2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
No. 2-19-0511
Order filed December 20, 2021
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Lake County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 12-CF-2977
)
MICHAEL S. AXTELL, ) Honorable
) Victoria A. Rossetti,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court.
Justice Jorgensen concurred in the judgment.
Justice Birkett specially concurred in part and dissented in part.
ORDER
¶1 Held: First-stage dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition was improper where
defendant presented an arguable claim that defense counsel on direct appeal was
ineffective for failing to challenge the State’s proof at trial that defendant’s punch
to the victim’s head caused her death.
¶2 Following a bench trial, defendant, Michael S. Axtell, was convicted of first-degree murder
(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2012)) for the death of Tammy Stone. He appeals from the first-
stage dismissal of his petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1
et seq. (West 2018)) challenging that conviction. Defendant contends that his petition stated the
2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
gist of a claim that appellate counsel on direct appeal was ineffective for, in essence, conceding
the State’s theory of what caused Stone’s death. He argues that appellate counsel’s concession on
causation undermined counsel’s argument that there was insufficient evidence of mens rea.
Alternatively, defendant argues that we should reverse because the trial court used the wrong
standard in judging the sufficiency of his postconviction petition. We conclude that the petition
stated the gist of a constitutional claim, and we reverse the first-stage dismissal and remand the
cause for second-stage proceedings under the Act.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The evidence adduced at defendant’s bench trial is set forth in our opinion in People v.
Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518. The essence of the State’s case was that defendant punched
Stone, the woman with whom he lived and the mother of his children, at least three times during
the evening of October 4, 2012. According to the State, defendant killed her with the final blow,
which caused a laceration of her right posterior cerebral artery, which in turn caused a fatal
subarachnoid hemorrhage. At trial, both mens rea and the mechanism of Stone’s death were
contested issues. The trial court found defendant guilty of first-degree murder. The court
specifically found that defendant knew that punching Stone for the third time would create a strong
probability of death or great bodily harm to her. We summarized the court’s findings of fact on
the cause of Stone’s death:
“While in custody, defendant admitted that he had hit Stone [a final time while she
was in] in the bedroom, and the evidence disproved his story that a fall off a chair had
caused Stone’s loss of consciousness in the kitchen shortly before. [The State’s expert]
had testified that Stone died of a subarachnoid hemorrhage that had resulted from a tear in
her right posterior cerebral artery, which in turn had been caused by a blow from defendant.
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That blow had required a significant amount of force in order to cause the head to
hyperextend and the brain to move so as to expose the artery to the bony ridges. [The
State’s expert] had found no evidence of an aneurysm. Although [defendant’s experts]
disagreed with [the State’s expert], they admitted that they found no sign of an aneurysm.
Thus, the judge credited [the State’s expert’s] opinion of the cause of Stone’s death.”
Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 54.
¶5 The trial court explained the basis for its finding that defendant knew that punching Stone
for the third time would create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm:
“ ‘We know [Stone] was found crying in the living room on the ground after a first
thud. The second thud is the first time anyone saw any redness or swelling. She was not
responsive. She was knocked out cold on the floor laying on the ground. Again, why [her
son] did what he did in dragging her away leaving her alone, I don’t know. It does not
change the fact that she was knocked unconscious, which to this Court is great bodily harm.
***
We know again there was an argument between the defendant and his daughter.
That after that argument [Stone] and *** defendant go into the bedroom. And by his own
words she was yelling at him. That he just knocked her off the bed. He did not think he
hit her that hard. He knocked her unconscious, and not just unconscious. It is what caused
her death.’ (Emphasis added.) ” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 55.
¶6 Defendant challenged on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction
of strong-probability murder. We commented that defendant’s argument was limited to the issue
of mens rea:
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“Defendant implicitly concedes that the trial court was within its prerogative in finding that
his attack on Stone caused a rupture in her posterior cerebral artery that, in turn, caused the
subarachnoid hemorrhage that resulted in her death. Defendant thus does not dispute
causation but limits his argument to guilty knowledge. He maintains that the State did not
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knew that the fatal blow created a strong
probability of death or great bodily harm to Stone. See 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2012).
Defendant acknowledges that the evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the fatal
blow was likely to cause death or great bodily harm to Stone and that he performed it
recklessly, thus making him guilty of involuntary manslaughter. See 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a)
(West 2012). Therefore, he contends that his conviction must be reduced to that offense
and the cause must be remanded for resentencing.” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 57.
¶7 As we noted, defendant argued that: “[A]s a rule, death or great bodily harm is not
contemplated as the natural consequence of blows from bare fists.” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d)
150518, ¶ 58. Although defendant conceded that instances of death from multiple blows are a
potential exception to that rule, “he maintain[ed] that the evidence did not prove that he hit Stone
more than once in the bedroom or that his previous attacks had any role in causing her death.”
Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 58. The State countered that “the judge specifically stated that
defendant had already caused Stone great bodily harm by battering her into unconsciousness.”
Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 73. “Thus, the State reason[ed], the judge could infer that, a
short time later, defendant was practically certain that another punch would probably cause equally
serious harm.” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 73. The State noted that “the law did not
require the judge to find that defendant foresaw the particular type of great bodily harm that he
actually inflicted.” (Emphasis in original.) Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 73.
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¶8 We affirmed the conviction, concluding that the trial court could reasonably find that
defendant knew that his third blow would create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm.
We reasoned that, “when [defendant] delivered the fatal blow, [he] knew that it was highly
probable that he would inflict as much bodily harm on Stone as he did the last time that he battered
her.” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 75.
“Common sense dictated the inference that [Stone] was no more able to withstand the third
blow than the second one. More important, defendant knew that he had just inflicted
bruising and unconsciousness with a single punch.” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 75.
In so deciding, we held, as a matter of first impression in Illinois, that the trial court could properly
conclude that “Stone’s loss of consciousness [from the earlier blows constituted] ‘great bodily
harm’ per the murder statute.” Axtell, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518, ¶ 76.
¶9 Defendant filed a postconviction petition under the Act. He raised several claims,
including that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. He claimed that the State
failed to prove either (1) mens rea or (2) “a connection between [his] actions and [Stone’s] death.”
In particular, defendant noted that the expert witnesses disagreed as to whether the rupture to
Stone’s right posterior cerebral artery was the result of a laceration from a strong blow to her head
or the rupture of an aneurysm, which can be spontaneous. Defendant also asserted that appellate
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise these challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence.
¶ 10 The court dismissed the petition under section 122-2.1(a)(2) of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-
2.1(a)(2) (West 2018)). The court determined that “defendant’s claim that he was not proven
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt is barred by the doctrine of res judicata, as having been
adjudicated on appeal.” The court further stated that “the record sufficiently contradicts the
defendant’s claims regarding ineffective assistance of counsel and do not meet the 2-prong test in
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).” The court concluded that defendant “failed to
make a substantial showing” of any deprivation of his rights. Defendant timely appealed.
¶ 11 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 12 On appeal, defendant asks us to reverse the dismissal of his petition and remand for second-
stage proceedings. First, he argues that his petition stated the gist of a claim that appellate counsel
was ineffective for not challenging the sufficiency of the State’s proof that defendant’s conduct
caused Stone’s death. Defendant claims that a challenge to the proof of causation had a reasonable
chance of success because the State’s expert (1) presented conflicting testimony on the way Stone
died, (2) recognized that a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is a frequent cause of a subarachnoid
hemorrhage, and (3) recognized that lacerations of a cerebral artery are “very rare.” He further
argues that “the decision to concede causation served only to undermine the argument that there
was insufficient evidence of mens rea.” Second, he contends that the trial court used the wrong
standard to evaluate his petition.
¶ 13 In response, the State first argues that we cannot consider defendant’s claim because (1) it
was not raised in his petition, and (2) it is barred by res judicata. The State further argues that,
even if we reached the merits of defendant’s claim, we should still affirm the first-stage dismissal.
The State explains that, even if the evidence established that Stone’s intracranial bleeding was
caused by a ruptured aneurysm rather than a laceration, defendant would still be guilty of murder
since his blow caused the aneurysm to rupture, and it would be frivolous to argue otherwise. Thus,
the State contends, it was reasonable for appellate counsel to forgo a challenge to causation and
focus on the proof of mens rea. The State further argues that the court’s reference to the incorrect
standard for first-stage review of a postconviction petition was “merely a scrivener’s error” and
that this court may affirm on the independent basis that the petition’s claims were frivolous.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
¶ 14 A postconviction proceeding has three stages. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 10 (2009).
At the first stage, the trial court reviews the petition independently. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 10.
Taking the allegations in the petition as true to the extent that they are not contradicted by the
record, the court determines whether the petition is “frivolous or is patently without merit” (725
ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2016)). People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 382 (1998). A court
should not dismiss a petition at the first stage if it “allege[s] enough facts to make out a claim that
is arguably constitutional for purposes of invoking the Act,” that is, it states the “ ‘gist’ ” of a
constitutional claim. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 9 (quoting People v. Porter, 122 Ill. 2d 64, 74 (1988)).
Further, first-stage dismissal is proper “only if the petition has no arguable basis either in law or
in fact.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 12. A petition is deficient when it is “based on an indisputably
meritless legal theory or a fanciful factual allegation,” such as “one which is completely
contradicted by the record.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 16.
¶ 15 If the court does not dismiss the petition at the first stage, it must docket it for second-stage
proceedings. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2016). It is only at the second stage that “the circuit
court must determine whether the petition and any accompanying documentation make ‘a
substantial showing of a constitutional violation.’ ” People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 10 (quoting
People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001)). Our review of a first-stage dismissal is de novo.
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 9.
¶ 16 A claim that a defendant was denied his constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel is “governed by the familiar two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984).” People v. Brown, 2017 IL 121681, ¶ 25. “Under Strickland, a defendant must
establish that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and
that he was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance.” Brown, 2017 IL 121681, ¶ 25.
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Counsel’s performance is measured by “an objective standard of competence under prevailing
professional norms.” People v. Evans, 186 Ill. 2d 83, 93 (1999). “[S]trategic choices made after
thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690.
¶ 17 “The Strickland standard applies equally to claims of ineffective appellate counsel, and a
defendant raising such a claim must show both that appellate counsel’s performance was deficient
and that, but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability that the appeal would have been
successful.” People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 497 (2010). “Appellate counsel is not obligated
to brief every conceivable issue on appeal, and it is not incompetence for counsel to refrain from
raising issues that, in his or her judgment, are without merit, unless counsel’s appraisal of the
merits is patently wrong.” People v. Borizov, 2019 IL App (2d) 170004, ¶ 14. “Thus, the inquiry
as to prejudice requires the court to examine the merits of the underlying issue, for a defendant
does not suffer prejudice from appellate counsel’s failure to raise a nonmeritorious claim on
appeal.” Borizov, 2019 IL App (2d) 170004, ¶ 14. “Appellate counsel’s choices concerning which
issues to pursue are entitled to substantial deference.” Borizov, 2019 IL App (2d) 170004, ¶ 14.
¶ 18 When a trial court applies the Strickland standard to a postconviction petition at the first-
stage review, it must use a “more lenient” form of the standard. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶¶ 18-19.
“ ‘[A] petition alleging ineffective assistance may not be *** dismissed [at the first stage] if (i) it
is arguable that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and
(ii) it is arguable that the defendant was prejudiced.’ ” (Emphases in original.) Tate, 2012 IL
112214, ¶ 19 (quoting Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 17).
¶ 19 Under the arguability standard, it is inappropriate for the trial court to resolve issues of trial
strategy at the first stage of postconviction review. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶¶ 20-24. For instance,
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in Tate, the defendant’s petition alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call
witnesses who could have offered exculpatory evidence. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 4. The petition
was dismissed at the first stage. On appeal, the State defended the dismissal by arguing that trial
counsel could have made the strategic decision not to call the witnesses because their testimony
would have incidentally bolstered aspects of the State’s case. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 21. The
Tate court held the State’s argument was inappropriate at the first stage, where the petitioner need
only show that counsel’s actions arguably fell below the Strickland standard. See Tate, 2012 IL
112214, ¶ 22. The Tate court’s reasoning is equally applicable to claims of ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel.
¶ 20 We first address the State’s contention that defendant’s argument is forfeited because he
did not raise it in his petition. Justice Birkett, specially concurring in part and dissenting in part in
this decision, raises this concern as well. It is true that a claim not raised in the petition cannot be
argued for the first time on appeal. People v. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d 498, 505 (2004). However, at the
first stage, we must give the defendant’s petition a liberal construction. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 21.
In Hodge, the defendant’s petition alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
investigate three witnesses who could have supported the defendant’s theory of self-defense.
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 6. The State argued that the petition could not also be read to include a
claim that the witnesses’ testimony could have supported a theory of second-degree murder.
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 21. The supreme court rejected this argument:
“The State’s strict construction of defendant’s petition is inconsistent with the requirement
that a pro se petition be given a liberal construction. Where defendants are acting pro se,
courts should review their petitions ‘with a lenient eye, allowing borderline cases to
proceed.’ [Citation.] In the case at bar, the issue of whether defendant’s pro se petition,
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which focused on self-defense, could be said to have included allegations regarding
‘unreasonable belief’ second degree murder—i.e., imperfect self-defense—is at minimum
the type of ‘borderline’ question which, under a liberal construction, should be answered
in defendant’s favor.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 21 (quoting Williams v. Kullman, 722 F.2d
1048, 1050 (2nd Cir. 1983)).
¶ 21 Defendant’s petition asserted that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to contest
the proof of either (1) mens rea or (2) “a connection between [his] actions and [Stone’s] death.”
Defendant’s argument on appeal is that appellate counsel, in conceding the issue of causation, was
ineffective because (1) the proof of causation was weak and should have been challenged, and
(2) the concession undermined appellate counsel’s argument on mens rea. Defendant argued
subpoint (1) in his petition but did not expressly argue subpoint (2). However, subpoint (2), like
the other, leans heavily on deficiencies that defendant sees in the proof of causation. After
recounting the evidence, which includes a substantial discussion of causation, defendant stated in
his petition, “Petitioner’s appellate attorney was ineffective for failing to raise the above claim and
argument. Raising a claim and conceding a claim are two sides of a single coin. Therefore,
applying the rule of liberal construction, we read the petition as encompassing the argument
defendant raises on appeal.
¶ 22 Next, we reject the State’s assertion that defendant’s claim is barred by res judicata
because he raised a reasonable doubt argument on direct appeal. “[I]ssues that were raised and
decided on direct appeal are barred from consideration by the doctrine of res judicata.” People v.
Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 456 (2002). Defendant, however, alleges that appellate counsel was
ineffective in challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. Ineffectiveness claims are an exception
to the res judicata bar. People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 450 (2005).
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¶ 23 We turn to the merits of defendant’s claim. We begin with his assertion that appellate
counsel’s failure to contest causation undermined her challenge to the proof of mens rea.
Defendant argues that, by neglecting to challenge the State’s expert’s theory, appellate counsel
conceded not only that defendant struck Stone, but that he struck her with significant force, which
is what the expert opined was necessary to cause the arterial laceration. Of course, this only raises
the question of whether defendant could have viably challenged the proof of causation. The State
contends that it would have been frivolous to argue that issue because the evidence sufficiently
supported the finding that an arterial laceration caused Stone’s death. At this stage of
postconviction review, defendant need not definitively prove appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness.
The question is whether it was (1) “ ‘arguable that counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness’ ” and (2) “ ‘arguable that the defendant was prejudiced.’ ” (Emphases
in original.) Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 19 (quoting Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 17). We agree with
defendant that it is at least arguable that contesting the mechanism of Stone’s death would have
changed the outcome of the appeal. Causation was heavily contested, with defendant presenting
two experts to challenge the findings of the State’s expert. The State’s expert made several
significant acknowledgments, including that (1) laceration of a cerebral artery is “very rare,” (2) a
ruptured cerebral aneurysm can frequently cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and (3) some
aneurysms are difficult to detect with the naked eye. Moreover, even though the State’s expert
testified that a blow of significant force would be required to cause the arterial laceration, Stone
had no facial or skull fractures but only a bruise on her cheek.
¶ 24 However, the State argues that, even if we had accepted (on direct appeal) defendant’s
argument that the evidence did not establish that a lacerated artery caused the subarachnoid
hemorrhage, we would still have concluded that defendant’s blow caused Stone’s death, given the
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evidence that the blow ruptured an aneurysm. We disagree. While the two defense experts opined
that a ruptured aneurysm was the most likely cause of Stone’s subarachnoid hemorrhage, they did
not opine that the rupture was caused by physical trauma. Nor were any of the three experts able
to detect an aneurysm in their postmortem examinations. The State’s argument is based on
speculation.
¶ 25 For the reasons stated, we reverse the first-stage dismissal of defendant’s postconviction
petition and remand the matter for second-stage proceedings under the Act. Because we reverse
on the merits, we need not address defendant’s claim that the trial court applied the wrong standard
in dismissing the petition.
¶ 26 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 27 For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County and
remand this cause for further proceeding.
¶ 28 Reversed and remanded.
¶ 29 JUSTICE BIRKETT, specially concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 30 I respectfully disagree with my colleagues that defendant’s postconviction petition presents
an arguable claim that defense counsel on direct appeal was ineffective for conceding that
defendant’s acts caused Tammy’s death. I agree with the majority that the trial court applied the
second stage “substantial showing” standard rather than the first stage “gist” standard. Our review
is de novo and we may affirm on any basis supported by the record. People v. Welling, 2021 IL
App (2d) 170944, ¶ 44 (citing People v. Anderson, 401 Ill App. 3d 134, 138 (2010)). The trial
court’s use of the wrong standard does not hinder our review.
¶ 31 I. Procedural Default
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¶ 32 In his pro se petition, defendant repeated the argument raised on direct appeal that “it is
completely unreasonable to hold Petitioner responsible for knowing that the victim was at risk of
a vessel rupture or that any minimal contact he had with her would cause it to rupture and result in
her death.” The trial court found that this claim was “barred by the doctrine of res judicata, as
having been adjudicated on appeal.” In his petition, defendant does not challenge the findings and
opinion of Dr. Nancy Jones as to the cause of the Tammy’s death. For example, in Part II-B of his
pro se petition, defendant claimed that both trial counsel and appellate counsel were ineffective
for failing to object to the introduction of autopsy photographs. Defendant’s petition states,
“Petitioner’s trial counsel should have attempted to have the autopsy photos excluded on account
of their prejudicial and cumulative nature. Further, as the cause of death was not in dispute, he
could have stipulated to these facts.” (Emphasis added.) In Part III-A of his pro se petition,
defendant claimed that he “should have been granted an instruction on the lessor included offense
of second[-]degree murder” based on “mutual quarrel,” citing People v. Eason, 326 Ill. App. 3d
197 (2001). In Part III-B of his petition, defendant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to request a second-degree murder instruction and appellate counsel was “ineffective for
not raising this claim on direct appeal.”
¶ 33 Defendant’s handwritten 15-page pro se petition makes no mention whatsoever of Dr. Teas
or Dr. Leetsma. The petition does claim that “the prosecutor failed to establish a connection
between Petitioner’s actions and the victim’s death,” but just before this sentence, defendant states
that “Petitioner’s step-son, Johnson, stated that the victim and Petitioner were intoxicated and
arguing. Neither he nor anyone else witnessed Petitioner strike the victim at any time the night she
died.” Defendant goes on to state:
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“Further, Jones explained that the occurrence of such a rupture in the circle of Willis
was extremely rare. This was one of four cases she had seen and the only woman. It is
completely unreasonable to hold Petitioner responsible for knowing that the victim was at
risk of a vessel rupture[,] or that any minimal contact he had with her would cause it to
rupture and result in her death.”
Defendant attached as Ex. 9 to his petition, a copy of his written statement to the police in which
he provides innocent explanations for Tammy’s injuries and denies that he hit her. Defendant also
attached portions of Dr. Nancy Jones’s testimony, where she explained her findings. While
defendant clearly had access to the record, he did not attach any portion of the transcripts of either
Dr. Teas or Dr. Leetsma. While a pro se postconviction petition must be given a liberal
construction and viewed with a lenient eye, “the pleading must bear some relationship to the issues
raised on appeal.” People v. Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 48. “Liberal construction does
not mean that we distort reality.” Id citing People v. Mars, 2012 IL App (2d) 110695, ¶ 32. In this
appeal, appellate counsel now argues that counsel on direct appeal was ineffective for not
challenging the findings and opinions of Dr. Nancy Jones, which defendant clearly and
unequivocally accepts in his petition. No reasonable jurist reading defendant’s petition and
documentation would read it as a challenge to the State’s evidence establishing Tammy’s cause of
death. In discussing the claims defendant raised in his petition, the majority states that “defendant
noted that the expert witnesses disagreed as to whether the rupture to Stone’s right posterior
cerebral artery was the result of a laceration from a strong blow to her head or rupture of an
aneurysm, which can be spontaneous.” Defendant’s petition makes no such claim. The only expert
defendant referred to was Dr. Nancy Jones. Defendant’s claim that trial counsel should have
requested a second-degree murder instruction (finding) belies any such claim. I would find that
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defendant’s argument on appeal is forfeited. People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 502 (2010) (“any
issues to be reviewed must be presented in the petition filed in the circuit court, and a defendant
may not raise an issue for the first time while the matter is on review”) (citing People v. Jones,
211 Ill. 2d 140, 148 (2004)). The issue defendant’s petition did raise, failure to prove the mens rea
for first degree murder, is barred by the doctrine of res judicata. People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427,
445 (2005).
¶ 34 II. Merits of Cause of Death Argument
¶ 35 Assuming arguendo, that defendant’s pro se petition could be viewed as raising a claim
that appellate counsel was ineffective for conceding that defendant caused Tammy’s death, I would
find that it is not arguable that appellate counsel’s performance was ineffective.
¶ 36 In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a defendant must
demonstrate that counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing
professional norms and there is a ‘reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d
490, 496-97 (2010) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 698 (1984)). The Strickland
standard applies to claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Petrenko at 497. At the
first stage of postconviction review, “a petition alleging ineffective assistance of counsel may not
be summarily dismissed if (i) it is arguable that counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness and (ii) it is arguable that the defendant was prejudiced.” Id. (citing
People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 17 (2009)).
“Appellate counsel is not obligated to brief every conceivable issue on appeal, and it is not
incompetence of counsel to refrain from raising issues which, in his or her judgment, are
without merit, unless counsel’s appraisal of the merits is patently wrong. Accordingly,
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unless the underlying issues are meritorious, defendant has suffered no prejudice from
counsel’s failure to raise them on appeal.” People v. Smith, 195 Ill. 2d 179, 190 (2000).
¶ 37 “Normally, appellate counsel’s choices concerning which issues to pursue are entitled to
substantial deference.” People v. Rogers, 197 Ill. 2d 216, 223 (2001) (citing People v. Mack, 167
Ill. 2d 525, 532-33 (1995)). The majority states that “[u]nder the arguability standard, it is
inappropriate for the trial court to resolve issues of trial strategy at the first stage of postconviction
review.” ¶ 19 (citing People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶¶ 20-24. I strongly disagree with this
interpretation of our Supreme Court’s opinion in Tate. Tate involved an allegation of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel for “failing to call four witnesses, two of whom Tate claimed could
establish an alibi.” Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 4. On appeal from the first stage dismissal of Tate’s
petition for postconviction relief, the State argued that trial counsel had “a sound strategic reason
for not calling” one of the witnesses. Id, ¶ 21. The Supreme Court noted that “[t]his argument is
more appropriate to the second stage of postconviction proceedings, where both parties are
represented by counsel, and where the petitioner’s burden is to make a substantial showing of a
constitutional violation.” Id, ¶ 22. Unlike in Tate, no fact finding is necessary to determine either
deficient performance or prejudice in this case.
¶ 38 This case involves an allegation of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for conceding
that defendant’s acts caused the victim’s deaths. 1 When assessing appellate counsel’s performance,
like trial counsel’s, we must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s decisions fell within the
1
I have ordered the record in this appeal to be supplemented with the briefs in case No. 2-
15-0518, Axtell I, 2017 IL App (2d) 150518. In this case, we have a complete record and no fact
finding is necessary.
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wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and that under the circumstances, might be
considered sound trial strategy. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
¶ 39 A review of the appellate briefs filed on defendant’s behalf in Axtell I demonstrate that
appellate counsel had carefully reviewed the testimony of the three doctors who gave opinions
regarding the cause of Tammy’s death. Dr. Jones concluded that the subarachnoid hemorrhage was
caused by “a longitudinal tear, or laceration, in the right posterior cerebral artery (one of the blood
vessels of the Circle of Willis).” Def. Brief, Axtell I at 10. Appellate counsel noted that Dr. Jones
“looked for an aneurysm but did not find any in the Circle of Willis.” Id. at 11. Dr. Teas and Dr.
Leestma agreed with Dr. Jones “that the cause of death in this case was massive subarachnoid
hemorrhage.” Id. at 13. Leetsma looked at the photographs taken during the autopsy and could not
“see a tear, rupture, or lesion” as identified by Dr. Jones. Leetsma said that “there was no way to
know if Jones correctly identified the right posterior cerebral artery as the source of the bleeding.”
Id. Dr. Teas opined that the cause of death “was an undetected ruptured aneurysm.” Id. at 14. Dr.
Teas “found no evidence of aneurysm in the Circle of Willis.” Id. at 15.
¶ 40 Dr. Leetsma acknowledged on cross-examination that “there is no doubt that a massive
acute
- -- subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred and caused Miss Stone’s death.” (Emphasis added.) He
also acknowledged that a “closed head injury can tear a vessel that would lead to a subarachnoid
hemorrhage.” He also said that “the circumstances of the traumatic events most commonly
involved physical altercation typically involving one or more blows with a fist.” Dr. Leetsma was
not made aware of defendant’s statements prior to testifying. While Dr. Teas and Dr. Leetsma
suspected that Tammy may have had an aneurysm, both acknowledged that they saw no evidence
of any aneurysm. Dr. Jones testified that she looked for any evidence of an aneurysm during the
autopsy and saw none.
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¶ 41 Appellate counsel’s decision not to challenge the cause of death in this case was clearly a
matter of strategy. On this record, there was very little, if any chance, that a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence as to cause of death would have been successful. Unlike the “lenient
eye” with which reviewing courts examine postconviction petitions at first stage, a sufficiency of
the evidence claim is the opposite. In considering the sufficiency of the evidence, the question is
“whether after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979). “The Jackson standard applies in all criminal cases, regardless of the nature of the
evidence.” Id. at 279. (citing People v. Pollock, 202 Ill. 2d 189, 217 (2002)). In deciding a
sufficiency of the evidence claim, “the reviewing court must allow all reasonable inferences in
favor of the prosecution.” Id. at 280. In addition to the standard of review for a sufficiency of the
evidence claim, it is also important to recognize that in order to prove a defendant guilty of first
degree murder, the State does not have to prove that the defendant’s actions were the “sole or
immediate cause of death in order to constitute the legal cause of death.” People v. Mars, 2012 IL
App (2d) 110695, ¶ 16; People v. Brown, 169 Ill. 2d 132, 152 (1996). Illinois Pattern Jury
Instructions, Criminal, No. 7.15 (4th ed. 2000) provides:
“In order *** to find that the acts of the defendant caused the death of [the victim],
the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant’s acts were a contributing
cause of the death and that the death did not result from a cause unconnected with the
defendant. However, it is not necessary that you find the acts of the defendant were the
sole and immediate cause of death.” (Emphasis added.)
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¶ 42 This court noted in Axtell I that Dr. Teas “stated that one way an aneurysm can rupture is
physical trauma from an altercation, such as a blow to the head with a fist.” 2017 IL App (2d)
150518, ¶ 46. It was undisputed that there was a physical altercation between defendant and the
victim, Tammy Stone. Stone had fresh injuries that were consistent with being struck, including a
bruise below her left eye. Tammy had been knocked unconscious before the final altercation in the
bedroom where a final “thud” was heard just before defendant’s exit. Tammy had asked for help
finding her phone, saying defendant was “going to kill me.” Earlier, Tammy had called her
daughter, crying, and told her that she got her “ass beat.” After his arrest, while alone in an
interview room and being recorded, defendant made the following statements: “I killed her. I
murdered her. I murdered my girlfriend. I deserve to die. Eye for an eye. That’s what I believe.
Death penalty. That’s it.”
¶ 43 As the Supreme Court observed in Strickland v. Washington, “[t]here are countless ways
to provide effective assistance in any given case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys would
not defend a particular client in the same way.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 684. The same can be said
of appellate representation. Even without applying any measure of deference to appellate counsel’s
decision not to challenge cause of death on direct appeal, defendant does not make an arguable
claim of deficient performance or prejudice, because given the evidence and standard of review,
the claim is meritless. People v. Wesby, 2019 IL App (1st) 170442, ¶ 20.
¶ 44 Defendant cites People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688 for the proposition that causation
must be proven to establish criminal responsibility and “counsel may also be ineffective for failing
to contest causation when there is an intervening cause of death unrelated to the defendant’s acts.”
Id., ¶¶ 39-47. Damagala does not help defendant. That case involved omissions by trial counsel.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
The victim in Damagala was 84 years old and died in the hospital where he was admitted after
being battered by the defendant.
¶ 45 In his postconviction petition, Damagala maintained “that trial counsel failed to investigate
the gross negligence of Stanley’s (the victim’s) medical staff.” Id., ¶ 36. In this case, we are
evaluating the decision of appellate counsel to concede causation where the hurdles to succeed on
a claim that the State failed to prove causation are virtually insurmountable. In this case, there was
no evidence of an intervening cause of death. Defendant’s own experts agreed that the injury to
Tammy’s brain was “acute.” In considering whether any rational trier of fact could have found that
all the elements have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, we examine all of the evidence in
the light most favorable to the State. In his brief, defendant’s argument focuses on the expert
testimony and fails to even discuss defendant’s admissions and Tammy’s excited utterances,
confirming that it was defendant who “beat her.” On direct appeal, counsel must evaluate the
merits of a sufficiency of the evidence claim, recognizing that “a criminal conviction will not be
set aside unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory as to create a reasonable doubt of
the defendant’s guilt.” People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213, 225 (2009).
¶ 46 The argument that appellate counsel was ineffective for conceding that defendant caused
death is not only waived, it is flatly refuted by defendant’s pro se petition. My colleagues should
not have addressed the argument. “[A]ny issues to be reviewed -
must
- - be presented in the petition
filed in the circuit court.” People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d 140, 148 (2004). (Emphasis added.) See 725
ILCS 5/122(b) (West 2018).
¶ 47 The majority acknowledges the State’s argument that “we cannot consider defendant’s
claim,” (Maj. ¶ 13) but does not explain how or why it goes on to consider the claim.
¶ 48 III. Ineffective Assistance of Trial and Appellate Counsel for Failure to Seek a Second
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Degree Murder Finding
¶ 49 While this case was under consideration, we ordered supplemental briefing on two issues:
“(1) whether appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of whether trial
counsel erred by not requesting the trial court to consider second-degree murder as a lesser
included offense; and (2) whether the trial court erred by not addressing defendant’s
assertion that trial counsel should have requested the court to consider a finding on a lesser
included offense.”
Both parties have submitted supplemental briefs.
¶ 50 Defendant argues that his pro se petition makes an arguable claim that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to seek a “finding of second-degree murder based on mutual combat.”
Defendant points out that, prior to trial, the parties engaged in plea negotiations. On May 29, 2013,
the parties requested a conference with the trial court pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402
(eff. July 1, 2012). Defendant was properly admonished and agreed to have the conference. On
June 3, 2013, the trial court, at the State’s request, made a detailed record of what occurred during
the 402 conference. The trial court’s summary of the evidence included a statement that “there had
been mutual combat.” The trial court stated that it “thought 20 years on a second degree was fair,
and that if you were to go to trial[,] that it could be in excess of somewhere between 30 and 40
years.” Defendant confirmed that he had discussed the offer with his attorneys. Defense counsel
confirmed that she had informed defendant that “the second degree offer at 20 years is at 50
percent” and that defendant “formally rejected that offer.”
¶ 51 Defendant acknowledges that, in entering its findings at the conclusion of defendant’s
bench trial, the trial court sua sponte rejected a finding of second-degree murder. In doing so, the
trial court only considered whether the evidence showed “serious provocation*** sufficient to
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
excite intense passion in a reasonable person,” and not “mutual combat.” Defendant argues that it
is arguable that failing to seek a second-degree finding, along with the involuntary manslaughter
and simple domestic battery that counsel did request, amounts to ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. Defendant argues that the record discloses no reason for trial counsel’s failure to pursue
second-degree murder based on mutual combat. Defendant also argues that, to the extent this
argument was available on the record, appellate counsel was arguably ineffective for failing to
raise the issue on appeal.
¶ 52 The State objects to our order directing the parties to submit supplemental briefs, arguing
that we violated our Supreme Court’s admonition in People v. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d 311, 325 (2010).
The State argues that we “should only address an unbriefed issue when the record contains obvious
error in the trial court proceedings.” Id. The State argues that because “the trial court did explicitly
consider second-degree murder,” defendant suffered no prejudice and therefore, “there is no
obvious error in the record.”
¶ 53 First, the State forgets that the decision to request a lesser included instruction belongs to
the defendant, not defense counsel. People v. Brocksmith, 162 Ill. 2d 224, 229-30 (1994). In this
case, the record is silent as to whether defense counsel discussed the second-degree murder option
with defendant. Defense counsel argued that, even if the trial court found that defendant caused
Tammy’s death, “at best, it’s involuntary manslaughter.” The defense also requested that the trial
court consider finding defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of simple domestic battery.
In his pro se petition, defendant argues that he was entitled to an “instruction on the lesser included
offense of second[-]degree murder.” Obviously, in a bench trial, the request is for a lesser included
finding, not a jury instruction. “[T]he failure to permit a defendant to make that decision would
constitute reversible error.” People v. Moore, 358 Ill. App. 3d 683, 689 (2005), citing Brocksmith,
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
162 Ill. 2d at 229. As defendant correctly notes in his petition, where there is even “slight evidence”
that would support a lesser-included option, he is entitled to have it considered. All that is required
is that there be some evidence, if believed by the trier of fact, that would reduce the crime to a
lesser offense. People v. McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 25.
¶ 54 The State’s argument, that this court violated Givens, is specious. “The Appellate Court
has the authority to order supplemental briefing and to decide the case on an issue that was not
initially raised by the parties or addressed by the circuit court.” Marconi v. City of Joliet, 2013 IL
App (3d) 110865, ¶ 16; People v. Green, 225 Ill. 2d 612, 616 (2007). Contrary to the State’s
argument, in Givens, the appellate court raised and decided the case on “a theory never raised by
defendant or addressed in their appellate briefs.” 237 Ill. 2d at 323. In fact, Givens guides us thusly:
“We agree with the general proposition that a reviewing court does not lack authority to address
unbriefed issues and may do so in the appropriate case, i.e., when a clear and obvious error exists
in the trial court proceedings.” Id.
¶ 55 We recently addressed the State’s challenge to our authority to order supplemental briefing
to address a potential reversible error. People v. Saulsberry, 2021 IL App (2d) 181027, ¶¶ 100-
107. As we pointed out there, it is well-settled that there are times “when obvious deficiencies in
representation will be addressed by an appellate court sua sponte.” Id. ¶ 100 (quoting Massaro v.
United States, 538 U.S. 500, 508 (2003)). In this case, it was the State’s response brief that alerted
me to the fact that defendant raised a claim on appeal that was never presented to the trial court.
Both the interests of justice and judicial economy required supplemental briefing on the main claim
in defendant’s pro se petition. On the current state of the record, it does appear that a clear and
obvious error may have occurred. We have no way of knowing whether the decision to forgo
requesting a second-degree finding was made by defendant or his attorneys. We do know that the
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
trial court made a record, based upon representation of the parties, that “there had been mutual
combat.” The trial court’s comments following a 402 conference are not binding on the trial court
where no agreement is reached. See People v. Meza, 376 Ill. App. 3d 787, 790 (2007). Likewise,
defendant’s rejection of the plea to second-degree murder for a 20-year sentence does not mean
defendant would not have requested a second-degree murder finding if given the opportunity to do
so.
¶ 56 Out supreme court has stated, when “a lesser included offense instruction (finding) is
tendered, a defendant is exposing himself to potential criminal liability, which he otherwise might
avoid, and is in essence stipulating that the evidence is such that a jury could rationally convict
him of the lesser-included offense.” People v. Medina, 221 Ill. 2d 394, 409 (2006). Our supreme
court recommends that when there is a tender of a lesser-included offense, the trial court should
conduct “an inquiry of defense counsel in defendant’s presence to determine whether counsel has
advised defendant of the potential penalties associated with the lesser-included offense, and the
court should thereafter ask defendant whether he agrees with the tender.” Id. In this case, the trial
court did not conduct a Medina type inquiry when defense counsel requested a guilty finding on
either involuntary manslaughter or domestic battery. As our supreme court also recognized in
Medina, the decision to tender a lesser-included offense option “may have a serious and adverse
impact on the strategy defense counsel has pursued to that point in the trial.” Id. The court
cautioned trial courts that, where there was no request for a lesser-included offense, by advising a
defendant of his right to request a lesser-included offense instruction, “the trial court could
influence the defendant to tender an instruction he otherwise would have chosen to forgo.” Id.
¶ 57 The State argues that defendant suffered no prejudice from defense counsel’s failure to
request a second-degree murder finding because the trial court sui sponte considered and rejected
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2021 IL App (2d) 190511-U
second-degree murder. While this is a valid argument, the trial court did so without the benefit of
argument by the parties. In his supplemental brief, defendant argues that, when the trial court
rejected second-degree, it considered only whether there was sufficient evidence under “sudden
and intense passion resulting from serious provocation” and not “mutual combat.” “Mutual combat
is one of the recognized forms of serious provocation sufficient to reduce first-degree murder to
second-degree murder.” People v. Moore, 343 Ill. App. 3d 331, 339 (2003). “Mutual combat is a
fight or struggle that both parties enter willingly or where two persons, upon a sudden quarrel and
in hot blood, mutually fight upon equal terms and where death results from the combat.”
McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 59. Noticeably absent from the State’s supplemental brief is any
argument as to why the facts would not support a finding that defendant met his burden of proving
mutual combat by a preponderance of the evidence. 725 ILCS 5/9-2(c) (West 2018).
¶ 58 At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, a defendant need only present the gist of
a meritorious constitutional claim. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 244 (2001). I believe that
defendant has stated the gist of a claim. It is at least arguable that trial counsel was ineffective for
not requesting a second-degree murder finding, and it is arguable that appellate counsel was
ineffective for failing to argue that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. Of course, if it
turns out that defendant was advised of the second-degree murder option and made the decision to
forgo requesting it, that would be a matter of strategy, and no error would have occurred. People
v. Dominguez, 331 Ill. App 3d 1006, 1013 (2002).
¶ 59 In conclusion, I would hold that the issue raised in defendant’s opening brief is forfeited. I
would hold that defendant raised the gist of a constitutional claim in his pro se petition, that both
trial and appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance, and remand this case for second stage
postconviction proceedings.
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