC
RELIABILITY OF THE METHODOLOGY UPON
WHICH HIS OPINION WAS BASED WAS NOT
ESTABLISHED AT A FRYE HEARING; (2) CRAIN
DID NOT FOLLOW ESTABLISHED QUALITY
CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR FRICTION RIDGE
ANALYSIS; AND (3) CRAIN'S CONCLUSIONS
WERE NOT QUALIFIED OR LIMITED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH ESTABLISHED
STANDARDS.
A. The Trial Court Erred In Failing To
Hold A Frye Hearing Because The State
Failed To Sufficiently Counter
[Defendant's] Challenge To Scientific
Reliability Of The ACE-V Method.
B. Crain's Failure To Follow SWGFAST1
Standards Regarding Documentation And
Verification Rendered His Expert
Testimony Inadmissible.
C. Crain's Testimony Improperly
Implied That His Conclusions Were Far
More Certain Than Current Standards Of
Scientific Accuracy Allow.
1
Scientific Working Group for FRS analysis and identification (SWGFAST) is
a national group that sets standards and guidelines for FRS analysis and
identification.
A-4499-18
4
POINT IV
[DEFENDANT'S] SENTENCE OF LIFE WITHOUT
PAROLE CANNOT STAND FOR THREE REASONS:
THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO
ESTABLISH THE WANTONLY VILE
AGGRAVATING FACTOR; THE TRIAL [JUDGE]
FAILED TO PROVIDE THE JURY WITH ANY
INSTRUCTIONS ON THE AGGRAVATING
FACTOR; AND THE TRIAL [JUDGE] FAILED TO
HOLD A SEPARATE PENALTY PHASE. (Not Raised
Below).
A. The Wantonly Vile Aggravating Factor.
B. The Wantonly Vile Aggravating Factor
Should Not Have Been Submitted To The Jury,
Because The Evidence Did Not Establish That
[Defendant] Acted With A Depraved Mind Or
With The Conscious Object To Cause Extreme
Pain Or Suffering In Addition To Death.
C. The Trial Court Failed To Provide The Jury
With Any Instruction On The Wantonly Vile
Aggravating Factor.
D. The Judge Erred In Failing To Hold A
Separate Penalty Proceeding.
We entirely disagree with defendant's arguments and affirm.
I.
We begin by rejecting defendant's arguments in Points I and II, that after
he had a conflict with his counsel over their exercise of peremptory challenges,
A-4499-18
5
the judge erred by denying defendant's motions for a mistrial and to proceed pro
se.
On the second day of jury selection, the parties had empaneled fourteen
jurors after the judge excused several jurors for cause. At that time, the judge
permitted the parties to exercise peremptory challenges. The State was satisfied
with the jury as it was constituted. Defense counsel struck Juror No. 1 because
she had previously obtained a domestic violence restraining order against her
husband, who was a police officer. Defendant immediately objected,
complaining his attorneys had not discussed excusing Juror No. 1 with him.
After the judge replaced Juror No. 1, defendant complained directly to the judge,
who instructed defendant not to speak directly to him. The judge told defendant
to speak to his attorneys, who would advocate for him. Defendant ignored the
judge and stated he had a "problem with who they just excused" and that his
attorneys were "taking this into their own hands." Defendant said, "No, you can
send me back out, because . . . you're . . . tak[ing] away my decision making that
[Juror No. 1] was a fair and just person" who he believed should have been kept
on the jury.
The judge held a sidebar conference and excused all the potential jurors
from the courtroom. He gave defendant time to speak with counsel about jury
A-4499-18
6
selection. Defense counsel told the judge that jurors had heard defendant say,
"Just go ahead and send me back." But the judge disagreed and added that he,
himself, had not heard it, and that he was "in the best position to hear it" because
he was "much closer to [defendant] than the jury." The court clerk also noted
that there was white noise playing when defendant spoke out. The assistant
prosecutor stated that he had heard defendant say, "send me down," and not
"send me back." The judge agreed with the assistant prosecutor that he had
heard "send me down."
Defendant complained that Juror No. 1 was going to make a "fair and just
decision" and that his attorneys were not considering his input on jury selection.
The judge instructed defense counsel to "work out" the issue with defendant.
When the parties went back on the record, defense counsel raised a concern that,
after they had explained their strategy for excusing the juror, defendant
"repeated" that strategy while the jurors were in the courtroom. The judge
cautioned defendant against speaking out when the jury was in the courtroom,
but defendant replied that he was "not worried."
After the break, at defense counsel's request, the judge questioned one
juror who was seated closest to the judge to see if that juror had heard what
defendant had said. The juror stated that what was overheard would not affect
A-4499-18
7
the juror's ability to be fair and impartial. Counsel declined the opportunity to
ask the juror any other questions, and the judge instructed the juror to return to
the jury box.
The State remained satisfied with the jury, and defense counsel exercised
a second peremptory challenge. Defendant immediately objected. The judge
brought all parties to sidebar, telling them that he could not have defendant
making outbursts in open court. After the voir dire of another potential juror,
the jurors were excused for lunch. Defendant continued complaining about the
representation of his attorneys and stated, "why don't I just represent myself . . .
if they're against me."
After the lunch break, defense counsel agreed that they would "proceed as
[defendant] feels fit," but that they could not talk to defendant because he was
"laying on the floor," refusing to speak to them. Defendant was eventually
brought into the courtroom, and all agreed that if defendant did not want to
challenge a juror, defense counsel would not exercise the challenge. Defendant
reiterated his wish to represent himself, and the judge told him that he would
not "mak[e] that decision today" and was "not changing counsel in the middle
of a jury selection." The jury was brought back into the courtroom, and
A-4499-18
8
defendant stated his satisfaction with the jury, at which point they took their
oath.
Defendant filed his motions to proceed pro se and "excuse the jury," which
the judge addressed on the next trial day. Correctly noting that jeopardy had
attached when the jury was sworn, the judge treated defendant's request to
"excuse the jury" as a motion for mistrial and denied the motion.
A.
The judge's decision denying defendant's motion for a mistrial is entitled
to deference by this court and should be affirmed "absent an abuse of discretion
that results in a manifest injustice." State v. Jackson, 211 N.J. 394, 407 (2012)
(quoting State v. Harvey, 151 N.J. 117, 205 (1997)). We conclude there was no
manifest injustice, and defendant did not have the absolute right to control his
attorneys' strategic choices during jury selection.
"Trial management is the lawyer's province[.]" McCoy v. Louisiana, 138
S. Ct. 1500, 1508 (2018). "Giving the attorney control of trial management
matters is a practical necessity" as "[t]he adversary process could not function
effectively if every tactical decision required client approval." Gonzales v.
United States, 553 U.S. 242, 249 (2008) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S.
400, 418 (1988)). Defense counsel, therefore, has the "authority to make the
A-4499-18
9
necessary decisions as to the management of the case." State v. Pratts, 145 N.J.
Super. 79, 88 (App. Div. 1975); see id. at 88-91 (holding that defense counsel
may refuse to call witnesses counsel deems harmful, despite defendant's
objection); see also State v. Bentley, 46 N.J. Super. 193, 201-02 (App. Div.
1957) (finding that trial counsel has "implied authority to make all necessary
decisions on all matters incidental to the management of the case which affect
only procedure or remedy as distinguished from the cause of action itself, and
the party is bound by such acts").
The selection of a jury is one such tactical and strategic case management
decision. State v. Hightower, 120 N.J. 378, 402-03 (1990). In arguing that
defendant, not his counsel, should have been the ultimate decision-maker for
selecting a jury, defendant relies on his right to be present at jury selection, and
specifically, at voir dire sidebars. See State v. Dishon, 297 N.J. Super. 254, 268
(App. Div. 1997); see also R. 3:16(b) (stating that "defendant shall be present at
every stage of the trial, including the impaneling of the jury"). However, a
defendant's right to be present at voir dire sidebars is "not absolute," as the
defendant must "affirmatively request" to participate, and participation is
permitted only "as far as security will allow." State v. W.A., 184 N.J. 45, 48,
60, 63 (2005).
A-4499-18
10
W.A. recognized that jury challenges for cause, which "involve[] proof of
legally cognizable grounds," are "fairly characterized as within the attorney's
field of expertise." Id. at 54. In contrast, defendants may play a "critical role"
in the exercise of peremptory challenges, which rely on "the vagueness of an
impression or intuitive feeling." Ibid. However, this "critical role" has not been
extended to provide defendant the right to veto defense counsel's
recommendations regarding specific jurors. Rather, both the United States
Supreme Court and this court have expressed a clear preference to leave the
ultimate responsibility of trial management in the hands of competent defense
counsel. See Gonzales, 553 U.S. at 249; Pratts, 145 N.J. Super. at 88-90.
Even if defendant should have been permitted a veto of his counsels'
peremptory challenges—which is not the case—the judge's denial of defendant's
motion for a mistrial was at best harmless error and not "clearly capable of
producing an unjust result." W.A., 184 N.J. at 66 (applying harmless error
analysis to the trial judge's refusal to allow the defendant to be present at voir
dire sidebar); see also R. 2:10-2 (stating that "[a]ny error or omission shall be
disregarded by the appellate court unless it is of such a nature as to have been
clearly capable of producing an unjust result"). Defense counsel's decision to
exclude a juror who had been involved in her own domestic violence matter, and
A-4499-18
11
whose husband was a police officer, can hardly be considered prejudicial to
defendant and could not have led to an unjust verdict.
We see no error in the trial judge's denial of a mistrial due to defendant's
outbursts in front of the jury. A defendant who engages in misconduct in the
presence of a jury is not entitled to a mistrial. See State v. Montgomery, 427
N.J. Super. 403, 407-09 (App. Div. 2012). A defendant may not engage in
courtroom misconduct "and then expect to be rewarded with a mistrial or new
trial" when the trial judge has taken "appropriate cautionary measures," as the
judge did here. Id. at 404.
B.
On his motion to proceed pro se, the judge took testimony from defendant
regarding his education level (third grade), his profession (carpenter), whether
he had ever participated in or observed a criminal trial (he had not) , and why he
wanted to proceed pro se (to cross-examine the witnesses against him). It was
clear defendant was unprepared to represent himself.
Defendant understood that he was charged with murder but did not know
the elements of that crime or any potential defenses, nor the State's burden of
proof. The judge warned defendant that he needed to understand the risk he was
taking "[b]ecause, if you represent yourself, you have to follow the same rules
A-4499-18
12
[counsel] would have to follow," including how to admit evidence. Defendant
replied that he understood. The judge also warned defendant that he would be
giving up his right to argue later that counsel was ineffective. Defendant told
the judge that he was "not so concerned about the risks" because he did not have
"anything . . . to lose" and still wanted to represent himself. The judge told
defendant that there would be no delay in the case, as the jury had been sworn
and opening arguments were scheduled for the next day, and asked how
defendant would be prepared to proceed then. Defendant stated that, although
he was prepared "mentally" and "physically," he was "not prepared in a way of
the paperwork and the [m]otions."
The judge denied defendant's motion to proceed pro se, finding that
defendant had not made the motion in a timely manner. As the judge found,
defendant's unfamiliarity with the Rules of Evidence and any potential defenses
would require a delay in the case, as defendant "could not effectively prepare to
represent himself in this case within the time limits" as the jury had already been
empaneled. The judge "question[ed] strongly" whether defendant understood
the risks of representing himself, noting that defendant's responses were not
indicative of someone who wanted to take such risks; rather, defendant wanted
to have "competent representation" and "simply want[ed] to be heard."
A-4499-18
13
However, the "primary reason" the judge denied defendant's motion was "the
delay." The judge ruled he would not "jeopardize this trial or jeopardize the
ability of this jury to participate by an undue delay that would be created by the
switching out of counsel to a self-represented individual."
We see no error in the judge's denial of defendant's motion to proceed pro
se. The denial of a pro se motion is reviewed for "abuse of discretion." State v.
Outland, 245 N.J. 494, 507 (2021) (citing State v. DuBois, 189 N.J. 454, 475
(2007)). A defendant's right of self-representation is "fundamental," but "not
absolute," and "cannot be used to jeopardize the State's equally strong interest
in ensuring the fairness of judicial proceedings and the integrity of trial
verdicts." State v. King, 210 N.J. 2, 18 (2012) (citing State v. Reddish, 181 N.J.
553, 579 (2004) and State v. McNeil, 405 N.J. Super. 39, 51 (App. Div. 2009)).
A defendant's decision to represent himself must be both "knowing, voluntary ,
and intelligent" and made in a "timely fashion." State v. Rose, 458 N.J. Super.
610, 626-27 (App. Div. 2019); see also Martinez v. Ct. of Appeal of Cal., 528
U.S. 152, 161-62 (2000) (explaining that a "defendant must voluntarily and
intelligently elect to conduct his own defense, and most courts require him to do
so in a timely manner") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
A-4499-18
14
A trial judge's review of a defendant's motion to proceed pro se is a "two-
step process." Rose, 458 N.J. Super. at 626. First, the motion must be timely,
"so as not to 'disrupt the criminal calendar, or a trial in progress.'" Ibid. (quoting
State v. Buhl, 269 N.J. Super. 344, 362 (App. Div. 1994)). Second, the trial
court must determine whether defendant's waiver of his right to counsel "is
indeed knowing, voluntary, and intelligent after a searching inquiry that
involves advising the defendant of the risks and pitfalls of self -representation."
Id. at 627 (citing DuBois, 189 N.J. at 468-69). When the trial judge "analyzes
a defendant's responses" to this inquiry, he or she "should indulge [in] every
reasonable presumption against waiver." King, 210 N.J. at 19 (alteration in
original) (quoting State v. Gallagher, 274 N.J. Super 285, 295 (App. Div. 1994)).
This "searching inquiry" requires the trial judge to inform defendant "of
the nature of the charges against [him], the statutory defenses to those charges,
and the possible range of punishment." State v. Crisafi, 128 N.J. 499, 511
(1992). The goal of this inquiry "is not to ascertain whether a defendant
possesses technical legal knowledge," but rather to "apprise the defendant 'of
the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation.'" Outland, 245 N.J. at 506
(citing Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975)). The judge should
"specifically advise the defendants that it would be unwise not to accept the
A-4499-18
15
assistance of counsel." Crisafi, 128 N.J. at 512. Further, the judge should
"inform defendants of the technical problems they may encounter in acting as
their own counsel and of the risks they take if their defense is unsuccessful,"
explain that defendant must still "conduct their defense in accordance with the
relevant rules of criminal procedure and evidence," and that defendant's lack of
knowledge may "impair" his ability to defend himself. Id. at 511-12. The judge
should engage in a "penetrating examination of the knowingness and
intelligence of a defendant's attempted waiver of the assistance of counsel,"
including
whether defendant will experience difficulty in
separating his roles as defendant and counsel; whether
defendant understands that he not only has the right not
to testify, but also the right not to incriminate himself
in any manner; whether he understands that he could
make comments as counsel from which the jury might
infer that he had knowledge of incriminating evidence
(and the difficulty in avoiding such comments); and
whether he fully understands that if he crosses the line
separating counsel from witness, he may forfeit his
right to remain silent and subject himself to cross-
examination by the State.
[Reddish, 181 N.J. at 594.]
Finally, the judge must advise defendant that if he represents himself, he will
"waive any and all later claims that his self-representation constituted
ineffective assistance of counsel." Ibid. (citing Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835 n.46).
A-4499-18
16
The timeliness of a defendant's request to represent himself is a matter for
the sound discretion of the trial judge. Buhl, 269 N.J. Super. at 363-64. "A
defendant cannot be permitted to place the trial judge in the unenviable dilemma
where, in managing the business of the court, he appears to be depriving the
accused of his right to self-representation." Id. at 363. Thus, a "defendant
desiring to exercise the right" to represent himself "must do so with reasonable
diligence." Ibid.
In Buhl, this court rejected as "too broad[]" a proposed rule that "a request
to proceed pro se made before a jury is sworn should ordinarily be honored."
Ibid. Thus, Buhl's request made "immediately before the jury was empaneled"
was untimely. Id. at 364; see also State v. Pessolano, 343 N.J. Super. 464, 473
(App. Div. 2001) (finding that the defendant's pro se request made after jury
selection was untimely). In contrast, pro se requests made "well in advance of
trial," Rose, 458 N.J. Super. at 628, and "about six weeks prior to trial," State v.
Thomas, 362 N.J. Super. 229, 240 (App. Div. 2003), were timely.
We conclude that the judge did not abuse his discretion by holding that
defendant's pro se request here was untimely. Defendant's pro se request was
made more than a full day after jury selection began. Permitting defendant to
proceed pro se would have necessarily engendered an unacceptable del ay in the
A-4499-18
17
trial proceedings, especially given defendant's limited education and admitted
unfamiliarity with the law and the Rules of Evidence.
We reject defendant's assertion that the judge erred by not engaging in the
full inquiry required by Crisafi and Reddish, notwithstanding the judge's
determination that defendant's motion was untimely. The judge informed
defendant of the risks of self-representation, that he would be expected to follow
the legal procedures and evidence rules in examining witnesses and seeking to
admit evidence, and that he could not later claim ineffective assistance of
counsel if he chose to represent himself. The judge further warned defendant
that, by representing himself, he could ask questions that could lead to claims
that defendant had waived his right to remain silent and might subject him to
cross-examination. The judge's inquiry thus "apprise[d] the defendant 'of the
dangers and disadvantages of self-representation.'" Outland, 245 N.J. at 506
(quoting Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835).
Although the judge did not discuss the "statutory defenses to" the charges
against defendant, or "the possible range of punishment," as required by Crisafi,
128 N.J. at 511, we see no error by denying his motion. The "searching inquiry"
required by Crisafi and Reddish is the second step of a two-step process, as this
court noted in Rose, 458 N.J. Super. at 627. Once the judge determined that
A-4499-18
18
defendant had not satisfied the first step, the judge had no obligation to continue
his inquiry to satisfy the requirements of the second step fully. See Pessolano,
343 N.J. Super. at 473 (ruling the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in
denying the defendant's pro se request without mention of Crisafi requirements
because the request was untimely).
II.
Defendant argues in his Point III that the judge erred (1) by not holding a
Frye2 hearing on the admissibility of expert testimony regarding the
identification of defendant's bloody palm print on the larger of the two knives
found behind the victim's stove, and (2) by admitting such expert testimony
despite defendant's challenges to the methodology used by Detective Eric Crain,
the State's fingerprint expert.
N.J.R.E. 702 allows an expert who is qualified by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education to testify in the form of an opinion if
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact
in understanding the evidence. The "well-known prerequisites" to this rule are:
"(1) the intended testimony must concern a subject matter that is beyond the ken
of the average juror; (2) the field testified to must be at a state of the art such
2
Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (D.C. Cir. 1923).
A-4499-18
19
that an expert's testimony could be sufficiently reliable; and (3) the witness must
have sufficient expertise to offer the intended testimony." Hisenaj v. Kuehner,
194 N.J. 6, 15 (2008); see also State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554, 567-68 (2005).
"If a party challenges an expert opinion pursuant to N.J.R.E. 702, the 'trial
[judge] should conduct a hearing [under N.J.R.E. 104] concerning the
admissibility of the proposed expert testimony.'" State v. J.R., 227 N.J. 393,
409 (2017) (second alteration in original) (quoting Torres, 183 N.J. at 567). At
such hearing, the proponent of the expert "may demonstrate that the expert's
methodology meets the benchmark of N.J.R.E. 702, and the opposing party may
challenge the reliability of the expert's opinion." Id. at 410. The trial judge's
evidentiary ruling that a witness is qualified to present expert testimony under
N.J.R.E. 702 is reviewed for abuse of discretion and should be reversed only
"for manifest error and injustice." State v. Rosales, 202 N.J. 549, 562-63 (2010)
(quoting State v. Jenewicz, 193 N.J. 440, 455 (2008)).
In criminal cases, for challenges relating to the reliability of the field for
which expert testimony is sought, our Supreme Court "continue[s] to rely on the
Frye standard to assess reliability." State v. J.L.G., 234 N.J. 265, 280 (2018)
(citing Frye, 293 F. at 1014). Under this standard, the trial judge must
"determine whether the science underlying the proposed expert testimony has
A-4499-18
20
'gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.'" Ibid.
(quoting Frye, 293 F. at 1014). "[T]here are three ways to establish general
acceptance under Frye: expert testimony, authoritative scientific and legal
writings, and judicial opinions." Id. at 281. To establish general acceptance,
"the party proffering the evidence need not show infallibility of the technique
nor unanimity of its acceptance in the scientific community." State v. Cassidy,
235 N.J. 482, 492 (2018). Rather, "[t]he State's burden is to prove that the . . .
test and the interpretation of its results are non-experimental, demonstrable
techniques that the relevant scientific community widely, but perhaps not
unanimously, accepts as reliable." State v. Ghigliotty, 463 N.J. Super. 355, 383
(App. Div. 2020) (omission in original) (quoting Harvey, 151 N.J. at 171).
Defendant moved to preclude Crain's expert testimony, arguing that the
State had not provided an expert report as required by Rule 3:13-3 and that
"[l]atent print evidence" was "scientifically invalid," relying on a 2016 report
from the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST),
which cited two studies, one by the FBI and one by the Miami-Dade Police, that
found false positive rates for latent fingerprint matches of 1 in 306, and 1 in 18,
respectively. The judge held an N.J.R.E. 104 hearing at which Crain testified,
and defendant called no witnesses.
A-4499-18
21
At the hearing, Crain testified as to his experience with fingerprint and
"friction ridge skin" (FRS) analysis.3 Crain's experience included eleven years
with the New Jersey State Police Crime Scene Investigation South Unit, and
specific training in FRS detail analysis with both the State Police and the Palm
Print Identification School at the Henry C. Lee Institute in Connecticut. Crain
testified that he was an instructor with the New Jersey State Police Crime Scene
Investigation School, where he taught FRS latent print identification and was an
adjunct professor at Rowan College, teaching courses on forensic science. Crain
had been qualified as an expert in friction ridge skin identification and analysis
in two previous Superior Court criminal proceedings and had been involved in
hundreds of cases involving FRS detail identification and analysis.
Crain testified that the New Jersey State Police use the "ACE-V"
methodology for evaluating a fingerprint match. 4 According to Crain, ACE-V
is the "standard for identifying, analyzing and processing a latent print" used by
the New Jersey State Police and elsewhere, including the Lee Institute. ACE -V
3
FRS is the skin on a person's fingerprints, palms, and soles of the feet that
"applies grip and traction" and is unique to each person.
4
ACE-V is an acronym referring to the four phases of the methodology:
analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification.
A-4499-18
22
had been used for all of Crain's eleven years of experience in crime scene
investigation and is used by SWGFAST.
Crain testified that a palm print in blood had been found on the larger of
the two knives discovered in the victim's kitchen. He explained that the palm
print was not "latent" but was "patent"; that is; a print that occurs FRS contacts
a "foreign substance, such as grease, oil, [or] blood" before touching another
surface. Using the ACE-V method, he used a chemical to enhance the patent
print, photographed the print and submitted the photographs to the automated
fingerprint identification system (AFIS) computer database to search for a
match. AFIS returned a "hit" that the palm print belonged to defendant. Crain
then did his own comparison and evaluation of the bloody print and defendant's
palm. In reviewing the comparison points of identification between the bloody
print and defendant's palm, Crain stopped counting at twenty-five. Thus, Crain
determined that it was, in fact, defendant's print, which was verified by another
detective also trained in fingerprint analysis. On cross-examination, Crain
testified that he was "aware" of the PCAST report but was unaware of its
contents.
The judge denied defendant's motion to exclude Crain's testimony. The
judge found Crain's testimony to be credible and determined that the State had
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demonstrated that he was qualified as an expert in the field of fingerprint
analysis, which was "beyond the ken of a normal juror." The judge further found
that the ACE-V methodology is a "generally accepted standard for [FRS]
analysis, whether it be fingerprint analysis or palm print analysis," and that the
procedures used by Crain, in this case, were "reasonable" and not "flawed or
overly suggestive." Thus, the judge permitted Crain to testify at trial that it was
defendant's palm print on the knife, but only "within a reasonable degree of
probability," not as "a 100 percent match." Any challenges to Crain's
methodology could have been brought up by the defense on cross-examination.
Crain testified as an expert at trial, in accordance with the court's ruling,
that "within a reasonable degree of probability" it was defendant's palm print on
the knife. Defense counsel cross-examined Crain regarding his findings. He
asked Crain about the PCAST report and the two studies cited therein regarding
the error rate for latent fingerprint analysis. Crain testified only that he recalled
defense counsel discussing those studies but was unable to form an opinion
because he had no personal knowledge.
We see no abuse of discretion by the judge in admitting Crain's expert
testimony. The judge appropriately held an N.J.R.E. 104 hearing on defendant's
motion to exclude Crain's testimony. Although defendant complains that this
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did not rise to the level of a Frye hearing, the judge complied with the
requirements of Frye, and determined, based on Crain's credible expert
testimony, that the ACE-V methodology was the "generally accepted standard
for [FRS] analysis."
Nor has defendant raised any persuasive arguments to challenge that
determination. Evidence relating to fingerprint analysis has been accepted by
the New Jersey courts for over 100 years. See State v. Cerciello, 86 N.J.L. 309
(E. & A. 1914) (approving admissibility of fingerprint evidence). Although no
reported New Jersey cases have specifically addressed the reliability of the
ACE-V methodology, "[n]umerous [federal] courts have found expert testimony
on fingerprint identification based on the ACE-V method to be sufficiently
reliable." United States v. Pena, 586 F.3d 105, 110-11 (1st Cir. 2009) (citing
cases); see also United States v. Straker, 800 F.3d 570, 630-32 (D.C. Cir. 2015);
United States v. Herrera, 704 F.3d 480, 484 (7th Cir. 2013). Further, defendant
has not pointed to any cases holding that the ACE-V method is unreliable. Thus,
"'it is difficult to discern,' without more, 'any abuse of discretion when the [trial
judge] decides to admit expert testimony that relies on the ACE-V method.'"
Straker, 800 F.3d at 631-32 (quoting Pena, 586 F.3d at 110-11).
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Defendant asserts that because he raised the issues relating to the error
rate in latent fingerprint identification as set forth in the PCAST report, the
"State was required to do more" than merely present Crain's testimony to
demonstrate the reliability of the ACE-V methodology. However, in light of the
clear, general acceptance of the ACE-V methodology throughout the United
States and testimony of the State's expert to that effect, we disagree. In the
absence of any testimony by a witness who had actual knowledge of the PCAST
report, or the studies referred to therein, the judge had no basis to rule that the
ACE-V method was unreliable. Moreover, defendant himself characterizes the
PCAST report as relating to "latent" fingerprint analysis. As Crain testified, the
palm print at issue was not "latent" but was "patent." Thus, the judge did not
abuse his discretion in determining that the ACE-V method was scientifically
reliable.
Finally, Crain's testimony regarding the palm print match was properly
admitted under N.J.R.E. 702. Defendant asserts that Crain did not comply with
the SWGFAST guidelines in determining that the palm print matched
defendant's, within a reasonable degree of probability, and that Crain overstated
the strength of his conclusion. However, defendant's arguments rely solely on
SWGFAST documents that were not raised and are therefore outside the record
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on appeal. See Scott v. Salerno, 297 N.J. Super. 437, 447 (App. Div. 1997)
(limiting appellate review "to the record made in the trial court, and appellate
courts will not consider evidence submitted on appeal that was not in the record
before the trial court") (internal citations omitted); R. 2:5-4. Moreover, Crain
explained in detail his methodology and his conclusions, and defendant had
ample opportunity to cross-examine him on these issues. See State v. Clowney,
299 N.J. Super. 1, 19 (App. Div. 1997) (explaining that "expert testimony and
opinion are subjects for legitimately expansive cross-examination" to enable the
jury to "assess their soundness"); State v. Frost, 242 N.J. Super. 601, 615 (App.
Div. 1990) (noting that "[t]he credibility of the expert, and the weight to be
accorded his or her testimony, is assessed by the trier of fact; any testimonial or
experience weaknesses in the testimony may be exposed by cross-
examination"). Thus, the judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting Crain's
expert testimony.
III.
In Point IV, defendant asserts that the judge erred in imposing a
mandatory sentence of life without parole (LWOP) under N.J.S.A. 2C:11 -
3(b)(4). He argues for the first time that the jury was not adequately instructed
on aggravating factor (c).
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At the charge conference, counsel agreed not only about the jury
instructions but also the interrogatories contained on the verdict sheet. Despite
direct questions about the aggravating factor by the judge, defense counsel did
not request any additional language. Instead, defendant requested a charge for
passion/provocation manslaughter, which the judge included in his final jury
charge.
The judge then charged the jury. After he finished, defense counsel had
no objection. The judge reviewed the jury sheet with the jury, again without
objection. By answering the questions on the sheet, the jury found defendant
guilty of purposely or knowingly causing the death of the victim; that he did so
by his own conduct; and that the act of murder was outrageously or wantonly
vile, horrible, or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, of an
aggravated assault of the victim.
At sentencing, defense counsel acknowledged that given the jury's finding
as to the aggravating factor, the judge did not have much discretion about what
sentence to impose. The State emphasized that the statute mandated a sentence
of life in prison without parole. The judge found aggravating factors three (risk
of re-offense), nine (deterrence), fourteen (offense involved domestic violence
in front of a child), and fifteen (history of domestic violence). The judge found
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no mitigating factors, including not finding requested mitigating factor seven,
because defendant had been previously arrested six times.
Because defendant never objected to any portion of the jury charge, we
review his contention for plain error. State v. Munafo, 222 N.J. 480, 488 (2015);
see also R. 1:7-2 (stating that "no party may urge as error any portion of the
charge to the jury or omissions therefrom unless objections are made thereto
before the jury retires to consider its verdict"). Plain error in the context of a
jury charge "requires demonstration of 'legal impropriety in the charge
prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of the defendant and sufficiently
grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and to convince the court that
of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to bring about an unjust result .'"
State v. Singleton, 211 N.J. 157, 182-83 (2012) (quoting State v. Chapland, 187
N.J. 275, 289 (2006)). "[T]he prejudicial effect of an omitted instruction must
be evaluated 'in light of the totality of the circumstances—including all the
instructions to the jury, [and] the arguments of counsel.'" State v. Marshall, 123
N.J. 1, 145 (1991) (second alteration in original) (quoting Kentucky v. Whorton,
441 U.S. 786, 789 (1979)).
In 2007, the New Jersey State Legislature repealed the death penalty and
replaced it "with life imprisonment without eligibility for parole in certain
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circumstances." State v. Troxell, 434 N.J. Super. 502, 510 (App. Div. 2014)
(citing S. Comm. Statement to S. Comm. Substitute for S. Nos. 171 & 2741
(May 10, 2007), enacted as L. 2007, c. 204 (Dec. 17, 2007)). Under this revised
statutory scheme, a defendant convicted of murder is subject to a mandatory
LWOP sentence "if the State proves one of several 'triggering factors,'"
including, as relevant here, that defendant "committed the homicidal act by his
own conduct," and "if a jury finds beyond a reasonable doubt that any" of certain
enumerated "aggravating factors exist." Ibid. (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(b)(4)).
These aggravating factors are nearly identical to those used for the now-repealed
death penalty. See John M. Cannel, N.J. Criminal Code Annotated, cmt. 7b on
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3 (2021). One of those enumerated aggravating factors is a
finding by the jury that "[t]he murder was outrageously or wantonly vile,
horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of the mind, or an
aggravated assaulted to the victim." N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(b)(4)(c).
In the death penalty context, our Supreme Court required that jurors
considering this aggravating factor be instructed that "'[t]orture or aggravated
[assault] to the victim shall be found if the defendant intended to cause, and did
in fact cause, severe physical or psychological pain or suffering to the victim
prior to the victim’s death,' and that depravity shall be found if the murder
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'served no purpose for the defendant beyond his pleasure of killing.'" State v.
Bey, 112 N.J. 123, 173 (1988) (Bey II) (quoting State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123,
211 (1987)).
The evidence presented at trial, including the fact that the victim, with her
young children nearby, suffered eighty-nine separate stab wounds and begged
defendant to let her die in peace, supported the submission of that aggravating
factor to the jury. See State v. Morton, 155 N.J. 383, 463 (1998) (no error in
submission of "wantonly vile" aggravating factor to jury when victim was
stabbed twenty-four times and other evidence supported "the conclusion that
defendant 'inflict[ed] pain incremental to that attributable to the act of killing '")
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Erazo, 126 N.J. 112, 138 (1991)). Nor
was a separate penalty phase required to determine the applicability of that
aggravating factor. See Troxell, 434 N.J. Super. at 512 n.4 (finding a separate
penalty proceeding unnecessary if the jury has already found the aggravating
factor beyond a reasonable doubt). But the judge did not explicitly instruct the
jurors that aggravating factor (c) required a finding beyond a reasonable doubt
that defendant intended to cause pain and suffering beyond the act of killing, as
required by N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(b)(4), Ramseur, and Bey (II).
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While this was an error, this does not amount to plain error for two
reasons: (1) the judge repeatedly advised the jury that the State's burden on each
and every element of the offense was beyond a reasonable doubt; and (2) given
the overwhelming evidence in this case and gruesome nature of the crime, the
failure to include the additional language did not lead the jury to reach a result
it otherwise would not have reached.
During trial, the judge correctly instructed the jurors that the State had the
burden of proving every element of the offenses charged beyond a reasonable
doubt, and correctly instructed the jury on the elements of murder under N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3. The court further instructed the jurors, using the Model Jury Charges
(Criminal), "Murder-Own Conduct-Life Without Possibility of Parole, (N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3(b)(4))" (approved May 11, 2015), that they must decide whether the
State had proven beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had committed the
murder by his own conduct. The court then instructed the jurors on the elements
of the weapons offenses with which defendant was charged, before finally
reviewing the verdict sheet with the jury. With respect to aggravating factor (c),
the judge simply instructed the jurors that, if they answered Question 1 (murder)
and Question 2A (murder-own conduct) in the affirmative, they should
proceed to Question 2B. Question 2B is as follows. Do
you find that [d]efendant . . . on or about the 18th day
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of December 2016 in the Township of Commercial in
the County of Cumberland aforesaid and within the
jurisdiction of this [c]ourt committed the act of murder
and that said act was outrageously or wantonly vile,
horrible or inhumane and that it involved torture,
depravity of mind or an aggravated assault on the
victim . . . ? And the answer to that is either no or yes.
The judge, while not explicitly, advised the jury that the State had the burden,
even on this aggravating factor, of proving each and every element against
defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, in light of the totality of the
circumstances, the error did not create "a clear capacity to bring about an unjust
result." Singleton, 211 N.J. at 182-83.
As to the applicable aggravating factor, the facts are particularly
instructive. The son saw his father watching his mother sleeping on the couch.
Once defendant left the son's room, the son heard his mother's body hit the floor
and saw defendant standing over the mother while, as the son testified, his
mother was screaming in pain. The son then saw defendant choking the mother.
About one minute later, went to the kitchen and retrieved a knife, and during
this time—knowing defendant was going to kill her—the son heard his mother
say, "Let me die in peace." Defendant ignored that plea. Instead, defendant
returned to the living room with the knife and in front of the son, began stabbing
the mother eighty-nine times on her face, neck, chest, torso, arms, legs, and slit
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her throat. He did that while the children were in the mobile home. In addition
to these substantial wounds, there were several contusions on her body from
blunt-force trauma. After the murder, the son observed defendant smoking a
cigarette. Defendant then fled the scene, leaving the children to find their
mother in the morning. It can reasonably be inferred defendant "intended to
cause, and did in fact cause, severe physical or psychological pain or suffering
to the victim prior to the victim's death." Bey (II), 112 N.J. at 173 (quoting
Ramseur, 106 N.J. at 211).
Affirmed.
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