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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
James E. Taylor, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed November 12, 2021. No. S-21-096.
1. Appeal and Error. It is a fundamental rule of appellate practice that an
alleged error must be both specifically assigned and specifically argued
in the brief of the party asserting the error to be considered by an appel-
late court.
2. ____. A generalized and vague assignment of error that does not advise
an appellate court of the issue submitted for decision will not be
considered.
3. Criminal Law: Courts: Appeal and Error. In an appeal of a criminal
case from the county court, the district court acts as an intermediate
court of appeals, and its review is limited to an examination of the
record for error or abuse of discretion.
4. Courts: Appeal and Error. Both the district court and a higher appel-
late court generally review appeals from the county court for error
appearing on the record.
5. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is whether the deci-
sion conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is
neither arbitrary, capricious, not unreasonable.
6. Courts: Appeal and Error. An appellate court independently reviews
questions of law in appeals from the county court.
7. Criminal Law: Courts: Appeal and Error. When deciding appeals
from criminal convictions in county court, an appellate court applies the
same standards of review that it applies to decide appeals from criminal
convictions in district court.
8. Trial: Convictions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. An appellate court
will sustain a conviction in a bench trial of a criminal case if the properly
admitted evidence, viewed and construed most favorably to the State, is
sufficient to support that conviction. In making this determination, an
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the
credibility of witnesses, evaluate explanations, or reweigh the evidence
presented, which are within a fact finder’s province for disposition.
Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reason-
able doubt.
9. Ordinances: Appeal and Error. Interpretation of a municipal ordinance
is a question of law, on which an appellate court reaches an independent
conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the court below.
10. Statutes: Appeal and Error. The interpretation of statutes and regu-
lations presents a question of law which an appellate court reviews
de novo.
11. Statutes: Intent. When interpreting a statute, the starting point and
focus of the inquiry is the meaning of the statutory language, understood
in context.
12. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain
and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter-
pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain,
direct, and unambiguous.
13. Statutes. It is not within the province of the courts to read meaning
into a statute that is not there or to read anything direct and plain out of
a statute.
14. Drunk Driving: Words and Phrases. As used in Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 60-6,196 (Reissue 2010), the phrase “under the influence of alcoholic
liquor or of any drug” requires the ingestion of alcohol or drugs in an
amount sufficient to impair to any appreciable degree the driver’s ability
to operate a motor vehicle in a prudent and cautious manner.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County, Susan
I. Strong, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County Court
for Lancaster County, Joseph E. Dalton, Judge. Judgment of
District Court affirmed.
Joe Nigro, Lancaster County Public Defender, and James
Sieben for appellant.
Robert E. Caples, Assistant Lincoln City Prosecutor, for
appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Cassel, Stacy, Funke, Papik, and
Freudenberg, JJ., and Thompson, District Judge.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
Papik, J.
The State prosecuted James E. Taylor for violating a munic-
ipal ordinance prohibiting driving under the influence. The
State’s theory was that Taylor was driving while impaired
by his prescription medication. Taylor was convicted in the
county court and unsuccessfully appealed his conviction to
the district court. He now appeals again, arguing that the State
could not establish a driving under the influence conviction on
the theory he was under the influence of prescription medica-
tions and that the evidence was otherwise insufficient to sup-
port his conviction. We disagree with Taylor’s arguments and
therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
The State charged Taylor with several offenses arising out
of a traffic stop in Lincoln, Nebraska, in July 2019. The sole
charge relevant to this appeal was that Taylor violated Lincoln
Mun. Code § 10.16.030 (2017), a certified copy of which is in
our record. That ordinance makes it “unlawful for any person
to operate or be in the actual physical control of any motor
vehicle while under the influence of alcoholic liquor, or of
any drug.”
At trial, the State called the police officers who completed
the traffic stop, Matthew Stegman and Bryan Gruber. Stegman
testified that because he was training Gruber, they were riding
together that night. Stegman and Gruber testified that just after
11 p.m., they saw a vehicle driving on a Lincoln street with its
headlights off. While following the vehicle, the officers saw it
cross the centerline and strike a curb. Gruber initiated a traffic
stop. Taylor was the vehicle’s only occupant.
Stegman testified about his interaction with Taylor dur-
ing the traffic stop. Stegman asked Taylor why his headlights
were not on and why he struck the curb. Taylor responded
that he thought his headlights were on and that he fell asleep
while driving. Stegman also testified that when he asked
Taylor whether he had taken any medications or drugs recently,
Taylor responded that he had taken some prescription pills.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
Stegman observed that Taylor had “somewhat slurred speech”
and appeared “overtired” and not “completely aware of what
[was] going on.”
Stegman testified that he then asked Taylor to get out of
the vehicle so that he could administer field sobriety tests.
Taylor’s performance on several field sobriety tests indicated
that he was impaired. Gruber testified that while Stegman was
administering the field sobriety tests, Taylor was “basically
falling asleep periodically during the test.” The officers did not
smell any alcohol on Taylor’s breath, and Taylor denied using
alcohol. A preliminary breath test did not detect any alcohol on
Taylor’s breath.
As a result of Taylor’s driving and his performance on the
field sobriety tests, the officers transported him to another
location so that he could be evaluated by a drug recognition
expert (DRE). Prior to the DRE evaluation, Taylor submitted
to a formal breath test on a DataMaster machine, which also
showed no indication of alcohol. After Stegman read Taylor his
Miranda rights, Taylor also agreed to be interviewed. During
this interview, Taylor again acknowledged recently taking med-
ications. He informed the officers he was taking the medica-
tions for mental and behavioral health reasons and provided
the names of those medications. The medications included
Seroquel and Effexor. According to Stegman, Taylor stated that
when taking the medications, he did get “sleepy,” but that he
felt he could still drive safely.
Sgt. Max Hubka, the certified DRE who evaluated Taylor,
also testified. He described the multistep DRE protocol, which
included performance tests of Taylor, the formation of an
opinion by Hubka, and toxicology. Hubka observed that dur-
ing the evaluation, Taylor appeared tired and stated that he
was tired. Hubka also observed that Taylor’s speech was
slow, “with a slight slur to it.” Hubka testified that Taylor told
him what prescription medications he had taken that evening
and that they included Seroquel and Effexor. Hubka testified
that based on his training, he knew those two medications to
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
be central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Hubka testi-
fied over Taylor’s objection that the term “CNS depressants”
refers to a category of drugs that “slow[] the processes of the
body.” According to Hubka, CNS depressants would include
antidepressants and antipsychotics and Seroquel is an anti
psychotic medication.
Hubka also testified over Taylor’s objection that in his opin-
ion, Taylor was under the influence of CNS depressants. Hubka
based this opinion on Taylor’s performance on field sobriety
tests, inability to stay awake, slightly slurred speech, and poor
balance, as well as Taylor’s agreement with Hubka’s opinion
that Taylor was not safe to drive and his admission that he had
ingested multiple types of CNS depressants before driving.
A forensic scientist in the Nebraska State Patrol Crime
Laboratory testified that she analyzed a urine sample provided
by Taylor. She explained that her analysis was governed by
177 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 7 (2007), a certified copy of which
was received in evidence. Over Taylor’s objection, she testi-
fied that in Taylor’s urine sample, she detected venlafaxine, the
generic term for Effexor, which she characterized as a “mild
CNS depressant.” She also testified that she detected que
tiapine, the generic term for Seroquel, and explained that que-
tiapine is an antipsychotic medication with “CNS depressant
side effects.”
In his defense, Taylor called a friend he had visited imme-
diately before the traffic stop. She testified that Taylor had
fallen asleep at her residence, but she denied seeing him use
any drugs or medications and did not believe he was “high” or
under the influence.
Taylor also testified in his own defense. He testified that for
at least 5 years prior to the traffic stop, he had prescriptions
for and had been taking Effexor and Seroquel. Taylor could not
recall ever being told by a doctor that the medications should
not be used prior to driving and testified that the labels on the
medication bottles directed only that those taking the medica-
tions should use caution while driving.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
The county court found Taylor guilty of driving under the
influence of drugs and sentenced him accordingly. Taylor
appealed that conviction to the district court. Taylor challenged
several of the county court’s evidentiary rulings and argued
that the county court had erred in finding him guilty with-
out sufficient evidence. The district court affirmed Taylor’s
conviction.
Taylor then appealed the district court’s decision, and we
moved the case to our docket.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Taylor’s appellate brief sets forth two numbered assignments
of error. The second assigned error is that the district court
erred by finding that there was sufficient evidence to support
the conviction of driving under the influence. We will analyze
Taylor’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence below.
[1,2] Taylor’s first assigned error is more general. He asserts
that “[t]he district court erred by affirming [Taylor’s] convic-
tion in county court of driving under the influence as a matter
of law.” It is a fundamental rule of appellate practice that an
alleged error must be both specifically assigned and specifi-
cally argued in the brief of the party asserting the error to be
considered by an appellate court. State v. Iddings, 304 Neb.
759, 936 N.W.2d 747 (2020). A generalized and vague assign-
ment of error that does not advise an appellate court of the
issue submitted for decision will not be considered. Id. Taylor’s
assertion that the district court erred “as a matter of law” with-
out any elaboration as to the nature of that error is the type of
generalized assignment of error that we do not consider.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[3-7] In an appeal of a criminal case from the county court,
the district court acts as an intermediate court of appeals, and
its review is limited to an examination of the record for error
or abuse of discretion. State v. Valentino, 305 Neb. 96, 939
N.W.2d 345 (2020). Both the district court and a higher appel-
late court generally review appeals from the county court for
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
error appearing on the record. Id. When reviewing a judgment
for errors appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry
is whether the decision conforms to the law, is supported
by competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary, capricious,
nor unreasonable. Id. But we independently review questions
of law in appeals from the county court. Id. When deciding
appeals from criminal convictions in county court, we apply
the same standards of review that we apply to decide appeals
from criminal convictions in district court. Id.
[8] An appellate court will sustain a conviction in a bench
trial of a criminal case if the properly admitted evidence,
viewed and construed most favorably to the State, is sufficient
to support that conviction. State v. Montoya, 304 Neb. 96,
933 N.W.2d 558 (2019). In making this determination, we do
not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility
of witnesses, evaluate explanations, or reweigh the evidence
presented, which are within a fact finder’s province for disposi-
tion. Id. Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
[9,10] Interpretation of a municipal ordinance is a question
of law, on which we reach an independent conclusion irrespec-
tive of the determination made by the court below. Wilkison v.
City of Arapahoe, 302 Neb. 968, 926 N.W.2d 441 (2019). The
interpretation of statutes and regulations presents a question of
law which we review de novo. Id.
ANALYSIS
Taylor makes two arguments to challenge the sufficiency of
the evidence to support his conviction for violating the city of
Lincoln (the City) driving under the influence ordinance. His
first argument depends on his interpretation of the ordinance.
Taylor contends that while the State’s theory at trial was that
he was under the influence of his prescription medications,
those medications do not qualify as “any drug” under the
ordinance, and therefore, there was insufficient evidence of
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
an essential element of the crime. Alternatively, he argues that
even if his prescription medications qualify as “any drug,”
there was insufficient evidence that he was under the influence
of those prescription medications. We address each of these
arguments below.
Taylor’s Prescription Medications Qualify
as “Any Drug” Under Ordinance.
As we have noted, the municipal ordinance at issue crimi-
nalizes the operation or actual physical control of a motor
vehicle while under the influence of “alcoholic liquor, or of
any drug.” This language mirrors a state statute, Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 60-6,196(1)(a) (Reissue 2010). Another statute autho-
rizes cities and villages to enact ordinances in conformance
with § 60-6,196. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,197.07 (Reissue
2010).
While the City ordinance refers to driving under the influ-
ence of “any drug,” Taylor argues that a person can be con-
victed of violating the ordinance only if the State proves that he
or she was under the influence of one of seven drugs listed in a
definition of “drug” contained within a regulation promulgated
by the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS). Under that regulation, “Drug means any of the fol-
lowing. Marijuana, cocaine, morphine, codeine, phencyclidine,
amphetamine, or methamphetamine.” 177 Neb. Admin. Code,
ch. 7, § 001.13. He contends that the prescription medications
he admitted to taking on the night at issue are not among the
substances listed in the regulation and that therefore, the evi-
dence was insufficient to support his conviction.
Taylor’s understanding of the ordinance rests on a theory
of delegation. He contends that the Legislature authorized
DHHS to promulgate rules governing the driving under the
influence statutes and ordinances and that DHHS has, in an
exercise of that authority, chosen to limit the definition of
“drug,” as it appears in those statutes and ordinances, to the
seven substances listed in the above-quoted regulation. Taylor
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
claims his theory of delegation is supported by Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 60-6,201 (Reissue 2010). That statute sets forth certain
requirements for chemical tests of blood, breath, and urine,
and it directs that if tests are made in conformity with those
requirements, the results “shall be competent evidence” in a
prosecution for violating a driving under the influence statute
or ordinance. See § 60-6,201(1). Among those requirements is
a provision that “[t]o be considered valid,” such tests “shall be
performed according to methods approved by [DHHS].” See
§ 60-6,201(3).
[11-13] Taylor’s argument requires that we interpret the
City’s driving under the influence ordinance as well as the
driving under the influence statutes mentioned above. We apply
the same principles to interpret ordinances that we do to inter-
pret statutes. See Walsh v. City of Omaha Police & Fire Ret.
Sys., 277 Neb. 554, 763 N.W.2d 411 (2009). When interpret-
ing a statute, the starting point and focus of the inquiry is the
meaning of the statutory language, understood in context. In
re Guardianship of Eliza W., 304 Neb. 995, 938 N.W.2d 307
(2020). Our analysis begins with the text, because statutory
language is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning, and
an appellate court will not resort to interpretation to ascertain
the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and
unambiguous. See id. Neither is it within the province of the
courts to read meaning into a statute that is not there or to read
anything direct and plain out of a statute. Parks v. Hy-Vee, 307
Neb. 927, 951 N.W.2d 504 (2020). Applying those rules here,
we are not persuaded by Taylor’s argument.
Taylor has not pointed to any statutory language provid-
ing DHHS with authorization to define the phrase “any drug”
as it appears in § 60-6,196(1)(a) or in municipal ordinances
authorized by § 60-6,197.07. Neither has he identified any
language in either § 60-6,196(1)(a) or the City ordinance
incorporating the DHHS regulation definition of “drug.” The
sole statute upon which Taylor relies for his delegation argu-
ment, § 60-6,201, does give DHHS a role to play in driving
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
under the influence prosecutions, but that role is limited to
approving methods and techniques for valid chemical tests.
See § 60-6,201(3). And, consistent with that limited role, the
DHHS definition of “drug” upon which Taylor relies appears
in a regulation setting forth methods and techniques for detect-
ing drug content in urine among those suspected of driving
under the influence. See 177 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 7. In sum,
the interpretation Taylor advances would require us to read
meaning into either the driving under the influence statutes
or the City ordinance. That is not how we interpret statutes or
municipal ordinances. See, Parks, supra; Walsh, supra.
While we find no support for Taylor’s interpretation of the
phrase “any drug” in the City ordinance, the question remains
whether, under that language, the State could establish a con-
viction under the ordinance on a theory that Taylor was under
the influence of his prescription medications, Effexor and
Seroquel. We find that it could.
The parties agree that the phrase “any drug” is not defined
by the municipal ordinance. Accordingly, we are obligated to
interpret the phrase according to its plain and ordinary meaning.
See Robert M. on behalf of Bella O. v. Danielle O., 303 Neb.
268, 928 N.W.2d 407 (2019) (holding that undefined statutory
terms must be given their plain and ordinary meaning).
The plain and ordinary meaning of the term “drug” would
encompass Taylor’s prescription medications. In everyday
English, it is common to refer to any prescription medication
as a prescription “drug.” Taylor’s medications are no excep-
tion. See, e.g., In re: Seroquel Products Liability Litigation,
542 F. Supp. 2d 1366, 1367 (J.P.M.L. 2008) (referring to “the
prescription drug Seroquel”); Jackson v. Brotherhood’s Relief
& Comp. Fund, 273 Neb. 1013, 1015, 734 N.W.2d 739, 743
(2007) (referring to “a prescription drug called Effexor”). See,
also, brief for appellant at 21 (“Effexor and its generic counter-
part, [v]enlafaxine, are commonly prescribed drugs”).
To be sure, words like “prescription” or “illegal” can modify
the term “drug” and thereby refer to different subcategories
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
of substances, each of which bears the label “drug.” The
ordinance before us, however, does not limit its coverage to
illegal or some other subcategory of drugs. To the contrary, it
makes it unlawful to drive under the influence of “any drug.”
Lincoln Mun. Code § 10.16.030 (emphasis supplied). As we
have previously recognized, the word “any,” read naturally, is
expansive and refers to all that fall within a particular category
“of whatever kind.” See Rouse v. State, 301 Neb. 1037, 1044,
921 N.W.2d 355, 361 (2019), quoting Ali v. Federal Bureau
of Prisons, 552 U.S. 214, 128 S. Ct. 831, 169 L. Ed. 2d 680
(2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). On this basis, we
interpreted the statutory phrase “‘any law enforcement offi-
cer’” to cover “all law enforcement officers.” Rouse, 301
Neb. at 1043, 921 N.W.2d at 361. In much the same way, we
interpret the phrase “any drug” in the City ordinance to refer
to all drugs, “of whatever kind,” including Taylor’s prescrip-
tion medications.
Record Contains Sufficient Evidence
That Taylor Was Under Influence
of His Prescription Medications.
[14] Taylor next claims that even if his prescription medica-
tions qualify as “any drug,” there was insufficient evidence in
the record that he was under the influence of those medications
for purposes of the ordinance. We have said that as used in
§ 60-6,196, the phrase “under the influence of alcoholic liquor
or of any drug” requires the ingestion of alcohol or drugs
in an amount sufficient to impair to any appreciable degree
the driver’s ability to operate a motor vehicle in a prudent
and cautious manner. See State v. Daly, 278 Neb. 903, 775
N.W.2d 47 (2009). We see no reason not to apply the same
standard to determine whether there was evidence that Taylor
was “under the influence of . . . any drug” for purposes of the
City ordinance.
The record unquestionably contains some evidence to sup-
port the State’s position that Taylor’s ability to drive safely
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
was impaired as a result of his prescription medications. As
recounted above, there was evidence that Taylor was driving
at night with his headlights off, that he crossed the centerline
of the road, that he struck a curb, that he admitted he had
fallen asleep while driving and was very tired, that he showed
impairment on field sobriety tests despite having no alcohol in
his system, that he admitted to taking his prescription medi-
cations earlier that night, and that a urinalysis confirmed the
presence of those prescription medications in his system. In
addition to all this, Hubka, a certified DRE, testified to his
opinion that Taylor was under the influence of his prescription
medications.
In the face of all this evidence, Taylor maintains that there
was insufficient evidence that he was under the influence of his
prescription medications. He argues that some of the evidence
summarized above was inadmissible. He points to evidence
that he was tired on the night of the traffic stop and claims that
was the reason for his poor driving. Finally, he makes a public
policy argument that a person should not be convicted of driv-
ing under the influence if he or she is shown only to be under
the influence of medications taken as prescribed.
Each of Taylor’s arguments is unavailing. Taylor did not
assign error to the district court’s resolution of his claim that
the county court received inadmissible evidence, so that issue
is not before us. See State v. Iddings, 304 Neb. 759, 936
N.W.2d 747 (2020). His claim that he was driving poorly only
because he was tired invites us to evaluate explanations and
reweigh evidence, neither of which are properly a part of an
appellate review of sufficiency of the evidence. See State v.
Montoya, 304 Neb. 96, 933 N.W.2d 558 (2019). Furthermore,
given the evidence in the record that Taylor admitted that his
prescription medications made him “sleepy,” it is not clear
that evidence that Taylor was tired is even helpful to his argu-
ment that he was not impaired by his prescription medica-
tions. Finally, Taylor’s general public policy argument is not
relevant to the sufficiency of the evidence and, indeed, is
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STATE v. TAYLOR
Cite as 310 Neb. 376
not even properly directed to this court. See Rogers v. Jack’s
Supper Club, 304 Neb. 605, 614, 935 N.W.2d 754, 762 (2019)
(“we are not tasked with selecting what we believe is the best
policy. It is the function of the Legislature, through the enact-
ment of statutes, to declare what is the law and public policy
of this state”).
Viewing all of the evidence summarized above in the light
most favorable to the State, we conclude that a rational trier of
fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Taylor’s
ingestion of his prescription medication had impaired to an
appreciable degree his ability to operate his vehicle in a pru-
dent and cautious manner. We therefore reject Taylor’s argu-
ment that the evidence was insufficient to support his driving
under the influence conviction.
CONCLUSION
We find the district court did not err in affirming Taylor’s
driving under the influence conviction. We therefore affirm.
Affirmed.
Miller-Lerman, J., not participating.