Opinion filed November 30, 2021
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
__________
No. 11-19-00370-CR
__________
RICARDO VILLA, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 104th District Court
Taylor County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 21068-B
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The State charged Appellant by indictment with felony driving while
intoxicated with two prior felony convictions alleged for enhancement purposes.
The state waived one of the prior enhancements, and Appellant pleaded guilty,
reserving his right to appeal all pretrial motions. The trial court convicted Appellant
and, pursuant to the plea agreement, assessed punishment at confinement in the
Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for seventeen
years. Appellant raises two issues on appeal, both of which concern his motions to
suppress. We affirm.
Background Facts
On June 16, 2017, the Abilene Police Department received a 9-1-1 call about
a possible drunk driver who was driving erratically. The caller observed the driver,
a Hispanic male wearing a black shirt and khaki shorts, stop at a convenience store,
almost hit another vehicle in the parking lot, leave the parking lot, drive in two lanes,
and run a red light at North 10th Street. The caller was later identified, and an officer
took a written statement from him.
Officer Andrew Mason was in the area and responded to the call from
dispatch. Officer Mason did not observe a traffic violation, but he initiated a traffic
stop based on the caller’s report to dispatch. When Officer Mason approached the
driver’s side window, he smelled the “odor of an alcoholic beverage” coming from
inside the vehicle. He also observed a clear bottle that appeared to be a bottle of
liquor on the passenger side floorboard. Officer Mason further testified that the
driver was slurring his speech and appeared to be disoriented.
Officer Mason asked Appellant to step out of the vehicle, and Appellant
agreed to take a Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST). An SFST is a combination
of three separate tests. Officer Mason observed clues of intoxication on both the
horizontal gaze nystagmus test and the walk-and-turn test. However, Appellant
refused to perform the one-leg-stand test. Based on Appellant’s performance on the
first two portions of the SFST, Officer Mason believed he had probable cause that
Appellant was intoxicated, at which point he arrested Appellant.
Officer Mason read Appellant the DIC-24 statutory warning, and Appellant
refused to provide a breath specimen. After Appellant refused, Officer Mason ran
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Appellant’s criminal history and learned that Appellant had five previous
convictions for driving while intoxicated. Officer Mason testified that it is the
department’s policy to seek a search warrant for a blood draw when there are prior
convictions and the arrestee refuses to provide a voluntary sample. Appellant later
consented to a breath test, but Officer Mason testified that once the arrestee refuses
and the warrant process has started, the policy is to continue with the warrant to
avoid stalling and prevent the arrestee from withdrawing consent a subsequent time.
A search warrant for Appellant’s blood was later issued, and a blood sample was
collected.
Appellant filed multiple motions to suppress the evidence gleaned from the
stop. The trial court heard the motions at the same pretrial hearing on May 2, 2019.
During the hearing on the motions, Officer Mason’s dashcam video was admitted
into evidence. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court made oral findings on
the record and denied all of Appellant’s motions.
Analysis
In his first issue, Appellant contends that we should abate this appeal until the
trial court issues findings of fact and conclusions of law for the suppression hearing
that occurred on May 2, 2019. “[U]pon the request of the losing party on a motion
to suppress evidence, the trial court shall state its essential findings.” State v. Elias,
339 S.W.3d 667, 674 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d
696, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). “[E]ssential findings” mean “findings of fact and
conclusions of law adequate to provide an appellate court with a basis upon which
to review the trial court’s application of the law to the facts.” Id. (quoting Cullen,
195 S.W.3d at 699).
The findings may be written or stated on the record at the conclusion of the
hearing. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d at 699. “[A]n appellate court must abate for additional
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findings of fact when a party has requested findings of fact and the findings that are
made by a trial court are so incomplete that an appellate court is unable to make a
legal determination.” State v. Saenz, 411 S.W.3d 488, 495–96 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013). Because the trial court made oral findings at the conclusion of the hearing
that are adequate for our review, a remand for additional findings is unnecessary.
In Appellant’s second issue, he asserts that the trial court erred in denying his
motions to suppress. He presents two contentions on appeal in his second issue:
(1) the trial court erred in concluding that the police had a sufficient basis for
initiating the traffic stop; and (2) the issuance of a search warrant for a blood draw
was unwarranted.
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of
discretion. Martinez v. State, 348 S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In
reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard of review.
Id. at 922–23; Hubert v. State, 312 S.W.3d 544, 559 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We
afford almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts and
of mixed questions of law and fact that turn on the weight or credibility of the
evidence. Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at 922–23; Lujan v. State, 331 S.W.3d 768, 771
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We review de novo the trial court’s determination of pure
questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact that do not depend on
credibility determinations. Martinez, 348 S.W.3d at 923.
When the trial court makes findings of fact, we determine whether the
evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports
those findings. See State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
When the record is silent as to the reasons for the trial court’s ruling, we infer the
necessary fact findings that would support the trial court’s ruling if the evidence,
viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those findings.
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State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). When the trial
court makes an oral pronouncement on the record at the hearing, we consider those
the findings and accord them due deference. See State v. Varley, 501 S.W.3d 273
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, pet. ref’d). Here, at the suppression hearing, the trial
court made oral findings of fact and conclusions of law on the record about the
provided tip and the probable cause for Appellant’s arrest. In our review, we
determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s ruling, supports those findings. See Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818.
An officer may make a warrantless traffic stop if the reasonable-suspicion
standard is satisfied. Jaganathan v. State, 479 S.W.3d 244, 247 (Tex. Crim. App.
2015). Reasonable suspicion exists if the officer has “specific articulable facts that,
when combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to
reasonably suspect that a particular person has engaged or is (or soon will be)
engaging in criminal activity.” Id. (quoting Abney v. State, 394 S.W.3d 542, 548
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). The likelihood of criminal activity required for reasonable
suspicion need not rise to the level required for probable cause. State v. Kerwick,
393 S.W.3d 270, 273–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The reasonable-suspicion
standard requires only “some minimal level of objective justification” for the stop.
Hamal v. State, 390 S.W.3d 302, 306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Foster v.
State, 326 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). This is an objective inquiry
that disregards the subjective intent of the officer and looks, instead, to whether an
objectively justifiable basis for the detention existed. Derichsweiler v. State, 348
S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
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The trial court made the following finding when it overruled Appellant’s
motions to suppress:
I do find that the information that was provided by the citizen
was detailed. It was sufficient to make a detention stop. That’s what
took place in this occasion. And it’s obvious to me from the video that
there was probable cause to make an arrest for driving while
intoxicated.
Thus, the trial court found that the tip from the identified citizen-informant
that was given to the 9-1-1 dispatcher and then relayed to Officer Mason was
sufficient to support reasonable suspicion for initiating a traffic stop of Appellant’s
vehicle. As such, this finding is adequate for our review of the reasonable suspicion
determination.
In Derichsweiler, a 9-1-1 dispatcher received a call from a citizen-
informant that identified himself. Id. The informant reported a suspicious vehicle
to the 9-1-1 dispatcher along with the make, model, color, and license plate number
of the vehicle. Id. at 910. The dispatcher did not relate to the officer that stopped
the defendant the details of what the informant reported as being suspicious. Id. The
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that a tip from a citizen-informant that
“identifies himself and may be held to account for the accuracy and veracity of his
report” is to be regarded as reliable. Id. at 914–15. Additionally, the court held that
information given to a 9-1-1 dispatcher is to be considered to be within the
cumulative information known among cooperating officers for the purpose of
determining reasonable suspicion. Id. at 914. Thus, “the detaining officer need not
be personally aware of every fact that objectively supports a reasonable suspicion to
detain.” Id. The relevant inquiry is whether the totality of the reliable information
provided by the known citizen-informant “provided specific, articulable facts that,
combined with reasonable inferences to be derived from those facts, would lead to
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the reasonable conclusion that the appellant was committing, or soon would be
engaged in, some type of criminal activity.” Id. 915–16.
Appellant contends that Derichsweiler is inapplicable because Officer Mason
did not corroborate enough of the details provided to the 9-1-1 dispatcher by the
citizen-informant. He asserts that Officer Mason should have corroborated that
Appellant was driving erratically or that he committed traffic violations. However,
“the factual basis for stopping a vehicle need not arise from the officer’s personal
observation, but may be supplied by information acquired from another person.”
Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Adams v.
Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 147 (1972)). Accordingly, Officer Mason did not have to
personally observe criminal behavior before stopping Appellant. See id.
Additionally, Officer Mason was able to corroborate the description of the vehicle
provided by the citizen-informant, the license plate number, and the location of the
vehicle.
Appellant also asserts that Officer Mason could not have relied on the citizen-
informant’s tip because he did not talk to the caller prior to the stop and the caller
was not present during the traffic stop. However, the court in Derichsweiler held
that the responding officer may rely on the information conveyed to a 9-1-1
dispatcher. 348 S.W.3d at 914.
A citizen-informant reporting as a witness to a crime “is presumed to speak
with the voice of honesty and accuracy.” State v. Duarte, 389 S.W.3d 349, 356 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012). The citizen-informant’s reliability is enhanced when he identifies
himself to the authorities. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914–15. Officer Mason
testified that the citizen-informant in this case reported to the 9-1-1 dispatcher that
he observed a driver that parked in the middle of a convenience store parking lot,
appeared to be intoxicated as he walked in and out of the store, and almost struck
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another vehicle as he backed out. The citizen-informant also observed that the driver
was “all over the roadway” and that he ran a red light. “Reasonable suspicion
depends on the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which
reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act. Under that commonsense
approach, we can appropriately recognize certain driving behaviors as sound indica
of drunk driving.” Leming v. State, 493 S.W.3d 552, 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)
(quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. 393, 401–02 (2014)). “[V]iewed from
the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer,” the facts observed and
reported by the citizen-informant in this case amount to reasonable suspicion to
justify a traffic stop on suspicion of drunk driving. See Navarette, 572 U.S. at 401–
02 (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)).
Appellant next challenges the blood draw warrant. We first note that the trial
court did not make specific findings about the blood draw warrant. As set forth
below, the absence of findings with respect to the probable cause supporting the
blood draw warrant is inconsequential because our review is limited to the four
corners of the search warrant affidavit to determine if the magistrate had probable
cause to issue the warrant.
Both the Texas and the United States constitutions require that a warrant for
blood extraction must be based on probable cause. Hyland v. State, 574 S.W.3d 904,
910 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019); see U.S. CONST. amend. IV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9.
In State v. Elrod, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals addressed the analysis to be
employed by appellate courts when assessing the propriety of a search conducted
pursuant to a search warrant. 538 S.W.3d 551, 556–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). As
stated by the court:
The core of the Fourth Amendment’s warrant clause and its
Texas equivalent is that a magistrate may not issue a search warrant
without first finding probable cause that a particular item will be found
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in a particular location. In determining whether a warrant sufficiently
establishes probable cause, this Court is bound by the four corners of
the affidavit. In interpreting affidavits for search warrants courts must
do so in a common sense and realistic manner. Probable cause exists
when the facts and circumstances shown in the affidavit would warrant
a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the items to be seized were
in the stated place. A magistrate, in assessing probable cause, may draw
inferences from the facts. Therefore, although the magistrate’s
determination of probable cause must be based on the facts contained
within the four corners of the affidavit, the magistrate may use logic
and common sense to make inferences based on those facts.
A magistrate’s decision to issue a search warrant is subject to a
deferential standard of review, even in close cases. . . . We will
therefore uphold a magistrate’s decision to issue a search warrant so
long as he or she has a substantial basis for concluding that probable
cause exists.
Id. (citations, footnotes, alterations, and quotation marks omitted).
Thus, when we review a magistrate’s probable cause determination, we apply
the deferential standard of review set out by the United States Supreme Court in
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983). Swearingen v. State, 143 S.W.3d 808, 811
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Under that standard, we uphold the magistrate’s probable
cause determination “so long as the magistrate had a ‘substantial basis for . . .
conclud[ing]’ that a search would uncover evidence of wrongdoing.” Gates, 462
U.S. at 236 (alterations in original) (quoting Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257,
271 (1960)); see also State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271–72 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011); Flores v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
Appellant initially refused Officer Mason’s request to provide a breath
sample. He later informed Officer Mason that he would give a breath sample.
Officer Mason testified that the policy of the Abilene Police Department is to seek a
search warrant for a blood draw if a person refuses to give a breath sample.
Appellant contends that the police engaged in improper conduct by seeking a search
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warrant for a blood draw because he later informed Officer Mason that he would
give a breath sample. However, Appellant has not cited any authority to support his
contention that he had the unilateral right to insist on giving a breath sample, and we
have found none. “A blood draw is presumptively reasonable unless a defendant
establishes she is ‘one of the few who on grounds of fear, concern for health, or
religious scruple might prefer some other means of testing.’” Dromgoole v. State,
470 S.W.3d 204, 217–18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (quoting
Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 771 (1966)). “Extraction of blood samples
for testing is a highly effective means of determining the degree to which a person
is under the influence of alcohol. . . . [F]or most people the procedure involves
virtually no risk, trauma, or pain.” Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771. In the absence of
proof that a blood draw presented a risk to Appellant, the blood draw was reasonable.
See Dromgoole, 470 S.W.3d at 217–18.
Appellant also contends that the warrant should have been suppressed under
Franks v. Delaware1 because the affidavit included false statements. In Franks, the
Supreme Court held that if there is an affirmative misrepresentation in the warrant
affidavit and the misrepresentation is material and necessary to establishing probable
cause, then the warrant can be invalidated under the Fourth Amendment. 438 U.S.
at 155–65. In order to seek relief under Franks, a defendant must make a “substantial
preliminary showing” in the form of specific allegations and evidence. Harris v.
State, 227 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). To invoke Franks, a defendant
must: (1) allege deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth by the affiant,
specifically pointing out the portion of the affidavit claimed to be false;
(2) accompany these allegations with an offer of proof stating the supporting
reasons; and (3) show that when the portion of the affidavit alleged to be false is
1
438 U.S. 154 (1978).
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excised from the affidavit, the remaining content is insufficient to support the
issuance of the warrant. Cates v. State, 120 S.W.3d 352, 356 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003); Ramsey v. State, 579 S.W.2d 920, 922–23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (citing
Franks, 438 U.S. at 171–72).
Appellant did not plead the requisite allegations or offer the required proof in
order to obtain relief under Franks. Furthermore, he does seek to strike specific
portions of the search warrant affidavit that he claims are false. Instead, he seeks to
invalidate the entire affidavit. In the absence of the required showing, Appellant has
waived his claim under Franks. See Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85–86.
The only matter that Appellant challenged in his written motion to suppress
the blood testing was that Officer Mason’s affidavit did not establish probable cause
for the blood draw. Officer Mason’s affidavit detailed the matters reported by the
citizen-informant to the 9-1-1 dispatcher that we have previously discussed. The
affidavit also contained the identifying information provided by the citizen-
informant, including the driver’s suspected ethnicity and age; the make, model, and
color of the vehicle; and the vehicle’s license plate number. Officer Mason’s
affidavit also contained information that he obtained after making contact with
Appellant. Officer Mason averred that he smelled the odor of alcohol coming from
inside Appellant’s vehicle, that Appellant’s words were slurred, that he appeared
disoriented, and that a bottle of vodka was in the passenger-side floorboard. He
further averred that Appellant performed “very poorly” on the SFST, refused to take
the third portion of the test, and then refused to give a breath specimen. At the
bottom of the affidavit, a handwritten note provides the name of the citizen-
informant and indicates that he provided a statement with his observations. Based
on the totality of the circumstances as presented in the affidavit, we hold that the
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magistrate was provided with a sufficient basis for concluding that probable cause
existed.
We overrule Appellant’s first and second issues.
This Court’s Ruling
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
JOHN M. BAILEY
CHIEF JUSTICE
November 30, 2021
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.
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