IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-1654
Filed November 23, 2021
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
ROSS EDWARD THORNTON,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Jefferson County, Gregory G. Milani,
Judge.
Ross Thornton appeals his conviction of first-degree robbery. AFFIRMED.
Andy Dunn of Parrish Kruidenier Dunn Gentry Brown Bergmann &
Messamer L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary Miller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by May, P.J., Ahlers, J., and Doyle, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2021).
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DOYLE, Senior Judge.
At 1:13 p.m. on June 1, 2018, a masked gunman entered the Pilot Grove
Savings Bank in Packwood. Brandishing a handgun and carrying a cloth sack, the
robber demanded that a bank employee fill up the cloth sack with money. The
bank employee complied. Surveillance video from the area showed the vehicle
involved in the robbery. Using vehicle registration records and the physical
description of the robber, law enforcement identified Ethan Spray as the suspect.
Spray was arrested in October 2018.
About eight months later, a year after the robbery, Spray began cooperating
with law enforcement. He pled guilty and agreed to testify against Ross Thornton
in exchange for a reduced sentence. According to Spray, Thornton was one of
two accomplices involved in the planning and aftermath of the robbery. Spray
identified Thornton as the person who drove him to and from the bank on the day
of the robbery.
A jury found Thornton guilty of aiding and abetting robbery in the first
degree. On appeal, Thornton challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the verdict. We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
for correction of errors at law. See State v. Robinson, 859 N.W.2d 464, 467 (Iowa
2015). We affirm if substantial evidence supports the jury’s finding of guilt. See
id. We consider the entire record, not just the evidence supporting the verdict, but
we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State. See id. Evidence is
substantial if it could convince a rational fact finder that the defendant is guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. See id.
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Thornton claims there is insufficient evidence of his guilt because there is
no evidence connecting him to the robbery aside from Spray’s testimony. Because
Spray is an accomplice, Thornton cannot be convicted based on his testimony
alone; there must be evidence to corroborate Spray’s testimony. See Iowa R.
Crim. P. 2.21(3). The corroborating evidence must show more than just the
commission of the offense or the circumstances therefore. See Iowa R. Crim.
P. 2.21(3). But it need not be strong or entirely inconsistent with a defendant’s
innocence. See State v. Bugely, 562 N.W.2d 173, 176 (Iowa 1997). The question
before us is whether other evidence supports some material part of Spray’s
testimony and tends to connect Thornton to the robbery. See id.
There is evidence corroborating material parts of Spray’s testimony that
connects Thornton to the robbery. Facebook messages exchanged between
Thornton and Spray show they planned to meet at 11:30 a.m. on the day of the
robbery, and Thornton sent Spray messages at 11:38 a.m. and 12:05 p.m. telling
him to “[h]urry up.” Spray testified it took about forty or forty-five minutes to drive
from Thornton’s home to Packwood. Cellphone records show Thornton’s
cellphone received or placed several calls using the Packwood cellphone tower
between 12:54 p.m. and 1:16 p.m. on the day of the robbery. About five minutes
after the robbery, a witness saw a vehicle matching the description of Spray’s
sedan speeding away from Packwood before it turned from the paved highway
onto a gravel road and then parking in front of a black pickup truck about a half-
mile from the highway. The witness drove by and saw two men exit the sedan,
one carrying white sacks, and his description of the truck is like one owned by
Thornton. And when law enforcement executed a search warrant for Thornton’s
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home, they found $55,000 in cash. Thornton told law enforcement that Spray gave
him the money but denied involvement in the robbery.
Thornton makes an ardent attempt to explain away or undermine the
evidence against him. He highlights inconsistencies in Spray’s testimony, argues
Spray’s character is tarnished, emphasizes Spray’s motivation to implicate
Thornton in order to receive a lesser sentence, and claims Spray’s
methamphetamine use impacted his memory. Thornton also cites evidence that
points to his innocence. For instance, he notes the alibi evidence provided by a
friend’s twelve-year-old daughter, who spent the day at Thornton’s house and
claimed Thornton was there the entire time. He also notes that the witness who
saw Spray’s vehicle outside of town did not identify Thornton as one of the two
men exiting it; one man matched Spray’s description, but the witness stated that
the tattoo he saw on the second man’s right forearm did not match a tattoo on
Thornton’s right forearm. Thornton’s arguments go to how much credibility to
assign the corroborating evidence, not to its existence. See id. (noting the
existence of corroborating evidence is a legal question for the court, and its
sufficiency is a question of fact for the jury). The State “need not establish
corroborative evidence beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Hoeck, 547 N.W.2d
852, 859 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996). Corroborating evidence need not confirm every
material fact to which the accomplice testifies. See State v Brown, 397 N.W.2d
689, 695 (Iowa 1986). “[A] small amount of corroborative evidence is all that is
required.” State v. Shortridge, 589 N.W.2d 76, 80 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998). And any
inconsistencies in corroborative testimony are for the jury to resolve. See State v.
Cuevas, 281 N.W.2d 627, 631 (Iowa 1979) (rejecting argument that “corroboration
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testimony was weak and suspect” because “we do not purport to assess the
credibility of the witnesses; that is for the jury”).
In applying the above principles, we conclude the State provided sufficient
corroborating evidence. Spray’s accomplice testimony is not “so impossible,
absurd, and self-contradictory” that we can disregard it. See State v. Mitchell, 568
N.W.2d 493, 503 (Iowa 1997). And although there is evidence from which a trier
of fact could find Thornton not guilty, when viewed in the light most favorable to
the State, substantial evidence supports the jury’s verdict. We therefore affirm.
AFFIRMED.