Biogen International Gmbh v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.

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Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 1 Filed: 11/30/2021 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH, BIOGEN MA, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC., Defendant-Appellee ______________________ 2020-1933 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia in No. 1:17-cv-00116- IMK-JPM, Judge Irene M. Keeley. ______________________ Decided: November 30, 2021 ______________________ WILLIAM F. LEE, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, MA, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also represented by ANNALEIGH E. CURTIS, MADELEINE C. LAUPHEIMER, LISA JON PIROZZOLO; SCOTT G. GREENE, New York, NY; THOMAS SAUNDERS, Washington, DC; PAUL WILLIAM BROWNING, J. MICHAEL JAKES, JAMES B. MONROE, JASON LEE ROMRELL, Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Gar- rett & Dunner, LLP, Washington, DC. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 2 Filed: 11/30/2021 2 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. DAVID LEE ANSTAETT, Perkins Coie, LLP, Madison, WI, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by ANDREW DUFRESNE, EMILY JANE GREB; DAN L. BAGATELL, Hanover, NH; SHANNON BLOODWORTH, NATHAN K. KELLEY, BRANDON MICHAEL WHITE, Washington, DC; MATTHEW GREINERT, Mylan, Canonsburg, PA. ______________________ Before O’MALLEY, REYNA, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges. Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge REYNA. Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge O’MALLEY. REYNA, Circuit Judge. This appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia concerns a patent- infringement dispute between Biogen International GmbH, Biogen MA, Inc., and Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Biogen owns United States Patent 8,399,514 (the ’514 Pa- tent), which claims a method of treating multiple sclerosis with a drug called dimethyl fumarate. In 2017, Biogen filed a lawsuit against Mylan alleging patent infringement. Mylan counterclaimed for declaratory judgment that the patent was invalid and not infringed. Following a bench trial, the district court determined that the asserted claims of the ’514 Patent were invalid for lack of written descrip- tion. Biogen challenges the district court’s decision on ap- peal. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we hold that the district court did not clearly err in determining that Mylan has established its burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that the asserted ’514 Patent claims are invalid for lack of written description under 35 U.S.C. § 112. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 3 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 3 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. I. BACKGROUND Under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (the Hatch-Waxman Act), a manu- facturer of a new generic drug that is bioequivalent 1 to a previously approved drug may seek approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market the ge- neric product by filing an Abbreviated New Drug Applica- tion (ANDA). See Pub. L. No. 98-417, § 101, 98 Stat. 1585, 1585–86 (1984) (codified as amended at 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(2)(A)). The statute requires the generic-drug man- ufacturer to submit a certification regarding the status of 1 For purposes of Hatch-Waxman litigation, a ge- neric drug is considered bioequivalent to a brand-name drug if: (i) the rate and extent of absorption of the [generic] drug do not show a significant difference from the rate and extent of absorption of the listed [brand- name] drug when administered at the same molar dose of the therapeutic ingredient under similar ex- perimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses; or (ii) the extent of absorption of the [generic] drug does not show a significant difference from the ex- tent of absorption of the listed [brand-name] drug when administered at the same molar dose of the therapeutic ingredient under similar experimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses and the difference from the listed drug in the rate of absorption of the drug is intentional, is reflected in its proposed labeling, is not essential to the at- tainment of effective body drug concentrations on chronic use, and is considered medically insignifi- cant for the drug. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(8)(B)(i)–(ii). Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 4 Filed: 11/30/2021 4 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. any patent that purportedly protects the brand-name drug, including information as to whether no such patent exists or the patent already expired, and if the patent has not ex- pired the manufacturer must indicate the date on which the patent will expire. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(2)(A)(vii)(I)–(III). If a patent that covers the brand-name drug has not expired, the generic-drug manufacturer may file what is known as a paragraph IV certification, attesting that the “patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the manufac- ture, use, or sale of the new drug for which the application is submitted.” Id. § 355(j)(2)(A)(vii)(IV). The manufacturer filing the ANDA and paragraph IV certification must promptly notify the owner of any patent subject to the cer- tification. Id. § 355(j)(2)(B)(iii). And the FDA must ap- prove the ANDA, unless the patent owner objects by filing an action for patent infringement against the generic-drug manufacturer within forty-five days of receiving notice of the paragraph IV certification. Id. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii). If the patent owner brings the infringement suit under the Hatch-Waxman Act within the statutory period, the law triggers an automatic, thirty-month stay in the FDA- approval process of the generic drug, pending the outcome of the litigation. See id. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii). Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Mylan) filed an ANDA seeking to manufacture, use, and market a generic dime- thyl fumarate (DMF) product for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) before the expiration date of the ’514 Patent. J.A. 6001–02. On June 30, 2017, Biogen International GmbH and Biogen MA, Inc. (collectively Biogen) sued Mylan for patent infringement in the Northern District of West Virginia pursuant to the Hatch-Waxman Act. Id. In its original complaint, Biogen asserted six patents2 2 In addition to the ’514 Patent, Biogen asserted US Patents 6,509,376; 7,320,999; 7,619,001; 7,803,840; and 8,759,393. J.A. 6002. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 5 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 5 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. purportedly covering Tecfidera®, Biogen’s trademarked DMF-capsule formulation for the treatment of patients suf- fering from relapsing-remitting forms of MS. Id. Only the ’514 Patent is at issue in this appeal. See J.A. 2–3. A. The ’514 Patent The ’514 Patent claims priority to United States Provi- sional Application 60/888,921 (the ’921 Application), which Biogen filed on February 8, 2007. U.S. Patent No. 8,399,514, at [60] (filed Feb. 13, 2012) (issued Mar. 19, 2013). As issued, the patent is entitled “Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis.” ’514 Patent, at [54]. MS is a disabling autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and involves an abnormal inflammatory response, which leads to damage and the eventual destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds neuronal axons—the nerve fibers that transmit electrical signals across CNS nerve cells. See ’514 Patent col. 1 ll. 15–20. The myelin sheath, which comprises a mixture of proteins and lipids, is a substance that acts as a protec- tive covering to insulate nerve fibers—much like the insu- lation material that surrounds and protects an electrical wire—and permits nerve cells to adequately conduct the electrical signals. See John S. O’Brien, Stability of the My- elin Membrane, 147 SCIENCE 1099, 1099 (1965); J.A. 4–5. MS-induced deterioration of the myelin sheath interferes with the proper transmission of such electrical signals across nerve cells and eventually contributes to neuro- degeneration, death of neurons, and progressive neurolog- ical dysfunction in individuals suffering from the disease. See ’514 Patent col. 1 ll. 17–20, 29–30; J.A. 4–5. In its action alleging patent infringement against Mylan, Biogen asserted claims 1–4, 6, 8–13, 15, and 16 of the ‘514 Patent. J.A. 15–17. Claim 1 is representative and recites: Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 6 Filed: 11/30/2021 6 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. A method of treating a subject in need of treatment for multiple sclerosis comprising orally administer- ing to the subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of (a) a thera- peutically effective amount of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof, and (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof is about 480 [milligrams] per day [(mg/day)]. Id. col. 27 ll. 59–67. Relevant to this appeal is Biogen’s use of DMF, a fumaric-acid ester compound, at a specific dose of 480 mg/day (DMF480) under the brand name Tecfidera® for the treatment of MS. The ’514 Patent specification largely tracks that of the original ’921 Application, which Biogen entitled “Nrf2 Screening Assays and Related Methods and Composi- tions.” 3 J.A. 3289–92. The specification casts a wide net for a myriad of neurological disorders, including neuro- degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Hun- tington’s disease; demyelinating neurological diseases, such as various forms of MS and at least twenty-eight other disorders related to demyelination; polyneuritis; and mito- chondrial disorders with demyelination. See ’514 Patent col. 16 ll. 18–63. Although the specification does not focus exclusively on MS, it discusses MS-related background 3 On February 7, 2008, Biogen filed International Patent Application PCT/US2008/0016902 (the ’902 Appli- cation), which maintained the same title, claims, and in- ventor as the ’921 Application but added to its specification. J.A. 10. On August 7, 2009, the international ’902 Appli- cation entered the national phase and became US Patent Application 12/526,296 (the ’296 Application). Id. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 7 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 7 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. information in two paragraphs that appear in the first col- umn. See id. col. 1 ll. 15–52. The specification further describes five methods to ex- plore a potential protective role for the activation of the Nrf2 pathway in neurodegenerative and neuroinflamma- tory diseases. J.A. 66–67. Methods 1–3 relate to screening, evaluating, and comparing the bioequivalence of com- pounds for their use against neurological diseases. J.A. 68–69. Methods 4 and 5 relate to the treatment of such neurological diseases. J.A. 69. Consistent with the disclo- sure’s original title concerning Nrf2 screening, the totality of the specification focuses primarily on drug discovery. In- deed, the invention’s title was only amended to “Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis” in 2011 after Biogen acquired Phase III clinical data for the use of DMF480 in treating MS. See J.A. 12–13; J.A. 3490–91. Because the claims at issue concern methods to treat MS, we must look to methods 4 and 5 as disclosed in the specification. Method 5 is largely irrelevant for our pur- poses because it relates to combination therapy comprising the administration of a compound that upregulates the Nrf2 pathway with at least one other compound that can- not upregulate the pathway. ’514 Patent col. 8 ll. 54–63. But method 4 is instructive, as it discloses “methods of treating a neurological disease by administering to the sub- ject in need thereof at least one compound that is at least partially structurally similar to DMF and/or [monomethyl fumarate (MMF)],” as well as “a method of treating a mam- mal who has or is at risk for a neurological disease . . . [by] administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of at least one neuroprotective compound” such as DMF or MMF, and “a method of slowing or preventing neu- rodegeneration” induced by demyelination or the death or neurons. Id. col. 8 ll. 35–53. Save for one paragraph in the specification, the disclo- sure does not teach potential dosage levels for DMF Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 8 Filed: 11/30/2021 8 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. monotherapy. The sole DMF-dosage paragraph is not linked to treatment of any specific disease but recites: Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, dependent on route of ad- ministration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments includ- ing use of other therapeutic agents. For example, an effective dose of DMF or MM[F] to be adminis- tered to a subject orally can be from about 0.1 g to 1 g per pay, 200 mg to about 800 mg per day (e.g., from about 240 mg to about 720 mg per day; or from about 480 mg to about 720 mg per day; or about 720 mg per day). For example, the 720 mg per day may be administered in separate admin- istrations of 2, 3, 4, or 6 equal doses. Id. col. 18 ll. 54–64 (emphasis added). As shown above, the specification explicitly mentions “effective doses” at vari- ous concentration ranges within an overall DMF dosage range of 100–1,000 mg/day. Importantly for this appeal, the specification reveals two crucial aspects of the invention. First, the above para- graph features the one and only reference to DMF480 in the entire specification, which puts the DMF480 dose that the ’514 Patent claims at the bottom end of the spectrum of a DMF 480–720 mg/day range. Second, the specification defines the term “effective” within a therapeutic, rather than drug-discovery, context. Thus, according to the spec- ification, the terms “‘therapeutically effective dose’ and ‘therapeutically effective amount’ refer to that amount of a compound which results in at least one of prevention or de- lay of onset or amelioration of symptoms of a neurological disorder in a subject or an attainment of a desired biologi- cal outcome, such as reduced neurodegeneration (e.g., de- myelination, axonal loss, and neuronal death) or reduced inflammation of the cells of the CNS.” Id. col. 5 ll. 52–59 (emphases added). Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 9 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 9 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. B. Clinical Development and Procedural History Between 2004 and 2006, Biogen conducted a Phase II, clinical, dose-ranging study to test the efficacy of DMF at 120, 360, and 720 mg/day concentrations (DMF120, DMF360, and DMF720, respectively) for the treatment of MS. J.A. 2184–91. The May 2006 results of this study showed that DMF720 was efficacious in treating MS, but DMF120 and DMF360 were not. J.A. 7. In August 2006, the FDA recommended that Biogen add a DMF480 dosing regimen in the Phase III study because the lower dose “might improve patient compliance and/or minimize drop- outs from adverse effects during the study.” J.A. 1724–25. According to Biogen, the Phase II lead scientist, Dr. O’Neill, had conceived the idea of using DMF480 as early as 2003 and advocated testing the DMF480 dose as part of the trial in February 2004. J.A. 7. At the time, Biogen had decided not to include the DMF480 dose in the study for commercial reasons. See J.A. 1364. Although Biogen told the FDA that DMF720 was the best option, it eventually included DMF480 in the Phase III clinical testing. See J.A. 1726. The Phase III results showed efficacy for the DMF480 and DMF720 doses. J.A. 2060. Based on the 2006 Phase II results—and before start- ing the Phase III trial to test the DMF480 dose—Biogen filed the provisional ’921 Application on February 8, 2007. The original application listed Dr. Lukashev, a Biogen sci- entist who, at the time, focused on research related to the Nrf2 pathway, as the sole inventor. J.A. 8–10. O’Neill was not listed as a co-inventor on the ’921 Application; his name was added in 2011 as part of an amendment refocusing the invention on methods of treatment for MS, which Biogen filed after gathering the Phase III results that demon- strated therapeutic efficacy of DMF480. 4 J.A. 3437–39; 4 Biogen amended the ’296 Application—the na- tional-phase application filed in 2009, see supra note 3— Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 10 Filed: 11/30/2021 10 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. J.A. 3481–86. O’Neill, however, had not been involved with any of the Nrf2 research that led to the ’514 Patent. When asked during trial, Lukashev testified that he did not know why O’Neill was added as an inventor. J.A. 1318. Lukashev also corroborated the original application’s em- phasis on drug discovery by noting that his work had en- compassed “a more exploratory nature. It[ was] to explore potential for follow-on compound discovery . . . .” J.A. 9 (al- teration in original). And, more importantly, he “denied that his research could be extrapolated to a clinical dose of DMF; it ‘was never the focus of [his] work to inform the clinical dosing of [DMF].’” Id. (alterations in original). Be- sides the amendments related to inventorship and the in- vention’s title, Biogen did not make any other changes to the specification. This enabled Biogen to claim a priority date of February 8, 2007, despite filing wholly new claims alongside the amendments. J.A. 13. In 2017, Biogen filed its patent infringement suit against Mylan in the Northern District of West Virginia. J.A. 6001. Biogen sued after Mylan sought ANDA ap- proval to market a generic DMF product for treating MS. Mylan counterclaimed for declaratory judgment that the ’514 Patent was invalid and not infringed. J.A. 6136–44. after acquiring its Phase III clinical-data results in April 2011. J.A. 10. Biogen left the specification of the ’296 Ap- plication unchanged, but it amended the invention’s title and claims on June 20, 2011. J.A. 47. On October 28, 2011, Biogen subsequently amended the ’296 Application again to add O’Neill as an inventor. Id. Biogen then abandoned the ’296 Application in favor of US Patent Application 13/326,426 (the ’426 Application), a continuing application filed on February 13, 2012. J.A. 11. The ’426 Application eventually led to issuance of the ’514 Patent on March 19, 2013. Id. Biogen claims a February 8, 2007 priority date for the ’514 Patent based on the ’921 Application. Id. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 11 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 11 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. The district court held a four-day bench trial starting on February 4, 2020. J.A. 1001. On February 5, 2020, the Pa- tent Trademark and Appeal Board (Board) issued a final written decision in a related inter partes review (IPR) pro- ceeding, which Mylan initiated on July 13, 2018 and is the subject of a companion case to this appeal. See Mylan Pharms. Inc. v. Biogen MA Inc.¸ No. IPR2018-01403, 2020 WL 582736 (P.T.A.B. Feb. 5, 2020). In the IPR case, the Board rejected an obviousness challenge to the asserted ’514 Patent claims, which estopped Mylan from litigating obviousness issues in the trial court. See J.A. 3 n.2. During trial, the parties agreed that, for purposes of this case, a person of ordinary skill in the art (POSA) is someone with “at least a medical degree, at least three years of training in neurology, and at least three years of clinical experience treating multiple sclerosis patients.” J.A. 20. The parties presented expert testimony from two neurologists who treat patients with MS—Dr. Greenberg for Mylan and Dr. Wynn for Biogen. J.A. 20. At the con- clusion of the trial, the district court found that the speci- fication did not reasonably convey to a POSA that the ’514 Patent inventors had “actually invented” a method of treat- ing MS with a therapeutically effective dose of DMF480 as of February 8, 2007. J.A. 45. The court also found that Biogen’s arguments and Wynn’s testimony that a POSA would be drawn to the DMF480 dose upon reading the pa- tent specification were “neither credible nor persuasive,” J.A. 30–31, and noted that Wynn conceded during cross ex- amination that the sole DMF-dosage paragraph in the specification did not teach a POSA that DMF480 would be therapeutically effective for treating MS, J.A. 31. The district court opined that Biogen’s attempt to “combin[e] a few selectively[ ]plucked disclosures from the specification . . . has been squarely rejected by the Federal Circuit.” J.A. 45. Based on the testimony offered at trial, the context of the ’514 Patent prosecution history, and “sig- nificant omissions from the specification,” the district court Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 12 Filed: 11/30/2021 12 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. ultimately concluded that Mylan had satisfied its burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that the as- serted ’514 Patent claims were invalid for lack of written description under 35 U.S.C. § 112. Id. Biogen now appeals the district court’s decision. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW Whether a claim meets the written-description require- ment is a question of fact, which this court reviews for clear error on appeal from a bench trial. Nuvo Pharm. (Ireland) Designated Activity Co. v. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Inc., 923 F.3d 1368, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 902 (2020). The clear-error standard requires courts to exercise deference when reviewing findings of fact, unless there is a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Scanner Techs. Corp. v. ICOS Vision Sys. Corp. N.V., 528 F.3d 1365, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Patent invalidity under the written-description doctrine must be established by clear and convincing evidence. Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 645 F.3d 1336, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Courts of appeals cannot reweigh a district court’s assessment of witness credibility, Advanced Magnetic Closures, Inc. v. Rome Fastener Corp., 607 F.3d 817, 832 (Fed. Cir. 2010), and must take into account the “unchallenged superiority” of a district court’s ability to make witness-credibility determinations and findings of fact, see Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 233 (1991). III. DISCUSSION A. The Written-Description Requirement To secure a patent for an invention under the laws of the United States, an inventor must comply with the writ- ten-description requirement outlined in 35 U.S.C. § 112, which prescribes: Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 13 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 13 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. The [patent] specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contem- plated by the inventor or joint inventor of carrying out the invention. 5 35 U.S.C. § 112 (emphasis added). The statutory mandate for a written description as a prerequisite for patenting an invention has been a fixture of our laws for more than two centuries. The Supreme Court recognized, as far back as 1822, that the purpose of requiring a written description under the Patent Act of 1793 was to “put the public in pos- session of what the party claims as his own invention, so as to ascertain if he claim[s] anything that is in common use, or is already known . . . .” Evans v. Eaton, 20 U.S. 356, 434 (1822). “[P]ossession as shown in the disclosure,” therefore, represents the hallmark of written description. Ariad Pharms., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (en banc). The written-description statu- tory language has undergone little change despite the en- actment and revisions of numerous patent statutes since the Founding era. See Univ. of Rochester v. G.D. Searle & Co., 358 F.3d 916, 925 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 5 Following the enactment of the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA), Pub. L. No. 112-29, 125 Stat 284 (2011), the first paragraph of § 112 was redesignated as § 122(a). The AIA amendments, which took effect on September 16, 2012, replaced the words “of carrying out his invention” in the pre-AIA § 112 with “or joint inventor of carrying out the invention” in the current § 112(a). 125 Stat. at 296–97. The amendments bear no significance for purposes of our written-description analysis. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 14 Filed: 11/30/2021 14 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. This court’s precedents dictate that the § 112 written- description “requirement is satisfied only if the inventor ‘convey[s] with reasonable clarity to those skilled in the art that, as of the filing date sought, he or she was in posses- sion of the invention,’ and demonstrate[s] that by disclo- sure in the specification of the patent.” Nuvo, 923 F.3d at 1376–77 (quoting Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc. v. Abbott La- boratories, 636 F.3d 1341, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2011)). A precise definition of the invention is pivotal to establishing posses- sion. Amgen Inc. v. Sanofi, 872 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2017). An applicant may show possession of the claimed invention by describing it with all of its limitations using “such descriptive means as words, structures, figures, dia- grams, formulas, etc.” Lockwood v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 107 F.3d 1565, 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The term “posses- sion” in the context of written-description jurisprudence entails an “objective inquiry into the four corners of the specification from the perspective of a [skilled artisan].” Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1351. Whether a claimed invention satisfies the written-de- scription requirement of § 112 will depend on the nature of the invention. Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Gen-Probe Inc., 323 F.3d 956, 963 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). Thus, the written-description analysis is highly dependent on the facts of each case. Nuvo, 923 F.3d at 1383 (citations omitted). In general, “written description is judged based on the state of the art as of the priority date. . . . [E]vidence illuminating the state of the art subsequent to the priority date is not relevant to written description.” Amgen, F.3d at 1373–74 (internal citation omitted). B. Possession of the Claimed Invention The core issue in this appeal is whether the specifica- tion Biogen filed on February 8, 2007 supports the 2011 claims that issued in the ’514 Patent. Even more precisely, the narrow ground on which this question turns is whether the original specification describes “possession” of the Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 15 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 15 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. claimed therapeutically effective DMF480-dose limitation to treat MS. The district court began by properly noting that “it is the specification itself that must demonstrate possession.” J.A. 23 (quoting Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1352). The specifica- tion covers a broad array of nearly three dozen neurological disorders, and MS may arguably constitute an important element of the disclosure from the start. See ’514 Patent col. 1 ll. 12–52 (explaining that the overall purpose of the invention is to treat “demyelinating neurological diseases,” such as MS). Next, DMF appears more than two-dozen times throughout the specification, including in the three examples listed in the disclosure. The prior art demon- strates the existence of a link between DMF-mediated ac- tivation of the Nrf2 pathway and the neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of said activation, which could be ex- ploited for the treatment of certain neurological disorders such as MS. See id. col. 5 ll. 20–24. Thus, assuming that a skilled artisan would understand the disclosure to be un- ambiguously focused on MS despite its inclusion among ap- proximately three-dozen neurological disorders—a determination we need not reach in this case—the specifi- cation may arguably provide adequate information to con- vey to a skilled artisan that the invention supports method- of-treatment claims directed to MS and, perhaps, that the use of DMF may be therapeutically linked to MS treat- ment. 6 6 We note, however, that method 4, which is the only relevant method to this appeal, is devoid of any specific ref- erence to MS. See ’514 Patent col. 8 ll. 35–53; J.A. 27 (not- ing that MS is merely listed as one of a slew of neurological diseases). The district court further found that Mylan’s ex- pert “credibly testified” that nothing in the specification “ties an effective dose of DMF specifically to the treatment of MS.” J.A. 29. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 16 Filed: 11/30/2021 16 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. The skilled artisan would then look in the specification for guidance vis-à-vis a suitable therapeutic-DMF dosage. This is where the district court noted the lack of written description, upon which it primarily based its finding of in- validity. The DMF480 dose is listed only once in the entire specification. See ’514 Patent col. 18 l. 62. The specifica- tion’s sole reference to DMF480 constitutes a significant fact that cuts against Biogen’s case, particularly because it appears at the end of one range among a series of ranges, including DMF concentrations of 100–1,000, 200–800, 240–720, and 480–720 mg/day. That is in stark contrast to DMF720, which is referenced independently as one dose and was known to be effective as of the February 2007 pri- ority date. The ’514 Patent, as issued, features multiple claims that are drawn exclusively to the specific DMF480 dose, but the specification’s focus on basic research and broad DMF-dosage ranges show that the inventors did not possess a therapeutically effective DMF480 dose at the time of filing in 2007. On this point, Lukashev, the original inventor listed in the ’921 Application, offered testimony in which he “denied that his research could be extrapolated to a clinical dose of DMF; it ‘was never the focus of [his] work to inform the clinical dosing of [DMF].’” J.A. 9 (alterations in original); see also J.A. 34 (noting that the district court found Lukashev’s testimony credible as to the fact that all the examples listed in the specification were part of his re- search and would not have been “helpful in identifying a therapeutically effective” DMF dose). Likewise, the dis- trict court credited Mylan’s expert testimony at trial that the paragraph containing the sole DMF480 reference fails to specifically link an effective dose of DMF to the treat- ment of MS. J.A. 29. This court has previously held that “[s]atisfaction of the description requirement [e]nsures that . . . a claim sub- sequent to the filing date of the application was sufficiently disclosed at the time of filing so that the prima facie date of invention can fairly be held to be the filing date of the Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 17 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 17 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. application.” Vas-Cath Inc. v. Mahurkar, 935 F.2d 1555, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (quoting In re Smith & Hubin, 481 F.2d 910, 914 (CCPA 1973)). An inventor need not “prove that a claimed pharmaceutical compound actually achieves a certain result. But when the inventor expressly claims that result, our case law provides that [such] result must be supported by adequate disclosure in the specifica- tion.” Nuvo, 923 F.3d at 1384. Based on the evidence in the record, the district court did not clearly err in deter- mining that Mylan established its burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that the specification does not adequately support the asserted claims of the ’514 Pa- tent. More specifically, the district court did not clearly err in finding that a skilled artisan would not have recognized, based on the single passing reference to a DMF480 dose in the disclosure, that DMF480 would have been efficacious in the treatment of MS, particularly because the specifica- tion’s only reference to DMF480 was part of a wide DMF- dosage range and not listed as an independent therapeuti- cally efficacious dose. That Biogen later established the therapeutic efficacy of DMF480 is of no import to the written-description anal- ysis. What matters for purposes of the inquiry in this case is whether, at the time of filing the disclosure—well before the Phase III study even commenced—a skilled artisan could deduce simply from reading the specification that DMF480 would be a therapeutically effective treatment for MS. As to this point, the specification’s focus on drug dis- covery and basic research further buttresses the district court’s conclusion that the specification lacks an adequate written description to support the DMF480 claims. At the time of filing the original disclosure in 2007, the Nrf2 in- sights that proved critical in the Phase III study had not yet been translated to clinical use. See J.A. 35 (finding that, based on the evidence presented at trial, Lukashev’s research related to Nrf2 activation and small-molecule screening “had nothing to do with the clinical development Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 18 Filed: 11/30/2021 18 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. of Tecfidera®”). Regardless of whether O’Neill had in fact hypothesized or even conceived the idea of treating MS with a DMF480 dose as early as 2003, see J.A. 1586–87, the law is clear that a patent cannot be awarded for mere the- oretical research without more, see Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1353. The written-description requirement limits pa- tent protection only to individuals who perform the difficult work of producing a complete and final invention featuring all its claimed limitations and publicly disclose the fruits of that effort. Id. We therefore determine that, based on the evidence in the record, the district did not clearly err in finding that Biogen did not possess an invention directed to the specific use of a therapeutically effective DMF480 dose for the treatment of MS as of 2007. Confronted with the lack of a specific reference to DMF480, Biogen and its expert argued that a skilled arti- san would be drawn to the DMF480 dose because it was “anchored” to the effective DMF720 dose. J.A. 1548–49. But the very same sentence in the specification that dis- closes the DMF 480–720 mg/day range also “anchors” DMF240 (a known ineffective dose) to DMF720 (according to the DMF 240–720 mg/day range). See ’514 Patent col. 18 ll. 54–64. Not only does the specification anchor an in- effective dose, it also expands the purported range of ther- apeutic efficacy from DMF100 and DMF200 (doses that a skilled artisan would expect to be ineffective) to DMF1,000 (a dose well above the therapeutically effective DMF720 mg/day dose). See id. col. 18 ll. 54–64; Appellee’s Br. 26. That column 18 of the ’514 Patent specification recites sev- eral DMF doses in the 100–1,000 mg/day range as “effec- tive” without even identifying a target disease is further indicative that the inventors were not in possession of a complete and final invention as of February 2007. Lastly, the court noted that Mylan had impeached Wynn’s credibility by pointing out his inconsistent state- ments and evasiveness when asked, during the district court proceedings, why a skilled artisan would be drawn to Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 19 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 19 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. the purported DMF480 efficacy upon reading the patent specification—all while consistently maintaining that a skilled artisan would not have reasonably expected DMF480 to provide the therapeutic efficacy claimed in the patent during the IPR proceeding. J.A. 31–33. After hear- ing live testimony from the parties’ experts at trial, the dis- trict court found that the Biogen expert’s opinion that a skilled artisan would be drawn to a DMF480 dose was “nei- ther credible nor persuasive.” JA 30–31. We discern no principled reason to disturb the district court’s assessment as to the credibility of Biogen’s expert testimony. See Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 233 (1991) (describ- ing the “unchallenged superiority” of a district court as to the assessment of witness credibility and making findings of fact); Highmark, Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 701 F.3d 1351, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (Reyna, J., dissenting from the denial of the petition for rehearing en banc) (not- ing that intervention as to issues of fact finding should be limited to instances of clear error, especially given that “an appellate court cannot adequately, if at all, assess credibil- ity of [expert] testimony because the witness is not before [the appellate panel] in person.”). Viewing the record before us in its totality, we discern no clear error in the district court’s judgment that Mylan established its burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that the asserted ’514 Patent claims are invalid for lack of written description under 35 U.S.C. § 112. * * * Biogen raises several ancillary issues in an effort to re- verse the district court decision. For example, Biogen claims that the district court “misinterpret[ed] this [c]ourt’s ‘blaze[-]marks’ jurisprudence; fail[ed] to consider the specification as a whole; erroneously appl[ied] judicial estoppel; disregard[ed] the specification’s express disclo- sure of the claimed dose because it was not described as the most preferred; and confus[ed] the written-description Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 20 Filed: 11/30/2021 20 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. requirement with principles of obviousness and unexpected results.” Appellant’s Br. 2. But our conclusion that the district court did not clearly err in finding the ’514 Patent invalid for lack of written description under § 112 renders all these arguments superfluous. Notably, the Dissent claims that the district court le- gally erred by conflating therapeutic and clinical efficacy. See Dissent Op. at 6, 8. However, when viewed through the lens of the ’514 Patent, this is not a legal issue, but a factual one. The district court, as the finder of fact, did not find it necessary or appropriate to distinguish between therapeutic effects and clinical efficacy based on the speci- fication’s definition of “therapeutically effective dose” and the record before it, and such a determination was not clearly erroneous. Most notably, the specification’s definition of “thera- peutically effective dose” indisputably features both clini- cal and therapeutic insignia. For example, the specification defines a “therapeutically effective dose” as an “amount of a compound” that results in the “prevention or delay of onset or amelioration of symptoms of a neuro- logical disorder in a subject,” namely, clinical insignia, “or an attainment of a desired biological outcome, such as re- duced neurodegeneration (e.g., demyelination, axonal loss, and neuronal death) or reduced inflammation of the cells of the CNS,” which constitute therapeutic insignia. ’514 Patent col. 5 ll. 52–59 (emphases added). On redirect examination, Biogen’s expert attempted to characterize the specification’s definition as solely describ- ing therapeutic effects—“demyelination, axonal loss, and neuronal death” as well as “fewer [brain] scars”—that once could “see on [an] MRI scan, for example.” J.A. 1553–54. He distinguished these from clinical endpoints, such as “a person hav[ing] less episodes” or “no[ ] progression” of symptoms, including “weakness, numbness, loss of bladder or bowel control, [sight deterioration], [and] less relapses.” Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 21 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 21 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. J.A. 1553. But Biogen’s expert did not explain why these improved clinical outcomes would not qualify under the first half of the specification’s definition, which focuses on preventing, delaying the onset of, or ameliorating “symp- toms of a neurological disorder” in patients. ’514 Patent col. 5 ll. 52–55 (emphasis added). Based on the record, including at least the specifica- tion’s definition of a “therapeutically effective dose” and the witness and expert testimony, the district court did not find it necessary to distinguish between therapeutic effects and clinical efficacy with respect to its patentability determina- tion, instead electing to consider both under the specifica- tion’s definition of “therapeutically effective dose.” We determine that such a finding was not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in determining that the original 2007 disclosure, which focused exclusively on screening compounds for acti- vation of the Nrf2 biological pathway, did not disclose a method to administer a therapeutically effective dose of DMF480 for the treatment of MS. Nor did the district court clearly err in finding that “O’Neill’s hypothesis, that a [DMF480 dose] would be efficacious in treating MS, evolved from his review” of confidential information, which a skilled artisan would not have been privy to in 2007 and was never included in the original disclosure. See J.A. 35, 42, 1586–87. Because we hold that the ’514 Patent is invalid under the written-description doctrine, we need not reach the merits of the parties’ arguments in the companion IPR case. IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the district court’s decision that Mylan satisfied its burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that the as- serted ’514 Patent claims are invalid for lack of written Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 22 Filed: 11/30/2021 22 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. description under 35 U.S.C. § 112. Viewed in its totality, the record shows that the inventors were not in possession of a method of administering a therapeutically effective dose of DMF480 to treat MS on or before the February 8, 2007 priority date. We have considered the parties’ re- maining arguments and find them unavailing or do not reach them. AFFIRMED Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 23 Filed: 11/30/2021 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH, BIOGEN MA, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC., Defendant-Appellee ______________________ 2020-1933 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia in No. 1:17-cv-00116- IMK-JPM, Judge Irene M. Keeley. ______________________ O’MALLEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. While I am loath to reverse district court determina- tions that rely heavily on credibility findings, I must re- spectfully dissent. There is no dispute over whether the district court erred in finding that Biogen was judicially es- topped from drawing a distinction between clinical and therapeutic effects: it did. Mylan calls the error harmless and the majority finds it “ancillary” to its analysis. I, on the other hand, believe this threshold error impacted the district court’s entire written description analysis. I would therefore reverse and remand for reconsideration in light of a proper understanding of the distinction between the two effects and the written descriptions needed for each. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 24 Filed: 11/30/2021 2 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. I. A. The district court erred in applying judicial estoppel As it had tried to do throughout the trial, Biogen ex- plained the distinction between clinical efficacy and thera- peutic effects in its post-trial briefs before the district court. Clinical efficacy involves the type of scientific rigor associ- ated with Phase III clinical trials: the investigative DMF480 dose must produce superior clinical endpoints to the standard of care for MS, Rebif®. See J.A. 8066. Ther- apeutic effects, by contrast, “do not require efficacy on clin- ical endpoints or superior efficacy to existing drugs.” Id. It, instead, “refer[s] to the amount of [DMF480] which re- sults in . . . prevention or delay of onset or amelioration of symptoms of a neurological disorder” like MS. ’514 patent, col. 5, ll. 52–55. Based on this distinction, Biogen took issue in its post- trial brief with Mylan’s contention that the ’514 patent lacked written description support because “a person of or- dinary skill in the art would not have a reasonable expec- tation that the 480 mg/day [DMF] dose would provide statistically significant and clinically meaningful effective- ness for treating MS.” J.A. 8064 (citing Mylan’s post-trial brief, which quoted Dr. Dawson’s testimony). Biogen pointed out that, in addition to mixing up written descrip- tion and obviousness inquiries (which I will discuss infra), Mylan’s argument erroneously assumed that the claims re- quired clinical efficacy when they only covered therapeutic effects. J.A. 8063–66. In a two-sentence footnote, the district court concluded that Biogen was judicially estopped from pointing out the distinction between clinical and therapeutic efficacy. Bio- gen Int’l GmbH v. Mylan Pharms. Inc., 2020 WL 3317105, at *8 n.15 (N.D.W. Va. June 18, 2020). Citing New Hamp- shire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742 (2001), the district court rea- soned that Biogen could not “deliberately chang[e] positions according to the exigencies of the moment.” Id. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 25 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 3 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. I need not detail why the court’s footnote ruling on ju- dicial estoppel constituted an abuse of discretion under Fourth Circuit law. See Martineau v. Wier, 934 F.3d 385, 393 (4th Cir. 2019) (setting out a multi-factor test for the judicial estoppel inquiry, which the district court wholly failed to apply in this case). Biogen’s briefs explain this error in detail and neither Mylan nor the majority defends the district court’s ruling under that governing law. I will, however, provide detail on how the erroneous ju- dicial estoppel ruling led the district court to legally err in its interpretation of Federal Circuit written description precedent. In my view, the district court’s refusal to acknowledge the difference between therapeutic and clini- cal effects evinces a fundamental misunderstanding of what is claimed—and, thus, what requires written descrip- tion support—in the ’514 patent. The ’514 patent explains that neurodegenerative disor- ders like MS are “characterized by inflammation in parts of the [central nervous system (CNS)], leading to the loss of the myelin sheathing around neuronal axons (demye- lination), loss of axons, and the eventual death of neurons, oligodendrocytes and glial cells.” ’514 patent, col. 1, ll. 17– 20. The ’514 patent discusses the promise of treating MS using DMF, “a member of a large group of anti-oxidant mol- ecules known for their cytoprotective and anti-inflamma- tory properties.” ’514 patent, col. 5, ll. 16–18. The ’514 patent claims a “therapeutically effective amount” of DMF480, which the specification defines as that amount of a compound which results in at least one of prevention or delay of onset or amelio- ration of symptoms of a neurological disorder in a subject or an attainment of a desired biological out- come, such as reduced neurodegeneration (e.g., de- myelination, axonal loss, and neuronal death) or reduced inflammation of the cells of the CNS. ’514 patent, col. 5, ll. 52–59. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 26 Filed: 11/30/2021 4 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. Notably, the ’514 patent explains that the inventors measured DMF’s therapeutic efficacy in terms of its ability to enhance the expression levels of Nrf2—a transcription factor that activates the expression of genes responsible for protecting cells from the neurodegeneration commonly as- sociated with MS. See ’514 patent, col. 5, ll. 16–24; see also ’514 patent, col. 1, ll. 35–62. Figures 3 and 4 of the ’514 patent provide in vivo data showing an increase in Nrf2 ex- pression following DMF treatment. ’514 patent, Figures 3 and 4; see also ’514 patent, col. 22, ll. 1–13. And, the ’514 patent states: “the finding that DMF activates the Nrf2 pathway . . . offers a rationale for identification of structur- ally and/or mechanistically related molecules that would be expected to be therapeutically effective for the treatment of neurological disorders, such as, e.g., MS.” ’514 patent, col. 5, ll. 19–24 (emphasis added). Taken together, it is clear on the face of the ’514 patent that the claimed “therapeuti- cally effective amount” refers to DMF’s ability to mitigate MS symptoms vis-à-vis its modulation of Nrf2 expression; it has nothing to do with whether DMF480 outperforms the standard of care for MS (Rebif®) in a Phase III clinical trial setting. It is no wonder, then, why Biogen—in response to Mylan’s repeated contentions that the ’514 patent fails the written description requirement because it lacks Phase III clinical efficacy data—sought in its post-trial briefing to re- mind the district court that the written description inquiry should focus on therapeutic efficacy. 1 Far from deliberately changing positions as the district court accused it of, Bio- gen was simply attempting to direct the district court’s at- tention to the claim language at issue. Judicially estopping Biogen from doing so was not just legally erroneous under 1 To be sure, Mylan continues its erroneous confla- tion of therapeutic and clinical efficacy before our court. See, e.g., Appellee’s Resp. Br. at 48–49. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 27 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 5 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. Fourth Circuit law, it misapplied our written description precedents by ignoring the claims at a time when they should have been given primacy. Cf. Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (“It is a bedrock principle of patent law that the claims of a patent define the invention to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.”) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). 2 As discussed further below, the impact of the district court’s errant refusal to acknowledge the difference be- tween therapeutic and clinical efficacy is evident through- out the rest of the opinion. 2 The majority’s argument that there is no ascertain- able difference between clinical and therapeutic efficacy is wrong for several reasons. See Maj. Op. at 20–21. As I have detailed above, the ’514 patent makes clear that “ther- apeutically effective amount” does not involve comparing the claimed DMF480 dosage to the standard of care for MS like a clinical trial would. And, neither party ever argued this—either to the district court or on appeal. Biogen, in- stead, advocated distinguishing the two while Mylan and the district court blithely proceeded as though there were no difference without ever providing any explanation. To make up for this deficiency in the trial record, the majority provides its own explanation: “clinical insignia” is somehow encompassed by the ’514 patent’s definition of “therapeuti- cally effective dose.” Id. (citing ’514 patent, col. 5, ll. 52– 59). The majority appears to forget our role in this appeal: we are a court of review, not the primary factfinder. To the extent the majority fashions its own explanation of why therapeutic and clinical efficacy are one in the same, it crosses that line. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 28 Filed: 11/30/2021 6 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. B. The district court’s conflation of therapeutic and clini- cal efficacy caused it to erroneously require clinical data, rather than therapeutic effects The district court’s failure to distinguish therapeutic effects and clinical efficacy also led it to conflate concepts of obviousness and written description. This conflation, in my view, caused the district court to erroneously require a showing of clinical data akin to what would be gathered in Phase III clinical trials in its written description analysis. Somewhat circularly, after acknowledging that clinical data demonstrating effectiveness is not required to satisfy written description, the district court went on to find that the ’514 patent does not demonstrate possession because it lacks clinical efficacy data. Biogen, 2020 WL 3317105, at *15. To arrive at this conclusion, the district court relied on its interpretation of our precedent in Nuvo. According to the district court, the patentees in Nuvo could not estab- lish possession because a POSA “would not have expected [the claimed drug] to be effective, and nothing in the spec- ification would teach a [POSA] otherwise.” Id. (quoting Nuvo Pharms. (Ireland) Designated Activity Co. v. Dr. Reddy’s Lab’ys Inc., 923 F.3d 1368, 1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (alteration in original). The district court reasoned that the same set of facts are at issue in this case: because Biogen had defended against Mylan’s obviousness chal- lenges in this case and a related inter partes review pro- ceeding by contending that a POSA would not have expected the DMF480 dose to clinically treat MS, the ’514 patent’s failure to teach a POSA otherwise with clinical data dooms Biogen’s written description arguments. Id. (citing Nuvo, 923 F.3d at 1381). This cannot be right. Whether a claim satisfies the written description requirement of § 112 is a question of fact that we review for clear error. Ariad Pharms. v. Eli Lilly and Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010). We provide de novo review, however, of a district court’s Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 29 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 7 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. interpretation of Federal Circuit precedent. Amgen Inc. v. Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., 314 F.3d 1313, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Our court has long held that “the hallmark of written description is disclosure,” meaning that a patent must “reasonably convey[] to those skilled in the art that the inventor had possession of the claimed subject matter as of the filing date.” Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1351. Here, the district court’s reading of Nuvo does not ac- curately describe what we actually held in that case. The patent at issue in Nuvo claimed an acid inhibitor that was uncoated and effective at raising pH levels. Nuvo, 923 F.3d at 1373–1374, 1378. The patent specification in Nuvo, however, specifically discussed a known problem in the prior art involving uncoated acid inhibitors’ ineffectiveness at raising pH levels. See id. at 1375 (reversing the district court for “not explain[ing] why the mere disclosure of [un- coated acid inhibitors], coupled with the known disad- vantages of coated [acid inhibitors], is relevant to the therapeutic effectiveness of uncoated [acid inhibitors], which the patent recognized as problematic for efficacy due to its potential for destruction by stomach acid”) (emphasis added). Since the patentees in Nuvo did nothing to explain how the invention purported to overcome the commonly known problem with uncoated formulations that the patent specification explicitly discussed, our court invalidated the patent for lack of written description. Id. at 1381. No- where in Nuvo did we overlay a POSA’s reasonable expec- tation of success from the obviousness context onto the written description inquiry. To the extent Nuvo mentioned a POSA’s expectations, it cabined this discussion to what a POSA would have expected based on the explicit teachings of the patent specification—not of the prior art. See id. at 1381 (“In light of the fact that the specification provides nothing more than the mere claim that uncoated [acid in- hibitors] might work, even though persons of ordinary skill in the art would not have thought it would work, the spec- ification is fatally flawed.”). Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 30 Filed: 11/30/2021 8 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. The district court’s reliance on Nuvo to conclude that Mylan could use Biogen’s own obviousness defenses against it in the written description context is, therefore, legally erroneous. What a POSA would expect regarding clinical efficacy based on the prior art is a distinct question from whether a POSA would understand that the inventor possessed the claimed invention—i.e., a therapeutically ef- fective dose—based on the patent’s written description. Since the district court never engaged in a proper written description inquiry, I would reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with a proper written description analysis that minds the gaps between obviousness and written description, as well as therapeutic and clinical effi- cacy. 3 C. The district court’s conflation of therapeutic and clini- cal efficacy caused it to erroneously apply our “blaze marks” precedent The majority relieves me of the need to discuss the dis- trict court’s erroneous conclusion that the ’514 patent does not contain enough “blaze marks” to direct a POSA toward MS treatment. See Biogen, 2020 WL 3317105, at *10 (“Method 4 broadly describes treating neurological dis- eases with a therapeutically effective amount of DMF; MS is merely one such disease ‘among a slew of competing pos- sibilities.’”) (citing Novozymes A/S v. DuPont Nutrition Bi- osciences APS, 723 F.3d 1336, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2013)). The majority opinion—appearing to recognize this obvious 3 To the extent the majority accuses the dissent of reweighing the district court’s credibility determinations, I disagree. See Maj. Op. at 19–20. Because I believe the dis- trict court’s misguided interpretation of Nuvo led it to er- roneously require clinical efficacy data for the written description inquiry, any expert witness testimony on which the district court relied to bolster that requirement is also legally unsound. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 31 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 9 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. error—says it operates under the assumption that the ’514 patent satisfies written description in this regard. Maj. Op. at 15–16. Given the specification’s repeated references to MS, that is a wise decision on the majority’s part. I do, however, need to discuss the district court’s find- ing (an erroneous one, in my view) that the ’514 patent does not contain enough “blaze marks” to “‘link’ a therapeuti- cally effective amount of DMF to a dose of 480mg/day.” Bi- ogen, 2020 WL 3317105, at *10. The district court cites our precedent in Ariad, as well as Dr. Greenberg’s trial testi- mony, to justify its application of our “blaze marks” prece- dent to this case. Id. I do not believe our case law required these patentees to include “blaze marks” in the ’514 patent, however. And, the district court’s reliance on Dr. Green- berg’s testimony to conclude that the patentees should have included “blaze marks” only perpetuated its legally erroneous interpretation of our case law. See J.A. 1447–49. It is axiomatic that, to satisfy the written description requirement, a patent specification must “clearly allow per- sons of ordinary skill in the art to recognize that [the in- ventor] invented what is claimed.” Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1351 (citations omitted) (alteration in original). This fundamen- tal concept gets tested, however, whenever a patent’s spec- ification discloses a broad genus and claims a particular species contained within that genus. In cases such as these, our court has crafted a subgenre within our written description jurisprudence that requires patents containing laundry list-type disclosures “to provide sufficient ‘blaze marks’ to guide a reader through the forest of disclosed pos- sibilities toward the claimed compound.” Novozymes, 723 F.3d at 1346; see also In re Ruschig, 379 F.2d 990, 994–995 (C.C.P.A. 1967) (“It is an old custom in the woods to mark trails by making blaze marks on the trees. It is no help in finding a trail or in finding one’s way through the woods where the trails have disappeared . . . to be confronted simply by a large number of unmarked trees.”). Notably, our “blaze marks” jurisprudence does not apply in every Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 32 Filed: 11/30/2021 10 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. case concerning written description; it, instead, provides a useful framework to analyze whether written description has been met in cases involving patents containing laundry list disclosures. See, e.g., Fujikawa v. Wattanasin, 93 F.3d 1559, 1571 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (“In the absence of such blazemarks, simply describing a large genus of compounds is not sufficient to satisfy the written description require- ment as to particular species or sub-genuses.”). On my reading of the ’514 patent, the district court erred as a matter of law by requiring Column 18 to contain sufficient “blaze marks” regarding the claimed DMF480 therapeutically effective dose. Method 4 of the ’514 patent provides a general discussion of treating neurological dis- eases, such as MS, with therapeutically effective amounts of DMF compounds. See ’514 patent, col. 8, ll. 35–53. Col- umn 18 picks up where Method 4 left off by indicating which specific DMF doses the patentees considered thera- peutically effective. See id., col. 18, ll. 52–64. Column 18 does this by providing ranges of DMF doses—some large, see id. at col. 18, ll. 58–60 (“0.1 g to 1 g per [d]ay”), and some small, see id., col. 18, l. 61 (“240 mg to about 720 mg per day”). Notably, Column 18 contains an express disclosure of the claimed DMF480 dose 4; this reference also comes in 4 The majority’s decision affirming the district court partially rests on the fact that the ’514 patent only men- tions the claimed DMF480 dose once. Maj. Op. at 16. But the majority cites no case law (and I know of none) for the proposition that the written description requirement de- mands that a patentee recite a claim element repeatedly to pass written description muster. The majority does not, and cannot, deny that the claimed DMF480 dose is ex- pressly disclosed. To the extent the majority’s opinion may be read to establish a requirement that a claim element must be disclosed multiple times, I dissent from that hold- ing as well. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 33 Filed: 11/30/2021 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. 11 MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. the form of a range. See id. at col. 18, l. 62 (“480 mg to about 720 mg per day.”). I do not believe our “blaze marks” precedent applies to the claimed DMF480 dose because Column 18 does not pro- vide a laundry list disclosure of therapeutically effective doses. Despite providing a varying degree of ranges, Col- umn 18 begins one such range with the exact DMF480 dose that is claimed. See id. Had the patentees instead listed this range as, e.g., “100 mg to about 720 mg per day” and expected a POSA to figure out that a 480 mg per day dose was therapeutically effective, I would agree that “blaze marks” would be necessary to “single out particular trees.” In re Ruschig, 379 F.2d at 995. But, because the range pro- vided in Column 18 particularly points out the claimed DMF480 dose, I believe the claim satisfies Section 112 and our corresponding written description jurisprudence. The district court’s application of our “blaze marks” precedent and corresponding reliance on Dr. Greenberg’s testimony thus are erroneous as a matter of law for two reasons. First, as discussed above, our “blaze marks” precedent is not applicable to this case because Column 18 lacks a laun- dry list disclosure. And, second, even if this precedent were to apply here, Column 18 provides a sufficient “blaze mark” by explicitly mentioning the claimed DMF480 dose. How much brighter need a disclosure blaze? The district court’s inability to “link” method 4 and Col- umn 18, moreover, emanates from its original sin of judi- cially estopping Biogen from distinguishing between therapeutic and clinical effects. With a proper understand- ing of this distinction, the written description analysis in this case is straightforward: method 4 provides a general description of treating MS using a therapeutically effective DMF dose and column 18 demonstrates the patentees’ pos- session of the claimed DMF480 dose for that purpose. Case: 20-1933 Document: 65 Page: 34 Filed: 11/30/2021 12 BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. II. Because I believe the entire course of the district court’s analysis might well change if the court were to ad- just the lens through which it considers the evidence and testimony, I would remand for reconsideration of the record with the understanding that the patent is not about clinical efficacy—it is about therapeutic effect—and that the writ- ten description and obviousness inquiries are not the same.