NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 123,222
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
APPROVED PAVING, LLC,
Appellant,
v.
PAUL HEINEN AND ASSOCIATES, INC., et al,
Appellees.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Jefferson District Court; GARY L. NAFZIGER, judge. Opinion filed December 10,
2021. Affirmed.
John W. Fresh, of Farris, Fresh & Werring Law Offices, of Atchison, for appellant.
Cynthia J. Sheppeard and Arthur E. Palmer, of Goodell, Stratton, Edmonds & Palmer, LLP, of
Topeka, for appellees.
Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., ATCHESON and HURST, JJ.
PER CURIAM: The Jefferson County District Court rejected claims of Approved
Paving, LLC, for unjust enrichment and to enforce a lien against the owners of a
commercial parking lot for resurfacing work the company did as a subcontractor. Based
on the limited—and distinctly odd—summary judgment record, the district court found
that Approved Paving failed to timely perfect a statutory mechanic's lien and that the
undisputed facts could not reasonably support equitable relief based on unjust
enrichment. The district court, therefore, entered summary judgment for the parking lot
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owners. On Approved Paving's appeal, we see no reversible error and affirm the district
court.
In reviewing a district court's entry of summary judgment, we must consider the
undisputed facts in the best light for the losing party, here Approved Paving, and give
that party the benefit of any reasonable inferences drawn from those facts. A district court
properly grants summary judgment if there are no disputed material facts and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on that factual record. Bouton v. Byers, 50
Kan. App. 2d 34, 36-37, 321 P.3d 780 (2014).
Paul Heinen and Associates, Inc., and five individuals own properties in Valley
Falls that share a private parking lot. When the parking lot needed resurfacing, the
property owners authorized Paul Heinen, the namesake of the corporation, to engage an
appropriate vendor to handle the project. In August 2017, Heinen communicated with
Omni Property Services. The company submitted a proposal, and Heinen, through his
company, tendered a $3,153.60 deposit, reflecting about a third of the agreed price for the
project. The parking lot didn't get resurfaced. Nothing happened for months.
The summary judgment record shows that the following April, Arcadia Realty
Corporation, a company headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware, communicated with
Approved Paving about resurfacing the parking lot. Arcadia Realty and Approved Paving
entered into an agreement for the job on May 8, 2018, using a bid form that stated the
price of $12,427.50 and abbreviated work specifications. They never had a more detailed
written contract. Approved Paving resurfaced and striped the parking lot, completing the
work on May 16. Approved Paving promptly billed Arcadia Realty. The company didn't
get paid. Nothing happened for months.
In the meantime, however, the parking lot owners paid Omni Property Services for
the resurfacing consistent with the agreement Heinen made with that company.
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The summary judgment record shows Heinen had no communication with Arcadia
Realty or Approved Paving and Approved Paving had no communication with Omni
Property Services. Nothing in the record indicates Arcadia Realty and Omni Property
Services communicated with each other. How Arcadia Realty knew about the resurfacing
project to then invite a bid from Approved Paving is simply a void. We can neither infer
nonexistent facts nor draw inferences lacking some factual anchor to fill such an
evidentiary hole. See Williamson v. City of Hays, 275 Kan. 300, 307, 64 P.3d 364 (2003)
(party opposing summary judgment must offer "specific facts" showing genuine issue for
trial); Unified Gov't of Wyandotte County v. Trans World Transp. Svcs., 43 Kan. App. 2d
487, 490, 227 P.3d 992 (2010) ("mere speculation" insufficient to resist properly
supported motion for summary judgment).
Stymied in its efforts to get paid, Approved Paving filed an extension with the
clerk of the district court on September 14, 2018, to file a mechanic's lien for the
resurfacing work. The company filed a mechanic's lien on October 16.
Still stymied, Approved Paving filed an action against Paul Heinen and Associates
and the other owners of the parking lot to enforce the lien. The company later filed an
amended petition adding the claim for unjust enrichment. The parties undertook
apparently limited discovery—no depositions are cited in the record—reflecting an
understandable approach given the base amount of the claim. As we have indicated, the
district court filed a short letter ruling on July 14, 2020, granting summary judgment to
the defendants. Approved Paving has appealed.
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LEGAL ANALYSIS
Lien Claim
On appeal, the parties presume Approved Paving could file a statutory lien as
either a contractor or a subcontractor for the resurfacing work it performed. See K.S.A.
60-1101 (contractor's lien); K.S.A. 60-1103 (subcontractor's lien). We accept their
assumption and decide the issue accordingly. But the facts at least arguably suggest
Approved Paving never contracted with the owners or with a party that did, since there is
no factual support in the record for any agreement between the owners and Arcadia
Realty or between Omni Property Services and Arcadia Realty. Under K.S.A. 60-1101, a
party must contract with the property owner to have lien rights. And under K.S.A. 60-
1103(a), a subcontractor must have "an agreement with the contractor, subcontractor or
owner contractor" to have lien rights.
The district court held Approved Paving was a subcontractor because the company
communicated with only Arcadia Realty and never with the parking lot owners. A
subcontractor must file a statutory lien within three months after supplying labor or
materials used on the property. K.S.A. 60-1103(a)(1). But a subcontractor may extend
that time to five months if it files an extension within the original three-month period.
K.S.A. 60-1103(e).
Here, Approved Paving failed to comply with that schedule. The company filed
the extension more than three months after it completed the resurfacing, rendering the
request untimely and ineffective. In turn, the lien itself was also untimely filed. The
Kansas appellate courts regularly recognize that parties asserting statutory construction
liens must strictly comply with the filing requirements. See Owen Lumber Co. v.
Chartrand, 283 Kan. 911, 914-15, 157 P.3d 1109 (2007) (recognizing as "well known"
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the Kansas rule of strict compliance to obtain enforceable lien); In re Lien Against the
District at City Center, 57 Kan. App. 2d 884, 887-88, 462 P.3d 181 (2020).
Approved Paving tries to avert that result by pointing to allegations in its petition
and amended petition that Arcadia Realty acted as the agent for the parking lot owners,
thereby establishing a contract with the owners. In turn, Approved Paving would be a
contractor rather than a subcontractor, and its extension and lien would have been timely.
A contractor may file for a one-month extension to file a lien up to four months after
completing the work. See K.S.A. 60-1102(a) (contractor must file lien within four months
after work); (c) (one-month extension to file lien permitted if requested within four-
month period). But Approved Paving cannot rely on the assertions in its pleadings to
resist a summary judgment motion, since they are mere claims rather than facts supported
in admissible evidentiary materials such as affidavits, interrogatories, or deposition
testimony. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-256(e)(2); Lambert v. Peterson, 309 Kan. 594, 598-
99, 439 P.3d 317 (2019); MetLife Home Loans v. Hansen, 48 Kan. App. 2d 213, 218, 286
P.3d 1150 (2012) ("[A] party opposing summary judgment may not rely merely
on allegations or denials in its own pleadings.").
Given those principles governing the determination of summary judgment motions
and the record evidence, the district court correctly held that Approved Paving did not
have a statutory lien that could be enforced against the owners of the parking lot.
Unjust Enrichment
Unjust enrichment—sometimes termed quantum meruit or quasi-contract—is an
especially flexible equitable doctrine that permits a party to recover the value of a benefit
conferred on a second party when the second party retains the benefit under
circumstances that either commonly would call for payment or would otherwise make
retention of the benefit without compensation patently unfair. Haz-Mat Response, Inc. v.
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Certified Waste Services Ltd., 259 Kan. 166, Syl. ¶ 6, 910 P.2d 839 (1996) ("The basic
elements of a claim based on a theory of unjust enrichment are: [1] a benefit conferred
upon the defendant by the plaintiff; [2] an appreciation or knowledge of the benefit by the
defendant; and [3] the acceptance or retention by the defendant of the benefit under such
circumstances as to make it inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without
payment of its value."); City of Neodesha v. BP Corporation, 50 Kan. App. 2d 731, 780,
334 P.3d 830 (2014) (necessary conditions for unjust enrichment include inequity of
retaining benefit "without payment of its value"). Its application tends to be particularly
fact-driven, although the doctrine seems to presume some contact between the party
conferring the benefit and the recipient.
In Haz-Mat Response, the court specifically considered unjust enrichment in the
context of a subcontractor seeking compensation from a property owner and held the
doctrine typically would not be appropriate. 259 Kan. at 177-78. The property owner
commonly would expect a subcontractor to be paid by the general contractor, cutting
against any equitable relief. The court recognized what it characterized as an "indeed
limited" exception to that usual bar if the owner "misled the subcontractor to [its]
detriment," induced a detrimental change in the subcontractor's position, or acted
"fraud[ulently] . . . against the subcontractor." 259 Kan. at 178. The rule in Haz-Mat
Response remains the controlling law on unjust enrichment claims a subcontractor brings
against a property owner. See Decker Electric, Inc. v. Pratt Regional Medical Center
Corporation, No. 119,542, 2019 WL 6973645, at *6 (Kan. App. 2019) (unpublished
opinion) (relying on Haz-Mat Response to affirm summary judgment for property owner
on subcontractor's unjust enrichment claim), rev. denied 312 Kan. 891 (2020).
The summary judgment record here fails to establish the parking lot owners
directed the sort of misleading or deceptive conduct described in Haz-Mat Response
toward Approved Paving. To the contrary, the owners had no communication or
interaction with Approved Paving at all. Moreover, the owners did pay for the resurfacing
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work, but the money never made its way to Approved Paving. Here, through a strange
and largely unexplained circumstance, the payment went elsewhere. That the owners
reasonably paid under their agreement with Omni Property Services weighs against
imposing an equitable remedy against them that would, in effect, require them to pay
twice. See Haz-Mat Response, 259 Kan. at 179 ("of critical importance" to invoking
unjust enrichment that defendant "'retain the benefit without payment of its value'")
(quoting J.W. Thompson Co. v. Welles Products Corp., 243 Kan. 503, 512, 758 P.3d 738
[1988]). Similarly, Approved Paving presumably could have sued Arcadia Realty for
breach of their agreement regarding the resurfacing project. For those reasons, the district
court correctly held Approved Paving could not prevail against the parking lot owners on
an equitable unjust enrichment claim.
Approved Paving has been taken advantage of. But the district court correctly
determined on the record evidence that as a matter of law the company had neither a valid
lien nor a viable claim for unjust enrichment against the parking lot owners.
Affirmed.
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