Filed 12/2/21 P. v. Webb CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(San Joaquin)
----
THE PEOPLE, C089213
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No.
STKCRCNV20000014533)
v.
JACK KENNETH WEBB,
Defendant and Appellant.
On October 15, 2002, a jury found defendant Jack Kenneth Webb guilty of first
degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a))1 and robbery (§ 211). The jury further found
true the enhancement allegation that the murder had been committed during the
commission of a robbery (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)), but found not true the allegation
that defendant had personally discharged a firearm causing great bodily injury
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
1
(§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). The trial court sentenced defendant to five years for the robbery
plus an indeterminate term of life without the possibility of parole. We affirmed
defendant’s convictions and the special allegation finding in an unpublished decision
issued June 29, 2005.2 (People v. Webb (June 29, 2005, C043001) [nonpub. opn.]
(Webb).)
Defendant petitioned the trial court for resentencing based on changes to the
felony-murder rule under recently enacted Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.)
(Senate Bill 1437). (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4, eff. Jan. 1, 2019.) The trial court
summarily denied his petition before appointing him counsel after finding defendant
could not make a prima facie showing for resentencing, given the jury’s true finding on
the robbery-murder special circumstance under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(A).
The court reasoned that in finding the special circumstance true, the jury found that
defendant committed acts consistent with the changes brought about by Senate Bill 1437.
On appeal, defendant argues that because his petition complied with the statutory
requirements, he was entitled to appointment of counsel and a hearing on the merits of his
petition before the trial court’s denial. He further argues that even if the record of
conviction could be properly considered in the trial court’s prima facie determination, the
jury’s true finding on the robbery-murder special circumstance cannot preclude his
petition relief because that finding predated the California Supreme Court’s decisions in
People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks) and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th
522 (Clark). In accordance with the Supreme Court’s recent decision in People v. Lewis
(2021) 11 Cal.5th 952 (Lewis), we conclude the trial court erred in summarily denying
defendant’s petition without the benefit of the appointment of counsel and briefing.
2 We granted defendant’s request to incorporate by reference the record from his
prior appeal, thus mooting the People’s request that this court take judicial notice of those
records.
2
However, we find any error was harmless under the circumstances of this case, and
accordingly, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The Underlying Robbery-Murder
We take the facts from the unpublished opinion we issued in 2005 affirming
defendant’s convictions in Webb:
“On June 16, 2000, stipulated in the trial court to be the day of the full moon,
defendant’s landlady served him with a three-day notice for nonpayment of rent.
“The next day, defendant, Jacqueline Brooks, William ‘Billy’ Nelson, April
Aguilar, and Jason ‘Bugsy’ Palmer were at defendant’s San Jose apartment using drugs.
Nelson, the only testifying eyewitness, was a homeless drug addict and dealer who used
LSD, marijuana and methamphetamines. He had been using methamphetamines since he
was 11, and since about 1998 preferred to inject it. He had convictions for criminal
threats, domestic violence and possession of marijuana. He knew defendant and Palmer
from drugs ‘and living on the streets.’
“Stephen Miranda had told his roommate he wanted to buy a van. He withdrew
$4,000 from his bank that morning and sought a ride to San Francisco from defendant;
defendant told him cars were cheaper in the valley.
“Defendant, Miranda and Aguilar left in a van and returned with a rented Toyota
Corolla, for which defendant signed the rental agreement, but for which Miranda paid the
rental fee in cash. With defendant driving, he, Miranda, Nelson and Palmer went to San
Francisco to look at vans. During the trip they used methamphetamine. They drove back
to San Jose, then to Stockton, where they went to various places and used more drugs. At
some point on the way back to San Jose, Nelson blacked out from overconsumption.
“Eventually, defendant stopped on a dirt road because Miranda had to relieve
himself. Defendant and Palmer also got out of the car. Nelson was still under the
influence, but was not hallucinating. He stayed in the car, and saw defendant shoot
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Miranda, then Palmer hit Miranda in the face. Defendant walked up to Miranda, who
was on the ground, and shot him again. Palmer reached toward Miranda with ‘something
in his hand’ and then he and defendant got back in the car and drove off. Palmer counted
out about $3500 and gave it to defendant; defendant gave Palmer $1000 and kept the rest.
Palmer threw Miranda’s wallet out of the car. As they drove back to San Jose, defendant
gave a revolver to Palmer, who could not get the cartridges out because ‘they were
stuck.’ Defendant said something about ‘thinking he was going to have to stomp him to
death when it didn’t fire the second time.’ Defendant said, ‘see, it wasn’t that hard. Like
I said, all I needed you to do was grab the wallet. I just can’t touch a dead guy.’ Later,
they went ‘to Russ’s place’ where defendant gave ‘Russ some money. Told him it was
what he owed him.’ Palmer still had the gun.
“On the morning of June 18, 2000, a man checking his orchard found Miranda on
the ground, convulsing. A small knife was nearby. Nelson testified he had given this
knife to Palmer.
“The next day, June 19, 2000, defendant paid his landlady $345 cash. Miranda
died that day.
“Nelson was in custody by June 29, 2000, and cooperated with the police.
Defendant was arrested that night in San Jose, and slept in the police car back to
Stockton. Statements he made to the police were introduced at trial. The jury saw an
obviously edited videotape of the interviews; they were instructed to be guided by
redacted transcripts. His statement, after first denying knowing anything about the
murder, was that Palmer shot Miranda and then gave the gun to defendant before later
throwing it into the river.” (Webb, supra, C043001, at pp. 2-4.)
B. Legal Background
Senate Bill 1437, which became effective on January 1, 2019, was enacted “to
amend the felony-murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it
relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the
4
actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the
underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018,
ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) The legislation accomplished this by amending sections 188 and
189 and adding section 1170.95 to the Penal Code.
Section 188, which defines malice, now provides in part: “Except as stated in
subdivision (e) of Section 189, in order to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime
shall act with malice aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely
on his or her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).) Section 189, subdivision (e)
now limits the circumstances under which a person may be convicted of felony murder:
“A participant in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony listed in
subdivision (a) [defining first degree murder] in which a death occurs is liable for murder
only if one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was the actual killer. [¶] (2)
The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided, abetted, counseled,
commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the actual killer in the commission
of murder in the first degree. [¶] (3) The person was a major participant in the
underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as described in
subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.”
Senate Bill 1437 also added section 1170.95, which allows those “convicted of
felony murder or murder under a natural and probable consequences theory [to] file a
petition with the court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder
conviction vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining counts when all of the
following conditions apply: [¶] (1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed
against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. [¶] (2) The
petitioner was convicted of first degree or second degree murder following a trial . . . .
[¶] (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of first or second degree murder because of
changes to [s]ection 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).)
5
As relevant here, once a complete petition is filed, “[t]he court shall review the
petition and determine if the petitioner has made a prima facie showing that the petitioner
falls within the provisions of this section. If the petitioner has requested counsel, the
court shall appoint counsel to represent the petitioner. The prosecutor shall file and serve
a response within 60 days of service of the petition and the petitioner may file and serve a
reply within 30 days after the prosecutor response is served. . . . If the petitioner makes a
prima facie showing that he or she is entitled to relief, the court shall issue an order to
show cause.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (c).)
C. Defendant’s Petition for Resentencing
On March 11, 2019, defendant filed a petition in propria persona requesting
resentencing under section 1170.95. Defendant did not use a form petition, instead
averring in paragraph form that he had been charged and convicted of first degree murder
under either felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine. However, because of changes brought about by Senate Bill 1437 to sections
188 and 189, defendant could not now “be sentenced to Life Without the Possibility of
Parole.” Defendant requested appointment of counsel, arguing such counsel was
necessary because: (1) he “was not the actual killer”; and (2) he “did not, with the intent
to kill, aid, abet, counsel, command, induce, solicit, request, or assist the actual killer in
the commission of murder in the First degree.” Further, defendant averred he was not a
“major participant,” nor did he “act with reckless indifference to human life during the
course of the crime of or felony.” Finally, defendant averred the victim was not a police
officer and “[a]lthough there has not been a prior determination by the court or jury that I
was not a major participate [sic] or that I acted with reckless indifference to human life,
[defendant] asserts that he is entitled to be resentenced in accord with § 1170(d)(2).”
Included with defendant’s petition was a declaration wherein defendant swore that
a jury had found him “guilty of murder of the First degree, P.C. 187, P.C.
190.2(a)(17)(A), and P.C. 211.” However, the jury had found him “NOT guilty of
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intentionally and personally discharging a firearm with in [sic] the meaning of P.C.
12022.53.” Further, “the jury was instructed that they could fine [sic] Defendant guilty
by either of ‘Felony Murder’ or the theory of ‘Natural and Probable Consequences.’
Because the recent statutory changes in P.C. 188 and P.C. 189, Defendant’s conduct
would not allow for a sentence under the former sentencing guidelines. The changes in
P.C. 188 and P.C. 189, in accord with P.C. 1170.95, make defendant eligible for relief
from his current sentence.”
On March 25, 2019, the trial court summarily denied defendant’s request for the
appointment of counsel. On March 27, 2019, the trial court denied defendant’s petition
in an ex parte order incorporating its statement of decision. This statement noted
defendant’s jury had been instructed with CALJIC No. 8.80.1, and as a result, the jury
had already decided that defendant committed acts consistent with the changes brought
about by Senate Bill 1437. Accordingly, “[t]he jury’s findings do not support a prima
facie case for resentencing.” As such, defendant was ineligible for relief, and his petition
denied. Defendant timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
Defendant argues he is entitled to reversal and remand because: (1) his petition
complied with the statutory requirements for a prima facie showing, thus entitling him to
appointment of counsel and a hearing on the merits of his petition before the trial court’s
denial and (2) the robbery-murder special circumstance does not preclude his eligibility
because the definitions of “major participant” and “reckless indifference to human life”
were clarified by our Supreme Court after the jury made that finding in Banks, supra, 61
Cal.4th 788 and Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th 522. Thus, the special circumstance findings
from his trial are potentially invalid. Relying on People v. Torres (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th
1168, review granted June 24, 2020, S262011 (Torres), defendant asserts Banks and
Clark require further litigation of his case to determine his eligibility for relief.
7
The California Supreme Court recently decided a defendant filing a facially
sufficient petition for relief under section 1170.95, subdivision (b) is entitled to the
appointment of counsel (if requested) and briefing prior to the trial court’s determination
of whether the defendant has made a prima facie showing that he or she is entitled to
relief under 1170.95, subdivision (c). (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 957.)
Thus, it appears the trial court erred in summarily denying defendant’s petition without
appointing counsel and allowing the matter to be briefed in accordance with section
1170.95, subdivision (c).3 (Lewis, at p. 957.)
We nonetheless, find any error in failing to appoint counsel and allow briefing was
harmless under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2 818. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at
pp. 972-974.) There is no question that the trial court was entitled to review the record of
conviction when making its section 1170.95 subdivision (c) determination. (Lewis, at
pp. 970-971) A review of that record confirms defendant’s jury was indeed instructed
with CALJIC No. 8.80.1, which required the jury to make findings mirroring the current
version of section 189, subdivision (e). (See CALJIC No. 8.80.1; § 189, subd. (e).)
Given that special circumstance instruction and finding, there is nothing defendant’s
attorney could have said that would eliminate his ineligibility for relief as a matter of law.
(See Allison, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th at p. 457, [felony-murder special circumstance
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) and new requirements for felony murder (§ 189, subd. (e))
3 In reaching this conclusion, we are not deciding whether defendant’s inclusion of
information with his petition showing his inability to obtain relief should alter this
analysis. Defendant’s own declaration informed the court that he had been convicted of
first degree murder, including the section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(A) enhancement,
thus belying his asserted eligibility for relief. (See, e.g., People v. Allison (2020)
55 Cal.App.5th 449, 452-453 (Allison) [a defendant convicted of felony-murder special
circumstance (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) is ineligible for resentencing under § 1170.95].)
We will assume for our purposes that the inclusion of such disqualifying information will
not defeat an otherwise facially sufficient petition prior to the court’s section 1170.95
subdivision (c) prima facie determination.
8
require the same findings, thus showing a defendant with a felony-murder special
circumstance “could still be convicted of felony murder” precluding relief], review
granted, italics omitted.) Therefore, even though the court acted improperly when it
summarily denied defendant’s petition without counsel and briefing, the disqualifying
information would have been submitted with that briefing and would still properly
disqualify defendant from relief as a matter of law.
Defendant argues he should be entitled to proceed with his section 1170.95
petition notwithstanding the felony-murder special circumstance because subsequent
developments in the law have placed the continuing validity of those findings into
question. The Attorney General disagrees, contending that Torres was wrongly decided
and that the Banks/Clark clarifications of law do not alter the disqualifying effect of a
felony-murder special circumstance finding. The People’s position has been accepted by
subsequent case developments following the submission of briefing in this case. (See
People v. Gomez (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1, review granted Oct. 14, 2020, S264033;
People v. Galvan (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1134, review granted Oct. 14, 2020, S264284
(Galvan); People v. Murillo (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 160, review granted Nov. 18, 2020,
S267978; but see People v. York (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 250 (York), review granted
Nov. 18, 2020, S264954 [following Torres and criticizing Galvan].)
The division between the Courts of Appeal on this issue has continued (see, e.g.,
People v. Smith (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 85, review granted Jul. 22, 2020, S262835 (Smith)
[enhancement not disqualifying]; Allison, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th 449, [enhancement
disqualifying responding to York, supra 54 Cal.App.5th 250, review granted; People v.
Jones (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 474, review granted Jan. 27, 2021, S265854 [following
Allison]; People v. Nunez (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 78, review granted Jan. 13, 2021,
S265918 [following Allison]) and is poised for decision by the California Supreme Court
when it decides in People v. Strong (Dec. 18, 2020, C091162) [nonpub. opn.], review
granted March 10, 2021, S266606, whether a felony-murder special circumstance finding
9
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) made before Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th 788 and Clark, supra,
63 Cal.4th 522, preclude a defendant from making a prima facie showing of eligibility for
relief under section 1170.95. (Strong, review granted Mar. 10, 2021, S266606.)
Until we receive further guidance from the California Supreme Court, we find
Galvan and Allison more persuasive on this issue than the cases to the contrary.
Our Supreme Court’s decisions in Banks and Clark clarified “what it means for an
aiding and abetting defendant to be a ‘major participant’ in an underlying felony and to
act with ‘reckless indifference to human life,’ [and] construed section 190.2, subdivision
(d) in a significantly different, and narrower manner than courts had previously construed
the statute.” (Torres, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 1179, review granted; see also Galvan,
supra, 52 Cal.App.5th at p. 1141, review granted.) In Galvan, the appellate court
acknowledged these changes to section 190.2, subdivision (d) and considered whether a
defendant could relitigate his special circumstance conviction using section 1170.95.
(Galvan, at p. 1141.) There, as here, the defendant was convicted of first degree murder
with a special circumstance finding under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17) made before
Banks and Clark were decided. (Galvan, at pp. 1138-1139.) On appeal, the defendant,
like defendant here, argued that Banks and Clark had altered the meaning of “major
participant” and “reckless indifference to human life” such that he was entitled to
reconsideration of the conviction under section 1170.95. (Galvan, at p. 1137.)
The Galvan court first considered the relevant statutory language: “In order to be
eligible for resentencing, a defendant must show that he or she ‘could not be convicted of
first or second degree murder because of changes to Section[s] 188 or 189 made
effective’ as part of Senate Bill No. 1437.” (Galvan, supra, 52 Cal.App.5th at p. 1142,
italics added; § 1170.95, subd. (a)(3), italics added.) The court concluded that as to
Galvan the requirement was not met, because “[a]lthough [the defendant] is asserting that
he could not now be convicted of murder, the alleged inability to obtain such a conviction
is not ‘because of changes’ made by Senate Bill No. 1437, but because of the clarification
10
of the requirements for the special circumstance finding in Banks and Clark. Nothing
about those requirements changed as a result of Senate Bill No. 1437. Just as was the
case before that law went into effect, the special circumstance applies to defendants who
were major participants in an underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to
human life. If [the defendant] is entitled to relief based on Banks and Clark, the avenue
for such relief is not section 1170.95, but a petition for writ of habeas corpus.” (Galvan,
at p. 1142.)
The Galvan court also observed that permitting defendants to relitigate a special
circumstance finding by way of a section 1170.95 petition would “give [them] an
enormous advantage over other similarly situated defendants based solely on the date of
[their] conviction.” (Galvan, supra, 52 Cal.App.5th at p. 1142, review granted.)
“Defendants convicted after the Supreme Court issued its decisions in Banks and Clark
would be required to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence of the special
circumstance finding on direct appeal, where the People would need only to show that
substantial evidence supported that finding.” (Id. at pp. 1142-1143.) Defendants
convicted before Banks and Clark, on the other hand, could challenge the special
circumstance findings under section 1170.95, which would require the prosecution “to
prove the special circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Galvan, at p. 1143.)
“[N]othing in the language of Senate Bill No. 1437 suggests that the Legislature intended
unequal treatment of such similarly situated defendants.” (Ibid.)
Defendant urges us to follow Torres, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th 1168, review granted,
which also addressed the denial of a section 1170.95 petition based on the changes made
by Banks and Clark. The Torres court concluded the summary denial of the defendant’s
petition based on the pre-Banks/Clark special circumstance finding raised the “possibility
that [the defendant] was punished for conduct that is not prohibited by section 190.2 as
currently understood, in violation of [the defendant’s] constitutional right to due process”
and, as relevant here, reversed and remanded. (Torres, at p. 1180.)
11
Torres had already sought habeas relief, claiming the special circumstance finding
was no longer valid; his petition for relief had been denied. (Torres, supra,
46 Cal.App.5th at p. 1180, fn. 4, review granted.) The appellate court considered
whether that habeas petition precluded the section 1170.95 petition, but did not opine on
whether habeas relief was more appropriate in light of section 1170.95’s statutory
language. (Torres, at p. 1180.) Defendant further relies upon Smith, supra, 49
Cal.App.5th 85, review granted, which also did not discuss the appropriateness of a
habeas first approach and which agreed with Torres that a special circumstance finding
issued prior to Banks and Clark, and which was not affirmed by a court after Banks and
Clark, would not establish a defendant’s eligibility for resentencing under section
1170.95 as a matter of law. (Smith, at pp. 93-94.)
The propriety of requiring a defendant to first seek relief in a habeas petition was
squarely addressed by the Allison court, which had asked the parties to address:
“Whether the trial court properly relied on [the defendant’s] admission of felony-murder
special circumstances (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) as the sole basis for finding that he had not
made a prima facie showing that he was entitled to relief.” (Allison, supra,
55 Cal.App.5th at p. 456.) The Allison court first emphasized that section 1170.95
requires a prima facie showing by petitioner that he “ ‘could not be convicted of . . .
murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made’ in Senate Bill No. 1437.”
(Allison, at p. 456.) It noted that the requirements for a finding of felony murder under
the newly amended version of section 189 were identical to the requirements of the
felony-murder special circumstance that had been in effect at the time of the challenged
murder conviction (in the Allison case, 1997; in this case, 2002). (Allison, at p. 456.)
Thus, the special circumstance finding showed “as a matter of law that Allison could still
be convicted of felony murder even under the newly amended version of section 189”
and precluded a prima facie showing of eligibility. (Id. at p. 457.)
12
The Allison court disagreed with the argument to the contrary embraced by York,
supra, 54 Cal.App.5th 250, review granted, that because no court had examined whether
there was a factual basis for the special circumstance finding since Banks and Clark were
decided, the finding was insufficient to show ineligibility as a matter of law. (Allison,
supra, 55 Cal.App.5th at p. 457.) We agree with the Allison court that Banks and Clark
did not change the law, but merely clarified the same principles that existed earlier. (See
Allison, at p. 457; see also In re Miller (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 960, 978.) As the Allison
court noted, the pattern jury instructions remain the same; Banks and Clark merely
resulted in the addition of optional language thereto. (Allison, supra, 55 Cal.App.5th at
p. 457.)
We further observe that the language in section 1170.95, subdivision (d)(2)
anticipates, rather than precludes, the possibility of habeas relief before a section 1170.95
petition because one way to obtain a “prior finding” that meets the subdivision’s
requirements is via a habeas petition. (In re Ramirez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 384, 406.) If
a defendant has successfully obtained such relief, the trial court must provide the
petitioner access to section 1170.95 relief. Nothing precludes relief under section
1170.95; the language simply presumes a petitioner will pursue alternative relief first.
Finally, we disagree that reliance on a special circumstance finding to determine
that a defendant cannot make a prima facie case for resentencing as a matter of law
requires the trial court to make “a separate determination concerning the validity of the
special circumstance.” (York, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th at p. 262, review granted.) Such
reliance on the jury finding requires only a simple review of the record to determine
whether the factfinder found the special circumstance to be true and what that finding
entailed. Such a review of prior proceedings is fully contemplated by section 1170.95,
subdivision (c). (People v. Verdugo (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 320, 329-330, review granted
Mar. 18, 2020, S260493.)
13
We find the Allison court’s responses to York persuasive, and the analyses of
Allison and Galvan, considered together, convince us that the appropriate avenue for
defendant’s challenge to the special circumstance allegations is through a petition of
habeas corpus, rather than the section 1170.95 petition filed in this case. (See In re
Miller, supra, 14 Cal.App.5th at p. 979 [permitting habeas challenge to special
circumstance conviction].) Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it denied
defendant’s petition.
DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order is affirmed.
\s\ ,
BLEASE, J.
We concur:
\s\ ,
RAYE, P. J.
\s\ ,
HULL, J.
14