IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-1221
Filed December 15, 2021
IN THE INTEREST OF O.W.,
Minor Child,
J.W., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Muscatine County, Gary P.
Strausser, District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.
Shawn C. McCullough of Powell and McCullough, PLC, Coralville, for
appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Esther J. Dean, Muscatine, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Badding, JJ.
2
BOWER, Chief Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights.1
We must first address whether the mother’s appeal is timely. The order
terminating the mother’s rights was filed on August 19, 2021. The mother filed a
timely notice of appeal on September 1, 2021. Thus, her petition on appeal was
due to be filed on September 16, 2021. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.201(1)(b). The
petition was filed on September 17. Her attorney has provided a statement that
the petition was ready to be filed on September 16. However, the attorney’s return
to the office that day from a trial was thwarted by exposure to an individual with
symptomatic COVID-19 and required quarantine. Counsel states the petition was
filed the following day after being informed by a health practitioner quarantine was
not necessary. The supreme court ordered the mother’s request for a delayed
appeal to be submitted with the appeal.
Our supreme court has recently held that, under limited circumstances, the
court may grant a delayed appeal “where the parent clearly intended to appeal and
the failure to timely perfect the appeal was outside of the parent’s control” and “only
if the resulting delay is no more than negligible.” In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 292
(Iowa 2021); accord In re W.T., ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2021 WL 5750613, at *2
(Iowa 2021). In A.B., the court found a delayed appeal was appropriate where the
father filed a timely notice of appeal, the petition on appeal was delayed by two
days, and the father’s attorney accepted responsibility for “not properly calendaring
the deadline due to required quarantining and working from home after her
1 The father’s rights were also terminated. His parental rights are not at issue here.
3
daughter tested positive for COVID-19.” 957 N.W.2d at 293. The court stated,
“We simply cannot let the significant rights at stake be outweighed by the negligible
delay involved here.” Id.
Here, it is apparent the mother intended to appeal, the delay in filing the
petition was only one day, and “the failure to timely perfect the appeal was outside
of the parent’s control.” See id. at 292. Thus, we grant the request for delayed
appeal.
Our review of termination-of-parental rights proceedings is de novo. Id.
at 293. This review involves a three-step analysis:
First, we must determine whether any ground for termination under
[Iowa Code] section 232.116(1) has been established. If so, we next
determine whether the best-interest framework as laid out in section
232.116(2) supports the termination of parental rights. If we
conclude section 232.116(2) supports termination, we consider
whether any exceptions in section 232.116(3) apply to preclude
termination of parental rights.
Id. at 294 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). However, we do not
discuss steps undisputed by the parent. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa
2010).
Here, the mother does not challenge the existence of grounds for
termination.2 Rather, she contends the court should have allowed her an
additional six months to work toward reunification and maintains termination is not
in the child’s best interests. We reject both assertions.
2 The mother mistakenly recites that the court terminated her rights pursuant to
paragraphs (f) and (i) of section 232.116(1). The court, in fact, terminated her
rights pursuant to section 232.116(1)(f) and (l). Regardless, she does not contest
that grounds for termination exist, so we do not address this step.
4
O.W. was born in 2008. O.W. and the mother were previously involved with
services through the department of human services (DHS) from January 2012
through March 2013 due to findings the mother had physically abused or neglected
the child.
On October 17, 2019, O.W. was adjudicated a child in need of assistance.
In the adjudication order, the juvenile court wrote:
The basis for the adjudication includes that the father is in custody
and unable to provide care. The mother has failed to provide
appropriate supervision. The child has run away from home on
multiple occasions. The mother does not attempt to stop him or
notify the police when he is missing. The child has severe mental
health and behavioral issues and requires close supervision and is
left unsupervised by his mother. As a result, the child engages in
unsafe or inappropriate behaviors. As recently as September 16 the
child was left unsupervised at the homeless shelter and law
enforcement could not locate the child’s mother after multiple
attempts. The child has previously been placed in several
[psychiatric medical institution for children (PMIC)] placements and
has multiple hospitalizations due to threats to harm himself, other
people and animals. The child was removed from the home in
September 2019 and placed in foster care. The child has now
harmed the foster family’s pet and he was recently placed in the
emergency room pursuant to a mental health committal in another
county.
The court found:
That evaluation of the needs of the child, the reasons for which the
child has been adjudicated, the resources and capabilities of the
family, the efforts the parents have made to rectify the harmful
situation and the risk of future adjudicatory harm to the child justifies
placement of the child in the custody of the [DHS] for placement in
shelter care. [O.W.] shall be transferred to a residential facility
without further order of the court. He is a danger to himself or others
and requires a mental health evaluation.
The court also ordered the mother to obtain mental-health and substance-
abuse evaluations and follow any treatment recommendations.
5
On January 31, 2020, the foster care review board (FCRB) found a lack of
progress by the child and parent, specifically finding:
[The] mother, has not made much progress or completed any of the
court ordered services. She needs to get a psychiatric evaluation,
substance abuse evaluation, medication management services, and
therapy set up. She does not attend any support meetings. [She]
has severe mental health issues that she is not addressing. She was
involved in a fight as well as recently arrested for public intoxication.
DHS has made a referral for a parent partner for [the mother].
....
[The mother] does not visit [O.W.] often. DHS has offered
transport and gas cards to assist with their contact. She was able to
attend a visit this month and brought his siblings to see him. [The
mother] has phone conversations with [O.W.] occasionally.
However, he gets upset after these calls. [O.W.] wants to return to
his mother’s home. Although he initially gets upset when she does
not follow through on promises, he gets over it quickly. It appears
that returning to his mother’s home is unlikely at this time. [The
mother] has recently stated that she is fine with [O.W.] staying in the
PMIC placement until he is [eighteen] years old.
A March 11 dispositional order continued the child’s out-of-home placement
and the case plan requirements. And a May 18 dispositional review order noted:
The child requires treatment at a PMIC facility. He has multiple
concerning behaviors he must make progress toward before he can
return home. In addition, his mother must make progress as well for
him to return home. She must make progress regarding mental
health and substance issues. Finally, some of the trauma the child
deals with is related to behavior by his mother which both mother and
child must make progress toward before reunification may occur.
The mother obtained a psychological evaluation in August. The
psychologist—who evaluated both the mother and child—reported O.W. was a
child who “would be a challenge for virtually any parent” and the mother has been
deeply traumatized since youth and “tries to cope with her distress by drinking
alcohol and/or smoking marijuana.” The evaluator opined the mother was in need
of mental-health treatment and did not believe the mother “is going to be able to
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manage the behavior of [O.W.] in the near future.” Types of mental-health
treatment were recommended. The evaluator doubted substance-abuse
treatment would be effective “until she has made significant progress in healing
her complex PTSD” and noted, “[t]he temptation to use alcohol or marijuana to
numb her distress will be excessively tempting for her.”
In September, in anticipation of the permanency hearing, the child’s
guardian ad litem (GAL) reported to the court:
[The child] has severe mental health issues and behavioral issues.
His psychological evaluation diagnosed him with several disorders
including physical abuse and neglect. . . . [H]e has a mild intellectual
disability.
The child is aggressive towards PMIC staff and others. He is
violent and destroys property. His mother cannot handle him and
she is afraid for her safety and the safety of her other children if the
child is returned to her. The mother has been charged with Child
Endangerment for not providing the child with proper supervision.
The relationship between the child and his mother is strained. The
mother has refused to give permission to the [facility] physician so
that he can prescribe [a medication] for the child which he has
recommended.
The mother has her own issues. . . . For the most part, the
mother has not fully addressed any of these issues. The
psychological evaluation stated she needed to first address her
mental health issues and then deal with the others.
....
It has been [the facility’s] intent to discharge the child from
their facility on October 1, 2020. There is no definite placement for
him at this time. The child’s case worker has attempted to restart a
relationship by telephone between the child and one of his previous
foster parents to see if that is a possible solution. That has not gone
well and the child no longer wants to talk to the foster parent.
The caseworker has made application, along with the
assistance [the current facility], to a Qualified Residential Treatment
Program (QRTP) . . . which would be beneficial to the child. . . .
If [the facility] does discharge the child, he may need an
interim placement. The recommendation from the [DHS] will be for
another PMIC or a QRTP and an additional six months extension for
the mother to work on reunification with the child.
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The court’s permanency order was filed after the September 28 hearing and
provides:
[The mother] has not been consistent with services. This is very
important because the child strongly desires to have connection and
relationships with people outside of the PMIC facility. Thus, it is
harmful to the child when his mother is inconsistent. Due to the fact
that the child will be in a residential treatment program, the court will
establish a permanency goal of reunification. However, concurrent
planning toward termination of parental rights is appropriate. The
child is still in need of residential treatment to address trauma. He
has made some progress, but continues to demonstrate unsafe
behaviors, including destroying property and assaulting staff. [The
mother] has also been a subject of abuse. She must work to resolve
her own trauma for reunification to occur. She must also make
progress regarding substance abuse and PTSD.
In December the FCRB recommended termination of parental rights
because the mother “has not made any progress since the last permanency
hearing.”
Despite the extension granted by the court in September 2020, the mother
did not engage in any mental-health or substance-abuse services until a few weeks
before the March 8, 2021 termination-of-parental-rights hearing.
The mother requested an additional six months to seek reunification. At the
termination hearing, the mother acknowledged her need for long-term therapy to
overcome her own issues. She testified she was concerned for her safety if O.W.
was returned to her care at present. She also testified that if O.W. was returned
to her she would need DHS’s assistance in providing recommended ongoing
services for him and in locating suitable care for the child while she worked her
4:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. shift, six nights a week.
The court found the mother:
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has failed to address the issues that brought the family to the
attention of the court. She has not addressed her substance abuse
issues. She has not addressed her mental health issues. She has
not significantly participated in parenting sessions to learn how to
parent her child. As a result of all of the above, the child cannot be
returned to her now or any time in the near future.
The juvenile court cogently rejected the mother’s request for additional time
and best-interests challenge in conjunction:
The court concludes that the long term nurturing and growth of the
child and the child’s physical, mental, and emotional condition and
needs are best met by termination of parental rights between mother
and child. The court has considered whether allowing the parent-
child relationship to continue between mother and child would be in
the child’s best interest. Due to the fact that the child has significant
behavioral issues, an adoption may prove difficult. In addition, his
mother theoretically could provide some support in the future for the
child. However, the reality is that infrequent contact between mother
and child is more harmful to the child than helpful. The mother has
infrequently visited when the child is only [thirty-five] minutes away.
She’s made minimal to no effort to maintain phone contact with the
child on her own. She’s missed multiple visits, which caused the
child emotional harm. She has demonstrated no real effort to resolve
the issues which led to adjudication. In addition, she is the source of
some of the child’s trauma. The court concludes it’s in the child’s
best interest for the child to go forward knowing that his mother will
no longer be a part of his life, rather than the child having to deal with
the emotional impact of her infrequent contact. The child himself has
already become frustrated by his mother’s failure to consistently
attend visitation, resulting in the child telling the staff to no longer give
him advance notice of visits. The mother has not been a consistent,
positive support for the child while he has been placed out of the
home. The child will continue to suffer if placed in the limbo of
inconsistent contact with his mother. Thus, the court concludes that
all of the above are best met by termination of parental rights
between mother and child.
On our de novo review, we adopt the juvenile court’s reasoning as sound.
Our legislature “‘has made a categorical determination that the needs of a child
are promoted by termination of parental rights’ in cases meeting the conditions of
section 232.116(1)([f]).” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000) (citation
9
omitted). Under section 232.116(1)(f), the limitations period runs when a child has
been removed from the parent’s physical custody “for at least twelve of the last
eighteen months, or for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at
home has been less than thirty days.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(3). O.W. has
been out of his mother’s custody for more than that time period—about eighteen
months at the time of the termination hearing. And the mother was already granted
an extension at the time of the permanency order. Yet, she delayed mental-health
therapy for several more months—beginning just weeks before the termination
hearing. See C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 495 (“A parent cannot wait until the eve of
termination, after the statutory time periods for reunification have expired, to begin
to express an interest in parenting.”).
“Once the limitation period lapses, termination proceedings must be viewed
with a sense of urgency.” Id. And it is time for “some type of permanent situation”
to be provided to O.W. See id. at 494. We recognize that a permanent situation
will be challenging to achieve in this instance. However, what we are able to do at
this time is remove the child’s ongoing disappointed expectations that his mother
might someday be a safe and stable parent. We therefore affirm the termination
of the mother’s parental rights.
AFFIRMED.
In the Interest of O.W., Minor Child
Combined Opinion