19-1774-cv
Maddox v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co., N.A.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
____________________
August Term, 2019
(Argued: March 26, 2020 Decided: November 17, 2021)
Docket No. 19-1774
____________________
SANDRA MADDOX, TOMETTA MADDOX HOLLEY, on behalf of themselves
and all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON TRUST COMPANY, N.A.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Before: JACOBS, POOLER, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Western
District of New York (Arcara, J.) denying the motion of the Bank of New York
Mellon Trust Company (“BNY Mellon” or “the Bank”) for judgment on the
pleadings. The district court concluded that plaintiffs have Article III standing to
sue BNY Mellon for violating the timely recordation requirements imposed by
New York State’s mortgage-satisfaction-recording statutes and certified the
question for interlocutory appeal.
On review, we hold that the Maddoxes’ allegations fail to support their
Article III standing, and that they may not pursue their claims for the statutory
penalties imposed by the New York Legislature in federal court.
Order vacated and case remanded.
____________________
JONATHAN M. ROBBIN (Deborah A. Skakel, on the
letter brief), Blank Rome LLP, New York, NY, for
Defendant-Appellant Bank of New York Mellon Trust
Company.
SETH R. LESSER, Klafter Olsen & Lesser LLP, Rye
Brook, NY, for Plaintiffs-Appellees Maddox et al.
ERIC LECHTZIN, Berger & Montague, P.C.,
Philadelphia, PA (on the brief), for Plaintiffs-Appellees
Maddox et al.
CHARLES MARSHALL DELBAUM, National
Consumer Law Center, Boston, MA (on the brief), for
Plaintiffs-Appellees Maddox et al.
2
William Alvarado Rivera, Julie Nepveu, AARP
Foundation, Washington, DC, and Brian L. Bromberg,
Joshua Tarrant-Windt, Bromberg Law Office, P.C., New
York, NY, for AARP, AARP Foundation, and National
Association for Consumer Advocates, amici curiae in
support of Plaintiffs-Appellees Maddox et al.
DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge:
The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company (“BNY Mellon” or “the
Bank”) appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the Western
District of New York (Arcara, J.) denying its motion for judgment on the
pleadings. The district court held that plaintiffs Sandra Maddox and Tometta
Maddox Holley (the “Maddoxes”) have Article III standing to seek statutory
damages from the Bank for its violation of New York’s mortgage-satisfaction-
recording statutes (the “statutes”). N.Y. Real P. Law (“R.P.L.”) § 275; N.Y. Real P.
Actions & Proc. L. (“R.P.A.P.L.”) § 1921. These statutes require mortgage lenders
to record satisfactions of mortgage (also known as “certificates of discharge”)
within thirty days of the borrower’s repayment; a failure to record renders the
lender “liable to the mortgagor” for escalating statutory damages in amounts
dependent on the delay in the ultimate filing. Here, the Bank did not record the
satisfaction of the Maddoxes’ mortgage, in an amount of over $50,000, until
3
almost one year after full payment was received—nearly eleven months later
than the law allows. For the filing of a satisfaction over ninety days after
discharge, the lender becomes liable to the mortgagor for $1,500. R.P.L. § 275(1);
R.P.A.P.L. § 1921(1). The Maddoxes sued to collect that penalty and to represent
a putative class of similarly wronged borrowers.
The district court certified for interlocutory appeal the question whether
the Maddoxes have Article III standing to sue the Bank for the statutory damages
and other relief. Our initial opinion on this appeal, Maddox v. Bank of N.Y.
Mellon Tr. Co., N.A., 997 F.3d 436 (2d Cir. 2021), was the subject of a motion for
rehearing in light of the intervening authority of TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, ---
U.S. ---, 141 S. Ct. 2190 (2021). After briefing on the impact of TransUnion, we
grant the motion for rehearing and issue the instant opinion.
We now hold that the Maddoxes’ allegations fail to support Article III
standing, and that they may not pursue their claims for the statutory penalties
imposed by the New York Legislature in federal court.
Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s order denying BNY Mellon’s
motion for judgment on the pleadings and remand with instructions that the case
be dismissed.
4
BACKGROUND
I. The complaint’s allegations.
The Maddoxes’ complaint alleges the following facts, which we accept as
true for purposes of this appeal. See Lynch v. City of New York, 952 F.3d 67, 74-
75 (2d Cir. 2020).
On October 6, 2000, sisters Sandra Maddox and Tometta Maddox Holley
entered into a mortgage loan with Aegis Mortgage Corporation (the “Loan”).
The mortgage and assignment were recorded with the Erie County Clerk’s
Office. The mortgage encumbered the Maddoxes’ property at 149 Hampshire
Street, Buffalo, New York 14213 (the “Property”). The Loan was later assigned to
BNY Mellon. In September 2014, the Maddoxes sold the Property to individuals
who are not parties to this suit.
On or about October 5, 2014, the Loan was fully paid and the debt
discharged. However, BNY Mellon failed to file a satisfaction of mortgage with
the Erie County Clerk’s Office until nearly one year later on September 22, 2015.
BNY Mellon’s failure to record the discharge within thirty days of
payment violated New York’s mortgage-satisfaction-recording statutes, which
require that the mortgage lender present a certificate of discharge to the county
5
clerk for filing within thirty days of the full repayment of the debt. See R.P.L.
§ 275(1) (requiring timely presentation of certificate and imposing monetary
penalties for noncompliance); R.P.A.P.L. § 1921(1) (same).
II. Procedural history.
On December 15, 2015, approximately three months after BNY Mellon had
recorded the satisfaction, the Maddoxes brought a class action suit against BNY
Mellon for violation of New York’s mortgage-satisfaction-recording statutes.
In late 2016, after the Supreme Court issued its decision Spokeo, Inc. v.
Robins, 578 U.S. 330 (2016), BNY Mellon moved to dismiss on the pleadings for
lack of standing. It argued—among other things—that the Maddoxes lack
Article III standing because they “suffered no actual damages in relation to the
alleged failure to record the satisfaction” and therefore “failed to plead a concrete
harm” under Spokeo. Maddox v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co., No. 15-cv-01053,
2017 WL 449962, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2017) (Report and Recommendation
6
(“R&R”)) (quoting Bank’s Memorandum). The Bank did not dispute that the
discharge was untimely filed. 1
The Maddoxes countered that the Bank’s eleven months of noncompliance
impaired access to accurate financial information about them in the interval and
created a false impression adverse to their credit status. The Maddoxes argued
that the right to be free of these harms was recognized by the state legislature,
that the harms bear a strong relationship to harms traditionally actionable at
common law, and that the violations caused substantive harms and otherwise
created concrete injuries that endow them with standing to seek remedies in
federal court. The Maddoxes further argued that the Bank’s period of
noncompliance subjected them to a sufficiently real risk of other concrete and
particularized harms—failure to obtain financing for other properties and
damage to personal credit, for example—and that those risks also gave rise to an
injury in fact supporting their Article III standing to sue. Finally, in conjunction
1It did argue, however, that it was associated with the Maddoxes’ mortgage only
as a trustee and therefore had no liability. The district court rejected that
argument, and the issue is not part of the question certified for interlocutory
appeal. See Maddox v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co., No. 15-cv-01053, 2018 WL
3544943, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. July 24, 2018).
7
with their opposition to the Bank’s motion, the Maddoxes submitted an affidavit
made by Tometta Maddox Holley attesting to her loss of time, her legal expenses,
and her emotional trauma occasioned by the belated filing, which she learned
about some time before the satisfaction was finally filed. Her attestations were
not alleged in the complaint.
A magistrate judge issued a Report and Recommendation suggesting that
the district court deny the motion to dismiss. R&R, 2017 WL 449962, at *4. The
district court accepted the recommendation and denied BNY Mellon’s motion for
judgment on the pleadings. Maddox v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co., No. 15-cv-
01053, 2018 WL 3544943, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. July 24, 2018). It held that the Bank’s
violation was a “procedural violation” that satisfied the injury-in-fact
requirement for Article III standing because the Bank’s violation of the statutes
created a “material risk of harm” to them. Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). The district court reasoned that failure to timely record a mortgage
satisfaction could cloud title to real property, inhibit sale of the property, and
affect a mortgagor’s credit.
At the same time, the district court took note of the Eleventh Circuit’s
contrary decision in Nicklaw v. Citimortgage, Inc., 839 F.3d 998 (11th Cir. 2016),
8
reh’g en banc denied, 855 F.3d 1265 (2017), and a footnote in our decision in
Strubel v. Comenity Bank, 842 F.3d 181, 194 n.15 (2d Cir. 2016), which cites
Nicklaw with apparent approval. It accordingly identified the question as a close
one and on that basis certified the question for interlocutory appeal. We
accepted the certification and addressed that question, which has indeed proved
close.
As a threshold issue, we decided that a state legislature, like Congress, has
the power to create legal interests whose violation can satisfy Article III standing.
See Maddox, 997 F.3d at 443-44 (2d Cir. 2021). We then affirmed the district
court’s holding on alternative grounds. First, we held that the statutes are
“substantive” provisions and that therefore “the Maddoxes need allege no harm
greater than that their discharge was untimely recorded . . . to establish a
concrete, intangible injury of the sort that gives them Article III standing.” Id. at
447. Second, we held that even if the statutes were “procedural” in nature, the
Maddoxes still would have established an injury in fact, since the Bank’s
violation of the statutes exposed them to a “material risk of [concrete] harm,”
including the risk of not being able to borrow during the period of delay. Id. at
447-48 (alteration in original) (quoting Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 342).
9
After our initial disposition, BNY Mellon filed a petition for panel
rehearing or rehearing en banc (the “Petition”), and the United States Supreme
Court decided TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, --- U.S. ---, 141 S. Ct. 2190 (2021),
which expanded upon the standing principles raised by this case. The parties
submitted supplemental letter briefs discussing the impact, if any, of TransUnion
on our previous decision. Because TransUnion bears directly on our analysis, we
hereby grant the Petition, withdraw our opinion of May 10, 2021, and issue this
amended opinion in its place. Additional oral argument is unnecessary.
DISCUSSION
We review a district court’s decision regarding judgment on the pleadings
de novo. See Lanning v. City of Glens Falls, 908 F.3d 19, 24 (2d Cir. 2018).
Article III standing requires plaintiffs to show (1) an “injury in fact,” (2) a
“causal connection” between that injury and the conduct at issue, and (3) a
likelihood “that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Lujan v.
Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The central question on appeal is whether the Maddoxes have met the injury-in-
fact requirement.
10
“To demonstrate injury in fact, a plaintiff must show the invasion of a [1]
legally protected interest that is [2] concrete and [3] particularized and [4] actual
or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Strubel, 842 F.3d at 188 (internal
quotation marks omitted). BNY Mellon argues that, although the New York
State Legislature may have implicitly recognized that delayed recording can
create harms such as a cloud on title and an adverse affect on a mortgagor’s
credit, the Maddoxes have not alleged, and cannot allege, that they suffered these
harms. Therefore, BNY Mellon asks us to conclude that the Maddoxes have
failed to show that the injury alleged was either “concrete” or “particularized”
enough to amount to an injury in fact for purposes of Article III standing. The
Maddoxes argue to the contrary, that where the Legislature has recognized a
legal interest or interests and a plaintiff has suffered a harm or risk of real harm
to those interests, Article III is satisfied. According to the Maddoxes, the harms
that the Legislature aimed to preclude need not have come to fruition for a
plaintiff to have suffered a material risk of real harm sufficient to seek the
statutory remedy afforded by the Legislature. We discuss these arguments
below.
I. Plaintiffs must suffer a concrete harm to establish standing.
11
“No concrete harm; no standing.” TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2200. This
equation, which opens the Supreme Court’s TransUnion decision, leaves little
room for interpretation and may be sufficient to resolve the issue before us. Still,
the facts in TransUnion bear a strong enough resemblance to those in this case
that the Supreme Court’s treatment of them proves highly instructive.
A class of 8,185 individuals sued TransUnion, a credit reporting agency,
alleging two violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”). Id. First, the
plaintiffs alleged that TransUnion’s failure to use reasonable procedures led to an
inaccuracy in their credit files—namely, that the class member was a “potential
match” to an individual on a Treasury Department list of national security
threats (the “OFAC list”). Id. 2202. Second, the plaintiffs claimed that
TransUnion failed to adhere to FCRA formatting requirements in the mailings
used to inform members about the potential match. Id. The class succeeded at
trial, but standing became the primary issue on appeal. Id.
Before addressing the specific allegations, the Supreme Court considered
the characteristics that make a harm “concrete” for the purposes of Article III. Id.
at 2204. The Court explained that whether a harm qualifies as “concrete” hinges
12
on “whether the alleged injury to the plaintiff has a ‘close relationship’ to a harm
‘traditionally’ recognized as providing a basis for a lawsuit in American courts.”
Id. (quoting Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 341). The Court recognized that physical and
monetary harms, along with other traditional tangible harms, readily qualify as
concrete, and that certain intangible harms, such as reputational harm, qualify as
well. Id. The Court also allowed that Congress’s views may be “instructive” in
determining whether a harm is sufficiently concrete, id. (quoting Spokeo, 578
U.S. at 341), although “an injury in law is not an injury in fact,” id. at 2205.
With that, the Supreme Court turned to the plaintiffs’ claim that
TransUnion’s failure to use reasonable procedures led to inaccuracy in their
credit files. The Court divided the class into two groups: those members whose
credit reports were disseminated to third-party businesses; and those whose
credit reports never left TransUnion’s internal files. Id. at 2200. The Court ruled
that the first group “suffered a harm with a ‘close relationship’ to the harm
associated with the tort of defamation,” and, therefore, “suffered a concrete harm
that qualifies as an injury in fact.” Id. at 2209. The second group, however,
suffered no concrete harm because “[p]ublication is ‘essential to liability’ in a suit
for defamation,” and their credit files were never published. Id. (quoting
13
Restatement of Torts § 577 cmt. a, p. 192 (1938)). As the Court explained, “there
is no historical or common-law analog where the mere existence of inaccurate
information, absent dissemination, amounts to concrete injury.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).
The Court further concluded that these class members could not premise
standing on a risk of future harm—that is, the risk that TransUnion would
eventually disseminate the misleading information to third-party businesses.
While Spokeo stated that “the risk of real harm” can sometimes “satisfy the
requirement of concreteness,” id. at 2210 (quoting Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 341-42),
that observation (the Court explained) applied only to “suit[s] for injunctive
relief,” id. In suits for damages, “the mere risk of future harm, standing alone,
cannot qualify as a concrete harm—at least unless the exposure to the risk of
future harm itself causes a separate concrete harm.” Id. at 2210-11. Because these
class members presented no evidence “that they suffered some other injury (such
as an emotional injury) from the mere risk that their credit reports would be
provided to third-party businesses,” they were unable to establish standing. Id.
at 2211.
14
Regarding the claim that TransUnion failed to adhere to FCRA formatting
requirements, the Supreme Court held that the class members (other than the
named plaintiff) had failed to demonstrate that they suffered any concrete
harm—or “any harm at all”—from such violations, as they presented no evidence
that they “so much as opened” the relevant mailings. Id. at 2213. Plaintiffs’
distinct argument that TransUnion’s formatting violations created a risk of future
harm—i.e., the risk that consumers would not learn of, and remedy, the OFAC
report in their credit files—failed because “the risk of future harm on its own
does not support Article III standing for the plaintiffs’ damages claim.” Id.
In sum, TransUnion established that in suits for damages plaintiffs cannot
establish Article III standing by relying entirely on a statutory violation or risk of
future harm: “No concrete harm; no standing.” Id. at 2214.
II. The Maddoxes have not suffered a “concrete” harm.
The only allegations that matter are few: the Maddoxes paid off their
mortgage when they sold their house; the bank filed the mortgage satisfaction
nearly one year afterward. By statute, New York creates a private right to collect
an escalating cash penalty if the satisfaction is filed more than thirty days after
the mortgage is paid off, up to $1,500 for delay exceeding ninety days.
15
We need not decide whether state legislatures have the same power
Congress enjoys to recognize or create legally protectible interests whose
invasion gives rise to Article III standing; TransUnion determined that Congress
itself enjoys no such power. 141 S. Ct. at 2205 (“Congress may enact legal
prohibitions and obligations. . . . But under Article III, an injury in law is not an
injury in fact.”). Nor need we decide whether the statutes are “substantive” or
“procedural”; TransUnion eliminated the significance of such classifications,
which had been a preoccupation. 2 On this appeal, the determinative standing
issue is whether the Maddoxes suffered a concrete harm due to the Bank’s
violation. It is clear that they have not.
2 Our original opinion observed that a statutory right is considered “substantive”
if it protects against a harm that has a close relationship to a harm traditionally
regarded as providing a basis for a lawsuit in American courts. The violation of
a substantive right, the opinion explained, constitutes a concrete injury in fact
sufficient to establish Article III standing without any additional showing.
TransUnion clarified, however, that the type of harm that a statute protects
against is of little (or no) import; what matters is “whether the alleged injury to
the plaintiff has a ‘close relationship’ to a harm ‘traditionally’ recognized as
providing a basis for a lawsuit in American courts.” 141 S. Ct. at 2204 (emphasis
added) (quoting Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 341). In other words, plaintiffs must show
that the statutory violation caused them a concrete harm, regardless of whether
the statutory rights violated were substantive or procedural.
16
First: for the ordinary borrower, delayed recording of a discharge of
mortgage may create and sustain an actionable cloud on title to the property
securing the discharged mortgage debt. Long-delayed filings can result in the
borrower having to pay a duplicative filing fee for the discharge: once at closing
and once when the discharge is actually filed. The Maddoxes did not allege such
harms, however, or allege that they were at risk for such harms. This is
unsurprising because conveyance of their property was completed several weeks
before the mortgage satisfaction occurred. In short, the Maddoxes had no title on
which a cloud could settle. 3
Second: a mortgage recorded with the county clerk may convey to those
viewing the record that the borrower owes a debt secured by a property.
Correspondingly, a lender’s delay in recording a mortgage satisfaction risks
creating the false appearance that the borrower has not paid the underlying debt
and is thus more indebted and less creditworthy. This type of reputational
3True, it may be said that during the period of BNY Mellon’s delayed
recordation the two nonparty homebuyers ran a risk that if they had flipped the
Property the title insurer would flag a vestigial lien. But the Maddoxes, who had
already sold the Property, did not suffer a detriment and never ran the risk of
one.
17
harm—i.e., one that flows from the publication of false information—is well
established as actionable at common law. See Weldy v. Piedmont Airlines, Inc.,
985 F.2d 57, 61-62 (2d Cir. 1993) (discussing elements to establish prima facie
claim of slander); see also Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 341-42 (noting libel and slander per
se as being actionable).
However, the Maddoxes do not allege that they suffered any reputational
harm due to the Bank’s violation. The misleading record may have been public
and available to all; but, so far as is known, it was read by no one. The public
nature of the record is not analogous to the dissemination of the credit reports in
TransUnion. There could be no doubt that the third-party businesses viewed
those credit reports, which they had specifically requested and paid for.
This distinction from TransUnion is critical, as it is self-evident that
“unless the defamatory matter is communicated to a third person there has been
no loss of reputation.” Restatement of Torts § 577 cmt. b; see also Albert v.
Loksen, 239 F.3d 256, 269 (2d Cir. 2001) (“A defamatory writing is not published
if it is read by no one but the one defamed.’” (quoting Ostrowe v. Lee, 256 N.Y.
36, 38 (1931) (Cardozo, C.J.))). True, the Maddoxes may have suffered a
nebulous risk of future harm during the period of delayed recordation—i.e., a
18
risk that someone (a creditor, in all likelihood) might access the record and act
upon it—but that risk, which was not alleged to have materialized, cannot not
form the basis of Article III standing.
Third: the Maddoxes contend that the Bank’s delay adversely affected their
credit during that time, making it difficult to obtain financing had they needed it
in an emergency or for a new home. But it is not alleged that this purported risk
materialized; so it is similarly incapable of giving rise to Article III standing.
Fourth: Tometta Maddox Holley attested (in her affidavit opposing BNY
Mellon’s motion for judgment on the pleadings) that the Bank’s failure to timely
record the satisfaction after she sold the Property caused her “great stress, mental
anguish, anxiety, and distress, which compelled [her] to expend substantial time
attempting to determine the status of the recording of the satisfaction of
mortgage document, and seeking out legal counsel to assist [her] in having the
satisfaction of mortgage recorded.” App’x at 88 ¶ 8. These purported harms are
of the sort that TransUnion contemplated might form the basis for Article III
standing. See TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2211 n.7 (“[A] plaintiff’s knowledge that
he or she is exposed to a risk of future physical, monetary, or reputational harm
could cause its own current emotional or psychological harm.”); see also Denney
19
v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d 253, 265 (2d Cir. 2006) (“The risk of future harm
may also entail economic costs . . . but aesthetic, emotional or psychological
harms also suffice for standing purposes.”).
However, the Maddoxes must “plead enough facts to make it plausible
that they did indeed suffer the sort of injury that would entitle them to relief.”
Harry v. Total Gas & Power N. Am., Inc., 889 F.3d 104, 110 (2d Cir. 2018).
Although “[i]t is well established in principle that the pleading standard for
constitutional standing is lower than the standard for a substantive cause of
action,” id., the attestations in Tometta Maddox Holley’s affidavit were not the
subject of allegations in the complaint and, in any event, are implausible.
Holley demands opportunity costs because she “expend[ed] substantial
time attempting to determine the status of the recording of the satisfaction of
mortgage document.” App’x at 88 ¶ 8. But if she had, she would have found out
that the satisfaction was recorded three months before the filing of a complaint
that nevertheless alleges that the satisfaction was unrecorded at the time this
litigation began. As to her emotional distress, she offers no reason why the
delayed recordation would cause “great stress, mental anguish, anxiety, and
distress.” Id. A perfunctory allegation of emotional distress, especially one
20
wholly incommensurate with the stimulant, is insufficient to plausibly allege
constitutional standing. Even if it were sufficient, “it is extremely unlikely that
such an allegation would be typical of the class.” R&R, 2017 WL 449962, at *3
n.5.
In any event, the Maddoxes need not show a cloud, reputational harm, or
any other injury. The Maddoxes have an easy way to collect their reward for
reporting the Bank’s delay in recording the mortgage satisfaction: they may
recover the statutory penalty in state court. 4 This is a small claim, in a fixed
amount, amenable to a recovery without dispute—and probably without counsel
or fees. It is hard to imagine that a bank would press the issue to litigation.
Of course, state court remains an option for all absent class members as
well. To the extent that such members (or their lawyers) prefer to form a class
and bring their claims in federal court, they must come prepared to prove that
they suffered concrete harm due to the Bank’s violation of the relevant statutes.
4“[S]tate courts are not bound to adhere to federal standing requirements . . . .”
ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 617 (1989).
21
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court’s order denying
BNY Mellon’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and remand with
instructions that the case be dismissed.
22