IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
September 2021 Term FILED
__________________ November 16, 2021
released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
No. 20-0750 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
__________________
CHRISTOPHER MORRIS, individually and as
Administrator of the Estate of Amy Christine Wade,
Plaintiff Below, Petitioner
v.
STEVEN CORDER, M. D., MELANIE BASSA, M. A.,
MARTHA DONAHUE, N. P., NORTHWOOD HEALTH SYSTEMS, INC.,
MID-VALLEY HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS, INC., and JOHN DOES 1-5,
Defendants Below, Respondents
____________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Ohio County, West Virginia
The Honorable David J. Sims, Judge
Civil Action No. 20-C-140
REVERSED AND REMANDED
____________________________________________________________
Submitted: October 6, 2021
Filed: November 16, 2021
Benjamin L. Bailey, Esq. Roberta F. Green, Esq.
BAILEY GLASSER, LLP Justin M. Kearns, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia Shuman McCuskey Slicer PLLC
P. Gregory Haddad, Esq. Charleston, West Virginia
Travis A. Prince, Esq. Counsel for Respondent
BAILEY GLASSER, LLP Steven Corder, M. D.
Morgantown, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner
Cy A. Hill, Jr., Esq.
Ashley W. French, Esq.
Cipriani & Werner, P. C.
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Respondent
Melanie Bassa, M. A.
Patrick S. Casey, Esq.
Sandra M. Chapman, Esq.
CASEY & CHAPMAN, PLLC
Wheeling, West Virginia
Counsel for Respondents Martha Donahue,
N. P., Northwood Health Systems, Inc., and
Mid-Valley Healthcare Systems, Inc.
JUSTICE WOOTON delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE JENKINS and JUSTICE ARMSTEAD dissent and reserve the
right to file dissenting opinions.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “Appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to
dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-
Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).
2. “Recovery for wrongful death by suicide may be possible where the
defendant had a duty to prevent the suicide from occurring. In order to recover, the plaintiff
must show the existence of some relationship between the defendant(s) and the decedent
giving rise to a duty to prevent the decedent from committing suicide. Generally, such
relationship exists if one of the parties, knowing the other is suicidal, is placed in the
superior position of caretaker of the other who depends upon that caretaker either entirely
or with respect to a particular matter.” Syl. Pt. 6, Moats v. Preston Cnty. Comm’n, 206 W.
Va. 8, 521 S.E.2d 180 (1999).
i
WOOTON, J.:
This is an appeal from the Circuit Court of Ohio County’s August 26, 2020,
order dismissing the claim of petitioner Christopher Morris, individually and as
Administrator of the Estate of Amy Christine Wade (hereinafter “petitioner”) against
respondents Steven Corder, M. D., Melanie Bassa, M. A., Martha Donahue, N. P.,
Northwood Health Systems, Inc., Mid-Valley Healthcare Systems, Inc., and John Does 1-
5 (hereinafter collectively “respondents”) pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the West Virginia
Rules of Civil Procedure. The circuit court found that petitioner’s claims for medical
negligence are barred by his failure to allege that his decedent was “in the custody” of
respondents at the time of her suicide.
After careful review of the briefs of the parties, their oral arguments, the
appendix record, and the applicable law, we find that the circuit court erred in concluding
that this Court’s precedent requires a decedent to be in the “custody” of a health care
provider to assert a claim for deviations from the standard of care proximately resulting in
a decedent’s suicide. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s dismissal of the case and
remand for further proceedings.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In his complaint, petitioner alleges that his decedent, Amy Christine Wade
(hereinafter “Ms. Wade”), received behavioral and mental health treatment from
1
respondents for more than ten years, from January 1, 2008 through June 2018. She was
diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, borderline mental functioning, and panic disorder
agoraphobia and treated with a combination of pharmaceuticals, clinical management, and
counseling by respondents.
Petitioner alleges that on or around February 28, 2018, Ms. Wade’s
psychiatric condition began to rapidly deteriorate. Treatment notes thereafter allegedly
reflect an increase in suicidal thoughts, auditory hallucinations, threatening visual
hallucinations, and general emotional instability. On April 25, 2018, Ms. Wade allegedly
made irrational claims about the death of her grandson and reported increased sadness,
crying spells, decreased sleep, and increased worrying. On June 11, 2018, Ms. Wade’s
providers noted that she had a disheveled appearance, reported that she “doesn’t sleep
anymore,” that her “life has been hell,” and that she had three suicidal ideations in the week
prior. On June 20, 2018, Ms. Wade reported that she had been in “such a state of panic”
that she presented for treatment at an Emergency Room. Ms. Wade committed suicide on
June 30, 2018.
Petitioner served a notice of claim and screening certificate of merit on each
respondent pursuant to the Medical Professional Liability Act, West Virginia Code §§ 55-
7B-1 through -12 (2015 & Supp. 2021)) (“MPLA”) and filed his complaint alleging that
the individual respondents deviated from the standard of care in their treatment of Ms.
2
Wade. 1 More specifically, petitioner alleges that despite Ms. Wade’s increasingly unstable
presentation and reports of suicidal ideation, no changes were made to her treatment
regimen—including medications, follow-up appointments, and specialist evaluations—nor
was she referred for hospitalization in a crisis stabilization unit or admission to an inpatient
psychiatric unit.
In response to the complaint, all respondents filed motions to dismiss
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, arguing that Ms.
Wade’s suicide constituted an intentional intervening act and precluded liability against
respondents. In evaluating the allegations in the complaint, the circuit court highlighted
that “[a]t no time was [Ms. Wade] in the voluntary or involuntary custody of any of the
Defendants during the relevant time frame[] . . . [and that] all services were rendered on an
out-patient basis.” Citing this Court’s decision in Moats v. Preston County Commission,
206 W. Va. 8, 521 S.E.2d 180 (1999) and a subsequent memorandum decision, the circuit
court found petitioner’s failure to allege that respondents were “custodial caretaker[s]”—
which the court perceived to constitute the “one exception to the general bar on suicide
claims”—was fatal to her cause of action. The circuit court dismissed the complaint
1
The claims against Mid-Valley, Northwood, and John Does 1-5 were characterized
as vicarious liability claims as the “employer and/or principal(s)” of the individually named
respondents.
3
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) due to the complaint’s “fail[ure] to allege that [Ms. Wade] was
in the custody of any [respondent] at the time of her suicide.” This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to dismiss a
complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick,
Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995). With this standard in mind, we proceed to
the parties’ arguments.
III. DISCUSSION
Although petitioner asserts three separate assignments of error, 2 this case
presents a relatively narrow issue of law regarding the scope of this Court’s holding in
Moats. The question presented is whether this Court’s precedent holds that a negligence-
based claim for professional liability for failure to prevent suicide is restricted to only those
defendants who had a “custodial” relationship with the decedent. Petitioner argues that the
circuit court misread Moats and that nothing in our caselaw limits a cause of action for
failure to prevent suicide to only “custodial caretakers.” He argues further that such a
reading of our precedent would effectively void any duty of care to outpatient mental health
2
Petitioner asserts that the circuit court erred 1) by finding no “special relationship”
leading to a duty to prevent suicide; 2) by finding that health care providers of suicidal
outpatients have no duty of ordinary care; and 3) by applying Moats in a manner which
violates the equal protection clause of the West Virginia Constitution. Because the circuit
court simply erred in its reading of our precedent, we find it unnecessary to resolve the case
in the manner characterized by these assignments of error.
4
patients, thereby nullifying the requirement of the MPLA that health care providers
conform to the applicable standard of care. Respondents argue that it is petitioner who
seeks to expand the law of this state as it pertains to “non-custodial suicide.” Respondents
urge that such an expansion is unsound from a public policy standpoint and vitiates the
Court’s long-standing treatment of suicide as an intervening cause barring liability.
We begin with an examination of Moats. In Moats, plaintiff’s decedent was
involuntarily committed to the custody of the Preston County Sheriff’s Office for transfer
to William Sharpe Hospital for a mental health evaluation, having attempted suicide the
day prior. 206 W. Va. at 11, 521 S.E.2d at 183. While at the Preston County Jail office
awaiting transfer, the decedent consumed bathroom cleaner which resulted in her death
eight months later. Id. Charles A. Moats, on behalf of the decedent’s estate, brought a
wrongful death action against the county commission and a mental health evaluator, who
testified in the decedent’s mental hygiene hearing and left her in the jail office while he
went to retrieve her commitment order. Id.
In one of several certified questions to this Court, the circuit court queried
whether the fact that the decedent committed suicide was an outright bar to Moats’ claims.
Id. The Court began by recognizing that despite the fact that suicide has “generally” been
treated as an intervening cause, “courts have allowed such actions where the defendant is
found to have actually caused the suicide or where the defendant is found to have had a
duty to prevent the suicide from occurring.” Id. at 16, 521 S.E.2d at 188. Elaborating on
5
the duty exception, the Court observed again that “generally” the exception applies where
there is a “duty of custodial care” and the defendant knows that the potential for suicide
exists but fails to take preventative measures. Id. Pertinent to the particular facts in Moats,
the Court further noted that this exception had been applied to “jails, hospitals, reform
schools, and others having actual physical custody and control over such persons.” Id.
This discussion forms the centerpiece of the circuit court and respondents’ insistence that
only “custodial” suicide is actionable.
Importantly, however, the foregoing discussion from Moats is merely dicta.
In answering the certified question, the Moats Court held as follows in a properly issued
syllabus point:
Recovery for wrongful death by suicide may be possible
where the defendant had a duty to prevent the suicide from
occurring. In order to recover, the plaintiff must show the
existence of some relationship between the defendant(s) and
the decedent giving rise to a duty to prevent the decedent from
committing suicide. Generally, such relationship exists if one
of the parties, knowing the other is suicidal, is placed in the
superior position of caretaker of the other who depends upon
that caretaker either entirely or with respect to a particular
matter.
206 W. Va. 8, 521 S.E.2d 180, syl. pt. 6 (emphasis added). Notably absent from the Court’s
syllabus point is any reference to a “custodial” relationship, be it as a caretaker or
otherwise. Rather, the syllabus point expressly requires only “some relationship” which
would give rise to a duty to prevent suicide. Id. (emphasis added). Further, the syllabus
point’s elaboration on the type of “caretak[ing]” which would exemplify such relationship
6
certainly does not preclude non-custodial “caretaker[s]”; rather it describes somewhat
broadly the degree of caretaking required, without reference to the setting or construct.
Therefore, the circuit court’s conclusion that Moats holds that a custodial relationship is
required to advance a duty-based (as opposed to causation-based) suicide claim is in error. 3
Respondents insist that the Moats Court intended to exclusively sanction
custodial negligence as an actionable form of “failure to prevent” suicide claim. However,
it is the breadth of the syllabus point’s language—in the face of specifically delineated
instances of liability and/or other criteria which it easily could have adopted—which best
demonstrates Moats’ resistance to being construed as narrowly as respondents would urge.
Importantly, Moats’ discussion of the types of duty-based causes of action for failure to
prevent suicide was plainly not intended to be comprehensive. The suicide at issue in
3
In fairness to the circuit court and respondents, however, their collective belief that
a custodial requirement was implicitly adopted in Moats was somewhat perpetuated by
references to “custodial care” in a recent memorandum decision. See Hull v. Nasher-
Alneam, No. 18-1028, 2020 WL 882087, at *3 (W. Va. Feb. 24, 2020) (memorandum
decision), cert. denied, No. 20-1818, 2021 WL 4507880 (U.S. Oct. 4, 2021). Largely
tracking the elements highlighted by the lower court in that case, the Hull Court agreed that
the allegations in the complaint lacked the element of custody, but also emphasized the
absence of any physician-patient relationship for greater than one year with the defendants,
who were not mental health professionals, but rather orthopedists. Id.
Regardless, the memorandum decision in Hull was incapable of creating a
previously non-existent requirement of “custody” for duty-based suicide claims. See Syl.
Pt. 1, in part, State v. McKinley, 234 W. Va. 143, 764 S.E.2d 303 (2014) (“[T]he Court
uses original syllabus points to announce new points of law[.]”). Further, while
precedential, memorandum decisions are “necessarily more limited” and “where a conflict
exists between a published opinion and a memorandum decision, the published opinion
controls.” Id., syl. pt. 5.
7
Moats occurred while the decedent was in custody in a jail office while awaiting transport
to a secure facility. Accordingly, as preface to its holding, Moats discusses certain
custodial, duty-based scenarios in which liability has been imposed: “[T]his exception has
been applied to jails, hospitals, reform schools, and others having actual physical custody
and control over such persons.” Id. at 16, 521 S.E.2d at 188.
This discussion is directly derived from an outline of duty-based “failure to
prevent” suicide scenarios described in McLaughlin v. Sullivan, 461 A.2d 123, 125 (N. H.
1983). Presumably because it was not germane to the factual scenario presented in Moats,
the Court did not include the McLaughlin court’s discussion of a second type of defendant
with whom a duty to prevent suicide may lie: mental health professionals. The remainder
of the excerpt from McLaughlin elaborates:
Specifically, this duty has been imposed on: . . . (2) persons or
institutions such as mental hospitals, psychiatrists and other
mental-health trained professionals, deemed to have a special
training and expertise enabling them to detect mental illness
and/or the potential for suicide, and which have the power or
control necessary to prevent that suicide.
Id. There is no reference to “custody” contained within the description of this category of
defendant.
It is significant that the syllabus point issued in Moats did not attempt to
strictly limit liability to either of the specific categories described in McLaughlin by
utilizing the wording or characterizations contained therein. Instead, the original language
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of the syllabus point appears aimed at broadly synthesizing these two categories of duty-
based suicide claims, while allowing for additional unspecified scenarios which fulfill the
relationship criterion and thereby justify an imposition of a duty. The syllabus point draws
its focus to the degree of the caretaking relationship and the caretaker’s knowledge that the
individual is “suicidal” for purposes of imposition of duty. Accordingly, the syllabus point
is crafted to be applicable to a broad range of scenarios both fairly encompassing those
specifically described in McLaughlin, as well as those that fall outside of its contemplation
but nonetheless factually give rise to an actionable duty.
Our conclusion that the circuit court misread the decision in Moats is not
only consistent with this Court’s stated syllabus point, but also consistent with the type of
claims previously found actionable here and elsewhere. See Martin v. Smith, 190 W. Va.
286, 438 S.E.2d 318 (1993) (upholding verdict against psychiatrist where decedent
committed suicide after being released from facility on eight-hour pass); Rodriguez-
Escobar v. Goss, 392 S.W.3d 109, 113 (Tex. 2013) (permitting action against psychiatrist
for failure to prevent suicide where “suicide probably would not have occurred if the
decedent had been hospitalized.”); Perez v. United States, 883 F. Supp. 2d 1257, 1286 (S.D.
Fla. 2012) (“[I]t would be peculiar, and seemingly contrary to the intent of Florida’s law
on medical negligence, to absolve a treating psychiatrist of liability for all negligent acts
simply because the patient is being seen on an outpatient basis.” (footnote omitted));
Peterson v. Reeves, 727 S.E.2d 171 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012) (recognizing psychiatrist’s failure
to involuntarily commit patient may form basis of malpractice action); Kockelman v. Segal,
9
71 Cal. Rptr. 2d 552, 561 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998) (holding psychiatrist’s duty of care “exists
whether the patient is hospitalized at the time or not”); Edwards v. Tardif, 692 A.2d 1266,
1270 n.7 (Conn. 1997) (rejecting argument that psychiatrist liability for suicide is limited
to “when patient is in the physician’s custody”). 4
Moreover, our interpretation of Moats is consonant with sound public policy
and common sense. Importantly, petitioner herein alleges that respondents deviated from
the applicable standard of care by, inter alia, failing to admit Ms. Wade to a crisis
stabilization facility or in-patient psychiatric facility. It would defy logic to permit a health
care provider to evade liability for failing to properly admit a patient on the basis that the
patient was not admitted. Compare Bexiga v. Havir Mfg. Corp., 290 A.2d 281, 286 (N. J.
1972) (concluding it would be “anomalous to hold that defendant has a duty . . . but a
breach of that duty results in no liability for the very injury the duty was meant to protect
against.”); see also Hoeffner v. The Citadel, 429 S.E.2d 190, 193 (S. C. 1993) (same).
4
The Court recognizes, of course, that some jurisdictions have indeed created a
custodial prerequisite to actions alleging a common law duty to prevent suicide. See, e.g.,
Winger v. Franciscan Med. Ctr., 701 N.E.2d 813, 820 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998) (finding duty
created only when “the act of suicide was foreseeable, and the plaintiff was in the custody
or control of the physician or hospital at the time he acted”); but see Hobart v. Shin, 705
N.E.2d 907 (Ill. 1998) (permitting comparative negligence arguments in case against
psychiatrist where outpatient decedent committed suicide). In these cases, the courts have
stated that as a result of the health care provider’s custody and control over the patient, it
has essentially “assumed the patient’s duty of self-care[.]” Maunz v. Perales, 76 P.3d 1027,
1034 (Kan. 2003). However, as our analysis reveals, this Court simply has not previously
adopted such a prerequisite, nor does it find it necessary to do so under the facts of this
case.
10
In that regard, respondents attempt to distinguish our previous case of
Martin. See 190 W. Va. 286, 438 S.E.2d 318. In Martin, a verdict against a psychiatrist
who improperly released a patient who then committed suicide was upheld; respondents
argue that the deviation from the standard of care in Martin occurred at the “custodial”
level, i.e. when the decedent was in the facility. Clearly, however, a negligent failure to
pursue efforts to admit a patient for inpatient care or monitoring is merely the flip side of
the “negligent release” coin. Both raise the question of whether the health care provider
has “failed to exercise that degree of care, skill and learning required or expected of a
reasonable, prudent health care provider in the profession or class to which the health care
provider belongs acting in the same or similar circumstances[.]” W. Va. Code § 55-7B-
3(a)(1) (2003). As the Kockelman court observed:
[P]sychiatrists owe a duty of care, consistent with standards in
the professional community, to provide appropriate treatment
for potentially suicidal patients, whether the patient is
hospitalized or not. There is no reasonable basis for the
distinction defendants seek to impose. Indeed, it would seem
almost self-evident that doctors must use reasonable care with
all of their patients in diagnosing suicidal intent and
implementing treatment plans.
71 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 558; see also Chirillo v. Granicz, 199 So. 3d 246 (Fla. 2016)
(recognizing mental health professional’s duty to treat outpatient decedent who committed
suicide defined by applicable standard of care).
Finally, we dispense with respondents’ contention that a reversal of the
circuit court’s ruling would abrogate our purported prior determination that “as a matter of
11
law, non-custodial suicide constitutes an intervening, superseding act that undercuts any
attachment of duty.” (emphasis added). Respondents cite no authority for this boldly stated
proposition and, in fact, the very case upon which they rely—Moats—plainly undermines
it. Aside from dicta making a general, historical observation that suicide has been treated
as an intentional act, this Court has never found it to be an outright bar as a matter of law—
hence, the certified question to that effect in Moats. 5 In fact, shortly after Moats, in a
Russian roulette case (which was analyzed as akin to suicide), the Court reiterated that it
“has consistently dealt with the determination of intervening cause within the framework
of the proximate cause analysis and has relegated the task of resolution of these matters to
the jury[.]” Harbaugh v. Coffinbarger, 209 W. Va. 57, 65, 543 S.E.2d 338, 346 (2000).
The Harbaugh Court paused to “emphasize[] the significant role of the concept of
foreseeability in the determination of intervening cause” by citing syllabus point thirteen
of Anderson v. Moulder, 183 W. Va. 77, 394 S.E.2d 61 (1990): “A tortfeasor whose
negligence is a substantial factor in bringing about injuries is not relieved from liability by
the intervening acts . . . if those acts were reasonably foreseeable by the original tortfeasor
at the time of his negligent conduct.” Id. at 64, 543 S.E.2d at 345.
We therefore find that the circuit court erred by concluding that our precedent
contains a “custodial” prerequisite for claims based on deviations from the standard of care
5
The question posed by the circuit court in Moats was, “[a]re the Plaintiff's claims
barred by the fact that the decedent committed suicide?” The answer was an unequivocal
“no.” 206 W. Va. at 11, 521 S.E.2d at 183. Regardless, had such a per se bar been well-
established, there would have been little need to certify the question.
12
proximately resulting in a patient’s suicide, and accordingly that petitioner’s claims were
barred as a matter of law.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the August 26, 2020, order of the
Circuit Court of Ohio County and remand for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
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