State v. Sessions

IN THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS

‐‐‐‐ooOoo‐‐‐‐

State of Utah, ) OPINION
)
Plaintiff and Appellee, ) Case No. 20110046‐CA
)
v. ) FILED
) (September 27, 2012)
Ronnie Cyril Sessions, )
) 2012 UT App 273
Defendant and Appellant. )

‐‐‐‐‐

Third District, Salt Lake Department, 091902780
The Honorable Deno G. Himonas

Attorneys: Brittany D. Enniss, Salt Lake City, for Appellant
Mark L. Shurtleff and Ryan D. Tenney, Salt Lake City, for Appellee

‐‐‐‐‐

Before Judges McHugh, Voros, and Roth.

McHUGH, Judge:

¶1 Ronnie Cyril Sessions appeals his convictions for one count of aggravated sexual
assault, a first degree felony, see Utah Code Ann. § 76‐5‐405 (2008) (current version at id.
(Supp. 2012)), and two counts of domestic violence in the presence of a child, class B
misdemeanors, see id. § 76‐5‐109.1(2)(c) (2008) (current version at id. (Supp. 2012)).1 On
appeal, Sessions argues that his counsel performed ineffectively by using the defense’s

1
As discussed in greater depth in section III, Sessions asserts that the trial court
improperly imposed his sentence under the 2008 version of the aggravated sexual
assault statute instead of the version in effect at sentencing. See infra ¶¶ 40–44.
peremptory challenges in a discriminatory manner, being unable to articulate a
nondiscriminatory reason for striking two of the jurors, and then failing to object to the
trial court’s remedy, which Sessions claims was unconstitutional. Next, he argues that
trial counsel was ineffective in failing to move for a mistrial in response to the trial
court’s reference to a future appeal in the presence of the jury. Last, Sessions claims that
the trial court imposed an improper sentence. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 The charges in this case arise out of Sessions’s violent attack on his wife (Wife) in
the presence of their four‐year‐old daughter. On March 31, 2009, during an argument,
Sessions “ripped all [Wife’s] clothes off” and “plunged his hand into [her] vagina.”
Sessions then “just started hitting [Wife] and raping [her] with his fist.” Wife’s adult son
heard her screams and found her alone and “naked” on the floor with “blood coming
down the side of her leg where her vagina is.”

¶3 The State charged Sessions with one count of aggravated sexual assault and two
counts of domestic violence in the presence of a child. On August 27, 2010, the parties
began the process of selecting the jury. During voir dire, the trial judge asked, “Have
any of you ever served on a jury involving a criminal matter?” Juror 19 responded that
she had served as a juror on an assault case fifteen or twenty years previously and that
the defendant in that case was found guilty. Later, Juror 19 informed the court that her
niece had been sexually assaulted. In response, the trial court asked her, “Would you be
able to set [your niece’s sexual assault] aside . . . and render a true and correct verdict in
this case?” Juror 19 responded, “Yes.” Neither party requested any further questions of
Juror 19 or challenged her for cause.

¶4 Also during voir dire, the trial court asked the venire, “Do any of you feel that
the testimony of someone working in law enforcement is more or less believable than
anybody else?” Juror 23 raised her hand, but the court did not ask any further questions
regarding this issue. Later, Juror 23 indicated that she had seen pretrial publicity, but
that she could be fair and impartial despite that exposure. Neither party requested any
further questions of Juror 23 or challenged her for cause.

¶5 Over the course of voir dire, the trial court struck eighteen potential jurors for
cause. The attorneys then passed the remaining twenty‐one potential jurors for cause,

20110046‐CA 2
including Jurors 19 and 23. At this point, the trial court gave the parties an opportunity
to exercise their peremptory challenges. The State struck four men and one woman, and
Sessions struck five women including Jurors 19 and 23. The State objected to Sessions’s
use of his peremptory challenges, claiming that he had exercised them in a
discriminatory fashion. At that point, the trial court asked Sessions whether he realized
that he did “not have the ability to strike people based upon their gender.” Counsel
answered, “I did not do that.”

¶6 Based on its conclusion that the use of the defense’s peremptory challenges to
eliminate five women established a prima facie constitutional violation, the trial court
asked trial counsel to articulate a gender‐neutral explanation for each strike. Trial
counsel provided an acceptable explanation for striking all of the jurors except for
Jurors 19 and 23. With respect to Juror 19, the most detail about his reasoning that
counsel could remember was that “something she said” had bothered him and he
struck her based on a “gut feeling.” Trial counsel also could not recall his reasons for
striking Juror 23. Because he was unable to provide a legitimate nondiscriminatory
reason for striking Jurors 19 and 23, the trial court determined that trial counsel had
exercised the defense’s peremptory challenges in a discriminatory fashion.

¶7 As a result, the court informed the State that it would “entertain a motion for a
mistrial . . . or for alternative relief.” The State did not seek a mistrial; instead, it
suggested that the trial court reseat Jurors 19 and 23. The trial court then stated that it
was “concerned, because, frankly, when you first came up here, you indicated that you
did not know that you could not strike women just because they were females, correct?”
Trial counsel responded, “Correct.” At that point, the trial court adopted the State’s
suggestion and reseated the jurors. Trial counsel did not object to the remedy selected
or request that the peremptory challenges he had used on Jurors 19 and 23 be
reinstated. Both attorneys then passed the jury for cause and the trial proceeded to
verdict. The jury, which included Jurors 19 and 23, convicted Sessions on all counts.

¶8 Prior to sentencing, Adult Probation and Parole (AP&P) prepared a Presentence
Investigation Report (the PSI), indicating that Sessions could be sentenced to
indeterminate terms of six years to life, ten years to life, or fifteen years to life for
aggravated sexual assault. The PSI stated that “the court shall order the term of 15 years
to life . . . unless aggravating or mitigating circumstances justify departures.” AP&P
stated that Sessions was in the “Mandatory Imprisonment Sanction category” and
recommended “lengthy incarceration.” Prior to sentencing, the statute in effect at the

20110046‐CA 3
time of the crime and referenced in the PSI was amended, adding a fourth sentencing
option of three years to life in certain circumstances.

¶9 At the beginning of the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated that it had read
the PSI. The parties then discussed the appropriate sentencing range for aggravated
sexual assault. Sessions’s counsel asked the trial court to impose a sentence of three
years to life, the most lenient sentence permitted under the amended statute. In
contrast, the State requested that Sessions receive the maximum sentence under both
statutes of fifteen years to life. The State also argued that three years to life was “not
even a possibility.” The trial court indicated that “the only reduction [it was]
contemplating [was] to 10 years . . . based on [Sessions’s] lack of any criminal history,” a
sentence available under either version of the statute. At the end of the hearing, the trial
court sentenced Sessions to ten years to life for aggravated sexual assault and to time
served for the counts of domestic violence in the presence of a child. Sessions appeals.

ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶10 Sessions first argues that he received ineffective assistance when trial counsel
used all of the defense’s peremptory challenges on women, did not know that he could
be asked to provide a nondiscriminatory reason for doing so, and could not recall the
information provided by these jurors during voir dire. Second, Sessions argues that the
trial court erred by reinstating Jurors 19 and 23 without returning the two peremptory
challenges the defense had used to strike them. Sessions also argues that trial counsel
was ineffective by failing to object or move for a mistrial in response. Third, Sessions
argues that the trial court erred when it referred to the future appeal of the case in the
presence of the jury, and that counsel was ineffective in failing to move for a mistrial in
response. Finally, Sessions argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him under the
prior version of the statute, that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to alert the trial
court to its sentencing options, and that the sentence imposed was illegal.

¶11 All of Sessions’s claims are unpreserved and are raised for the first time on
appeal. Ineffective assistance of counsel claims raised for the first time on appeal are
issues of law that we review for correctness. See State v. Person, 2006 UT App 288, ¶ 9,
140 P.3d 584. We review the claimed errors of the trial court under the doctrine of plain
error. See State v. Cram, 2002 UT 37, ¶ 9, 46 P.3d 230 (stating that unpreserved claims
may not be raised on appeal, “‘unless a defendant can demonstrate that “exceptional

20110046‐CA 4
circumstances” exist or “plain error” occurred.’” (quoting State v. Holgate, 2000 UT 74,
¶ 11, 10 P.3d 346)).

ANALYSIS

I. Jury Selection Issues

¶12 We first consider Sessions’s claims that trial counsel was ineffective for not
successfully striking Jurors 19 and 23 and for failing to seek reinstatement of his rejected
peremptory challenges. We also consider Sessions’s claim that the failure to return the
two peremptory strikes constituted plain error. Before we begin our analysis, we
address Sessions’s burden on appeal.

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel and Plain Error

¶13 Sessions admits that his jury selection claims are raised for the first time on
appeal. As a general rule, a party may not raise issues on appeal that were not brought
to the attention of the trial court. See Holgate, 2000 UT 74, ¶ 11. However, there are three
exceptions to this preservation rule.

When a party fails to preserve an issue for appeal, we will
address the issue only if (1) the appellant establishes that the
district court committed “plain error,” (2) “exceptional
circumstances” exist, or (3) in some situations, if the
appellant raises a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in
failing to preserve the issue.

State v. Low, 2008 UT 58, ¶ 19, 192 P.3d 867 (quoting State v. Weaver, 2005 UT 49, ¶ 18,
122 P.3d 566; State v. Hansen, 2002 UT 114, ¶ 21 n.2, 61 P.3d 1062).

¶14 Sessions asks us to address his claims under the doctrines of plain error and
ineffective assistance of counsel. In reviewing a trial court’s decision for plain error, we
consider “whether ‘(i) [a]n error exists; (ii) the error should have been obvious to the
trial court; and (iii) the error is harmful.’” See State v. Welborn, 2012 UT App 5, ¶ 4, 268
P.3d 881 (mem.) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Dunn, 850 P.2d 1201, 1208 (Utah
1993)). Additionally, to succeed on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Sessions

20110046‐CA 5
must satisfy the two‐prong test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
See generally Nicholls v. State, 2009 UT 12, ¶ 36, 203 P.3d 976 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687). First, Sessions must prove “‘that counsel’s performance was deficient.’” See
Nicholls, 2009 UT 12, ¶ 36 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). Second, Sessions must
prove “‘that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.’” See id. (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). If Sessions fails to establish either of these prongs, he cannot
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

¶15 Thus, whether Sessions asserts his claim under the doctrine of ineffective
assistance of counsel or plain error, he must show prejudice. See State v. McCloud, 2005
UT App 466, ¶ 16, 126 P.3d 775; see also State v. Ellifritz, 835 P.2d 170, 174 (Utah Ct. App.
1992) (“Failure to meet the plain error requirement of prejudice means that defendant
likewise fails to meet the required showing under the ineffective assistance of counsel
standard.”).

B. Presumed Prejudice

¶16 Sessions advances two arguments for his position that we should presume
prejudice in this case. First, he contends that trial counsel’s use of the defense’s
peremptory challenges to remove women from the jury violated the United States
Supreme Court’s prohibition on discriminatory jury selection practices, resulting in
structural error. Second, Sessions claims that the trial court’s failure to reinstate the two
peremptory challenges when Jurors 19 and 23 were reseated resulted in a disparity in
the number of peremptory challenges between the defense and the prosecution that also
created structural error. We consider each of these arguments in turn.

1. Use of Peremptory Challenges

¶17 Sessions has selected an unusual path to his ineffective assistance claim. He does
not argue that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge Juror 19 and Juror 23
for cause or for not requesting further voir dire on their impartiality. Instead, Sessions
claims that trial counsel was ineffective in his failed attempt to remove Jurors 19 and 23
with the defense’s peremptory challenges. In particular, Sessions asserts that because
trial counsel was unaware of controlling legal authority, he was not prepared to
articulate the nondiscriminatory reasons for striking them that were obvious from the
voir dire record. As a result, the trial court reseated the jurors in an attempt to comply
with precedent from the United States Supreme Court.

20110046‐CA 6
¶18 In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), a black defendant challenged his
conviction on the ground that the prosecution had improperly exercised its peremptory
challenges to strike all four of the black potential jurors. See id. at 82–83. The United
States Supreme Court agreed with the petitioner, holding that “the Equal Protection
Clause forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their
race or on the assumption that black jurors as a group will be unable impartially to
consider the State’s case against a black defendant.” Id. at 89. In addition, the Supreme
Court adopted “a three‐step analytical framework” to determine “whether a litigant’s
use of peremptory challenges violates the Equal Protection Clause.” State v. Valdez, 2006
UT 39, ¶ 15, 140 P.3d 1219; see also Batson, 476 U.S. at 95–98. “First, the opponent of the
peremptory challenges must establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination in
the selection of the petit jury.” Valdez, 2006 UT 39, ¶ 15 (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 93–97).
“Second, once the opponent has established a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the
proponent of the peremptory challenges to rebut the prima facie case by offering
neutral, nondiscriminatory justifications for the peremptory challenges.” Id. (citing
Batson, 476 U.S. at 97). However, “[a] proponent cannot meet this burden by simply
denying a discriminatory motive or professing good faith.” Id. (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at
98). “Rather, a proponent must proffer justifications that are: (1) neutral; (2) related to
the particular case to be tried; (3) reasonably specific and clear; and (4) legitimate.” Id.
(citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 & n.20). “Finally, if the proponent provides a sufficient
explanation for the peremptory challenges, the trial court must determine whether the
opponent of the peremptory challenges has proven purposeful discrimination.” Id.
Several years after Batson, the Supreme Court extended its rule and analytical
framework to prohibit the use of peremptory challenges to discriminate on the basis of
gender. See J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 146 (1994).

¶19 Sessions argues that trial counsel was deficient for being unfamiliar with this
longstanding precedent and, as a result, being unaware of the likelihood that he would
be asked to provide nondiscriminatory reasons for using the defense’s peremptory
challenges to strike five women. According to Sessions, if trial counsel had articulated
the concerns apparent from voir dire, the trial court would have rejected the State’s
Batson challenge and Jurors 19 and 23 would not have served on the jury. Sessions
further contends that “structural errors in jury selection involve the use of
discriminatory peremptory strikes to remove [women] . . . from a jury,” and that he is
therefore not required to prove prejudice. Cf. State v. Russell, 917 P.2d 557, 560 (Utah Ct.
App. 1996); see generally J.E.B., 511 U.S. at 146.

20110046‐CA 7
¶20 However, this is not a case where a jury selected in violation of Batson rendered a
verdict. When the State challenged the strikes as discriminatory, the trial court
determined that trial counsel had nondiscriminatory reasons for using its peremptory
challenges on three of the prospective jurors and reseated Jurors 19 and 23 when trial
counsel was unable to rebut the prima facie case of discrimination with respect to them.
Thus, the jury that served in this case was not selected in violation of the constitutional
constraints identified in Batson, and no structural error occurred. Rather, Sessions’s
claims on appeal relate to the use and subsequent confiscation of two of the defense’s
peremptory strikes. While these issues arise in the context of the State’s successful
challenge to Sessions’s facially improper use of his peremptory strikes, the claims on
appeal challenge the impartiality of Jurors 19 and 23, not the discriminatory
composition of the jury.

2. Disparity in Peremptory Challenges

¶21 Next, Sessions argues that prejudice can be presumed because when the trial
court reseated Jurors 19 and 23 without returning the peremptory strikes, the State was
left with two more peremptory challenges than the defense. In support, Sessions relies
on the Utah Supreme Court’s decisions in Carrier v. Pro‐Tech Restoration, 944 P.2d 346
(Utah 1997), and Randle v. Allen, 862 P.2d 1329 (Utah 1993).

¶22 In Randle, a civil case involving three defendants and one plaintiff, the trial court
allotted each party four peremptory challenges. See Randle, 862 P.2d at 1332. As a result,
the defendants had an aggregate of twelve peremptory challenges, but the plaintiff had
only four. See id. After the defendants prevailed at trial, the plaintiff challenged the
unequal distribution of peremptory strikes on appeal. See id. The supreme court agreed
that the trial court had erred, holding that extra peremptory challenges should be
awarded only when a substantial controversy exists between the codefendants. See id. at
1333–34. As Sessions correctly notes, the Randle court then presumed that the disparity
in peremptory challenges prejudiced the plaintiff. See id. at 1334. However, it limited
that presumption to the facts before it, stating,

A side that has additional peremptory challenges has the
opportunity to shape the jury to its advantage. Although this
self‐evident statement does not itself show prejudice, the
size of the disparity in the peremptory challenges allowed in

20110046‐CA 8
 this case was significant. Requiring a party to show
prejudice in such circumstances is to require the impossible.

Id. Thus, the supreme court held that “it is reversible error for civil or criminal litigants
to be required to use peremptory challenges to remove jurors who should have been
removed for cause.” See id. In reaching that conclusion, the supreme court relied on its
earlier decision in Crawford v. Manning, 542 P.2d 1091 (Utah 1975), which held that
compelling a party “to waste [a peremptory challenge] in order to accomplish that
which the trial judge should have done” constituted reversible error. See id. at 1093;
Randle, 862 P.2d at 1334.

¶23 One year after Randle was issued, the Utah Supreme Court overruled Crawford in
State v. Menzies, 889 P.2d 393 (Utah 1994). In Menzies, the defendant claimed that the
trial court erred by failing to remove a juror challenged for cause, thereby requiring the
defense to use a peremptory challenge to strike that juror.2 See Menzies, 889 P.2d at 397.
On appeal, the defendant relied on the supreme court’s Crawford decision to argue that
this gave the State one extra peremptory challenge and warranted a presumption of
prejudice. See id. at 397–98. Instead, the Utah Supreme Court overruled Crawford,
holding that the loss of a peremptory challenge does not violate the constitutional right
to an impartial jury, “[s]o long as the jury that sits is impartial.” Id. at 398. Thus, in
Menzies, the supreme court refused to presume prejudice simply because the trial
court’s error created a disparity of one in the number of peremptory challenges
available to each side. See id. at 400.

¶24 In Carrier, a defendant in a personal injury action relied on Menzies to challenge
this court’s decision granting the plaintiff a new trial based on a twelve‐to‐four
disparity in the number of peremptory challenges available to defendants and the
plaintiff, respectively. See Carrier, 944 P.2d at 349, 354. The supreme court rejected the
defendant’s argument that by overruling Crawford, the court had also overruled Randle.
See id. at 354. Instead, it distinguished the decisions, explaining that “Menzies concerned
whether prejudice should be presumed when a party is compelled to use a peremptory
challenge on a panel member who should have been removed for cause,” while “Randle
presumed prejudice when a trial court grants one side too many peremptory challenges,

2
The defendant in State v. Menzies, 889 P.2d 393, 397 (Utah 1994), also challenged
four other jurors on grounds not relevant to this analysis. See id. at 397.

20110046‐CA 9
giving that side the power to shape the jury to its advantage.” See id. While prejudice
will not be presumed in the former instance, the Carrier court explained that the Randle
facts “make[] a much stronger case for a presumption of prejudice.” See id. It explained
that “the harm is likely greater because of the number of jurors affected” and because
“the complaining party has no opportunity to correct the consequences of the trial
court’s error and no grounds for arguing that any of those seated are actually
removable for cause.” See id.

¶25 Even if the trial court erred in the present case in not reinstating the defense’s
peremptory challenges, a question we do not decide, we are convinced that Menzies is
controlling. Unlike in Carrier and Randle, the allocation of peremptory challenges here
was even at the outset of voir dire. Indeed, each side had the opportunity to shape the
jury to its advantage by using the same number of peremptory challenges during the
jury selection process. It was only after that balanced use of peremptory strikes that the
State raised its Batson challenge. Most important, the difference between the number of
peremptory challenges that were successfully used by each side here is only two, while
in both Carrier and Randle the defense had successfully used twelve peremptory
challenges compared to the plaintiff’s four. See Carrier, 944 P.2d at 349; Randle, 862 P.2d
at 1332. Consequently, this case does not involve the type of significant disparity that
warrants a presumption of prejudice.3

¶26 Accordingly, to prevail on either of his claims relating to jury selection, Sessions
must establish prejudice. This requires that he show that either Juror 19 or Juror 23 was
actually “partial or incompetent,” see State v. Wach, 2001 UT 35, ¶ 24, 24 P.3d 948 (citing
State v. Menzies, 889 P.2d 393, 398 (Utah 1994)), or that “as a result of the loss of his
peremptory challenge[s] he was not able to remove another subsequently summoned
juror who ultimately sat on the jury, and who was ‘partial or incompetent,’” see id. ¶ 36
(additional internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Baker, 935 P.2d 503, 506

3
Because we conclude that no structural error occurred, we need not consider
whether a defendant’s burden to show prejudice is different when raising a structural
error for the first time on appeal under the doctrines of ineffective assistance of counsel
or plain error. See State v. Cruz, 2005 UT 45, ¶ 18, 122 P.3d 543 (noting in dicta that “a
defendant claiming constitutional error who did not object at trial may only argue plain
error or ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal and thus must prove prejudice, even
if the constitutional error claimed on appeal is structural in nature”).

20110046‐CA 10
(Utah 1997)). Sessions has not challenged the partiality or competence of any jurors
other than Juror 19 and Juror 23. Thus, his jury selection claims cannot succeed unless
either Juror 19 or Juror 23 was actually biased.

C. Actual Bias

¶27 Sessions claims that Juror 19 was biased because “she held predisposed ideas
about sexual assault cases partially based on her niece’s experience with being a victim
of sexual assault.”4 During jury selection, Sessions’s trial counsel inquired of the
prospective jurors, “[H]ave any of you, your family members, or friends been a victim
of domestic violence or assault?” In response, Juror 19 revealed that she had “a niece
[who] had been sexually assaulted.” The court immediately asked Juror 19, “Would you
be able to set that aside, [Juror 19], and render a true and correct verdict in this case?”
Juror 19 answered with an unqualified, “Yes.” Apparently satisfied, neither the trial
court nor either of the parties asked any additional questions on this topic.

¶28 According to Sessions, Juror 19’s response indicates actual bias. The State
disagrees and argues that no actual bias was revealed, noting that even a potential
juror’s own “prior victimization does not mandate the juror be removed for cause.” See
State v. Boyatt, 854 P.2d 550, 553 (Utah Ct. App. 1993). The State further contends that
although the past victimization of a juror (or a juror’s close relative) “can raise an
inference of bias,” such an inference can be rebutted “by the trial court simply asking if
the juror can be impartial.” See State v. Brooks, 868 P.2d 818, 823 (Utah Ct. App. 1994),
aff’d, 908 P.2d 856 (Utah 1995). Thus, the State argues that Juror 19’s affirmation that she
could act impartially established that she was not actually biased.

¶29 While we disagree with the State’s contention that the subject juror’s affirmation
of impartiality alone is enough to establish her lack of bias, we agree that Sessions
cannot establish actual bias here. See Wach, 2001 UT 35, ¶ 33 (“It is not enough if a juror
believes that he or she can be impartial and fair . . . [because a] statement made by a

4
Although Sessions states that the trial court’s questioning of Juror 19 suggests
that she was part of the group with concerns about sexual assault cases, that is not clear
from the record. Some of the jurors questioned prior to Juror 19 expressed
preconceived notions about sexual assault cases. In contrast, Juror 19 indicated that she
would have no issue serving on the jury.

20110046‐CA 11
juror that she intends to be fair and impartial loses much of its meaning in light of other
testimony and facts which suggest a bias.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also
State v. King (King IV), 2008 UT 54, ¶¶ 8, 47, 190 P.3d 1283 (remanding for further factual
findings regarding two jurors’ potential bias despite their response that they could be
impartial although they had “prior experiences” with a similar crime); Boyatt, 854 P.2d
at 552–53 (holding that the trial court adequately probed the potential bias of
prospective jurors who had been victims of similar crimes by (1) asking “each juror
about his or her experience, including the type of burglary involved . . . and whether the
case had been resolved,” (2) asking “the venire as a group if any harbored ill will
toward the criminal justice system because of the burglaries,” and (3) asking “the
potential jurors if, as a result of the burglary they had experienced, they felt they could
not be fair and impartial”). In the present case, the only inquiry after Juror 19’s
disclosure about her niece was the trial court’s question whether she could serve fairly
and impartially despite the experience. The voir dire on this point did not establish
impartiality, as argued by the State; but it also did not establish actual bias, as Sessions
contends.5

¶30 Sessions also claims that Juror 23 was biased and provided ambiguous answers
when asked if she could render a fair verdict. First, Sessions asserts that Juror 23 “had
heard of this case and had seen a picture of Sessions in the paper.” The trial court
questioned Juror 23 as follows:

The Court: Do you think you could be fair and impartial.
We’ll explore for just [a] second. [Juror 23]?

[Juror 23]: Yes, sir.

5
In addition, Sessions challenges Juror 19 under rule 18(e)(7) of the Utah Rules of
Criminal Procedure, which provides that jurors may be removed for cause if they have
“served on a trial jury which has tried another person for the particular offense
charged.” However, this rule applies only to the “particular offense” and “does not
refer to a juror who has merely tried another similar case against someone else charged
with a similar offense.” State v. Dixon, 560 P.2d 318, 319 (Utah 1977). Thus, Juror 19’s
service as a juror on an “assault case,” tried fifteen to twenty years earlier, does not
violate rule 18(e)(7).

20110046‐CA 12
 The Court: You had some issues?

[Juror 23]: I don’t believe I have issues. No, sir.

The Court: Do you think you could serve on this jury and be
fair and impartial?

[Juror 23]: I think I could.

The Court: Had you heard anything about this case?

[Juror 23]: I believe I’ve seen a picture in the paper, but I do
not recall any of the article.

The Court: Have you formed any type of opinion about the
guilt or innocence of the defendant based on anything
you’ve seen?

[Juror 23]: No. Not based on—time just looking at the
picture here.

The Court: What about anything?

[Juror 23]: I don’t recall reading the article. So I did not
know that that’s what this was connected to.

¶31 Although Juror 23’s exposure to publicity might have raised a question of
potential bias, we are convinced that it was dispelled by the court’s rehabilitative
inquiry. Further questioning revealed that Juror 23 had not read the article and was not
sure it related to Sessions’s case. Under these circumstances, the trial court adequately
explored Juror 23’s exposure to pretrial publicity and assured that she could serve fairly
and impartially. See State v. Sales, 537 P.2d 1031, 1033 (Utah 1975) (holding that the
jurors’ exposure to pretrial publicity did not warrant reversal where the trial court
determined “they conscientiously believed that they could set it aside and act without
bias or prejudice as fair and impartial jurors”).

20110046‐CA 13
¶32 Sessions’s second argument that Juror 23 was actually biased is based on the fact
that Juror 23 raised her hand when the court asked, “One or more witnesses in this case
may be law enforcement personnel. Do any of you feel that the testimony of someone
working in law enforcement is more or less believable than anybody else?” Neither the
court nor the parties sought any further information from Juror 23 on this topic, and
Sessions does not claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to do so. Rather,
Sessions asserts that Juror 23’s response shows actual bias against Sessions because her
answer indicates that she was not impartial. The State disagrees, arguing that Juror 23’s
answer could just as easily indicate a tendency to find someone working in law
enforcement less believable than any other person. The Utah Supreme Court “has
defined ‘impartiality’ as ‘a mental attitude of appropriate indifference.’” See State v.
Olsen, 860 P.2d 332, 334 (Utah 1993) (quoting State v. Bishop, 753 P.2d 439, 451 (Utah
1988), overruled on other grounds by State v. Menzies, 889 P.2d 393 (Utah 1994)). Juror 23’s
response suggests that she is not indifferent on the credibility of law enforcement
personnel, but does not indicate whether her partiality favors the State or Sessions.
Thus, as with respect to Juror 19, the voir dire of Juror 23 did not establish that she was
actually biased against Sessions.

¶33 Sessions has shown the potential, rather than the actual, bias of Jurors 19 and 23.
This is not enough to meet the prejudice prong of either ineffective assistance of counsel
or plain error. In King IV, 2008 UT 54, 190 P.3d 1283, the Utah Supreme Court held that
to establish an ineffective assistance claim based on the failure of counsel to remove
jurors who revealed potential bias during voir dire, the defendant “must demonstrate
actual prejudice,” which “[i]n this setting, . . . is synonymous with actual juror bias.”6 Id.
¶ 39. There, the record on appeal was insufficient to determine whether the jurors were
actually biased and the King IV court, on its own motion, remanded to the trial court

6
The appellate history of the King case is complicated. This court initially decided
that the trial court plainly erred by not further questioning two jurors whose
impartiality had been called into doubt. See State v. King (King I), 2004 UT App 210, ¶ 27,
95 P.3d 282. The supreme court reversed, and remanded to this court to consider King’s
ineffective assistance claim. See State v. King (King II), 2006 UT 3, ¶ 26, 131 P.3d 202. We
then concluded that trial counsel performed deficiently and presumed prejudice. See
State v. King (King III), 2006 UT App 355, ¶ 16, 144 P.3d 222. The supreme court again
reversed that decision in King IV, 2008 UT 54, 190 P.3d 1283, which is the focus of our
discussion.

20110046‐CA 14
under rule 23B of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, for further proceedings to resolve
that issue. See id. ¶ 40 (“[R]ule 23B(e) of the Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure offers
the most effective method to determine if [the jurors] were actually biased.”); see also
Utah R. App. P. 23B(a) (providing that a party in a criminal appeal “may move the court
to remand the case to the trial court for entry of findings of fact, necessary for the
appellate court’s determination of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel”).

¶34 Despite that decision, Sessions has not sought a rule 23B remand in this case.7
Furthermore, we decline to exercise our discretion to remand on our own motion. See
generally King IV, 2008 UT 54, ¶ 41 (noting that “rule 23B allows an appellate court to
remand for a hearing on its own motion”); see also Utah R. App. P. 23B(a) (“Nothing in
this rule shall prohibit the court from remanding the case under this rule on its own
motion at any time if the claim has been raised and the motion would have been
available to a party.”). Unlike the defendant in King IV, Sessions has not alleged that
“trial counsel was deficient for failing to see to it that further inquiry [during voir dire]
took place.” See King IV, 2008 UT 54, ¶ 39. Thus, this is not a case like King IV where the
defendant claimed that “any deficiencies in the record [were] caused by counsel’s
alleged ineffective assistance.” Id. ¶ 43. Rather, Sessions argues only that the answers
that were provided during voir dire reveal that Jurors 19 and 23 were actually biased.
From the record before us, we can reject that argument because the voir dire responses
do not establish the actual bias of either Juror 19 or Juror 23. Thus, remand is not
necessary to decide the issues raised on appeal in this case.

¶35 Because Sessions has not shown that a biased juror participated in finding him
guilty, he cannot prevail on his claim that trial counsel was ineffective in not
successfully removing Jurors 19 and 23 with peremptory challenges. For the same
reason, Sessions cannot prevail on either his plain error or ineffectiveness of counsel
claims relating to the failure to reinstate the two peremptory challenges when Jurors 19
and 23 were reseated. Thus, we reject Sessions’s claim that he is entitled to a new trial.

7
Sessions cites King II, 2006 UT 3, 131 P.3d 202, for the proposition that “trial
courts have a duty to see that the constitutional right of an accused to an impartial jury
is safeguarded,” but does not otherwise discuss the King decisions. See id. ¶ 16 (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also supra note 6 (explaining the appellate history of the
King case).

20110046‐CA 15
 II. The Trial Court’s Reference to Appeal

¶36 Sessions next claims that the trial court inappropriately informed the jury that
the case would be appealed. During trial counsel’s cross‐examination of a State witness,
trial counsel interrupted while the witness was speaking. The trial court instructed trial
counsel to “[l]et her finish the answer.” The court then explained the importance of not
talking over one another during trial, stating, “You know in ordinary speech, we step all
over each over. You know what this record will look like when it goes up on appeal
with that?” Defense counsel responded, “Right,” added his own comment about “the
record,” and made no objection to the trial court’s statement. Sessions argues that the
trial court plainly erred by referring to a future appeal, and that trial counsel was
ineffective in not seeking a mistrial and by compounding the error with an additional
reference to the record.

¶37 In support of his position, Sessions relies on Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320
(1985). There, during argument in the penalty phase of a capital murder trial, the
prosecutor argued that the defense “would have you believe that you’re going to kill
this man and they know . . . that your decision is not the final decision. My God, how
unfair can you be? Your job is reviewable.” Id. at 325. The trial court in Caldwell
overruled defense counsel’s objection to the statement and expressed its own view,
stating, “I think it proper that the jury realizes that it is reviewable automatically as the
death penalty commands.” Id. The prosecutor then proceeded, arguing, “[T]he decision
you render is automatically reviewable by the Supreme Court. Automatically . . . .” Id.
at 325–26. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that “it is unconstitutionally
impermissible to rest a death sentence on a determination made by a sentencer who has
been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the
defendant’s death rests elsewhere.” Id. at 328–29. In reaching that conclusion, the high
court stressed the “qualitative difference of death from all other punishments.” Id. at
329 (internal quotation marks omitted).

¶38 However, Sessions also cites a noncapital case, United States v. Fiorito, 300 F.2d
424 (7th Cir. 1962). In Fiorito, the trial court stated to the jury, “That’s why we have a
court of appeals, they will reverse me if I’m wrong. This is not the final judgment, there
is a court of appeals to review me and a Supreme Court to review them.” Id. at 426. The
jury convicted the defendants, and they appealed. Id. at 425. The Seventh Circuit
reversed based on the trial court’s statements, reasoning that “[s]uch dilution of the

20110046‐CA 16
final responsibility of the jury as was thus inferred as permissible to the jury in its
determination of the verdict is prejudicial to a defendant.” Id. at 427.

¶39 Unlike these cases, the comments by the trial court in the present case did not
dilute or minimize the jury’s responsibility to determine the verdict. Rather, the
innocuous comment was made in the context of explaining the importance of protecting
the official record of the proceedings by not speaking simultaneously. It was a brief
reference in the context of a three‐day trial, and unlike the comments in Caldwell and
Fiorito, it did not imply that the juror’s role should be taken lightly. See Caldwell, 427 U.S.
at 328–29; Fiorito, 300 F.2d at 427. Under these circumstances, we are convinced that any
possible error was harmless and that, therefore, Sessions cannot prevail on a theory of
either ineffective assistance of counsel or plain error.

III. Imposition of Sentence

¶40 Finally, Sessions contends that the trial court plainly erred in not sentencing him
pursuant to an “amended aggravated sexual assault statute which became effective
prior to Sessions[’s] conviction and sentencing.” Sessions also argues that trial counsel
was ineffective in failing to inform the trial court of the available sentencing options.

¶41 Although Utah Code section 76‐5‐405 was amended in 2009, the State argued that
Sessions should be sentenced under the prior version of the code. Both versions of the
statute contain a presumptive sentence for aggravated sexual assault of fifteen years to
life, but permit the court to depart from that sentence in the “interests of justice.”
Compare Utah Code Ann. § 76‐5‐405 (2008), with id. (Supp. 2012). When Sessions
committed the crime, the downward departures available at sentencing were limited to
ten years to life or six years to life. See id. § 76‐5‐405(3)(b) (2008) (current version at id.
§ 76‐5‐405(3)(a), (4)(a) (Supp. 2012)). Before sentencing, the Utah Legislature amended
the statute to permit a sentence of three years to life under certain circumstances. See id.
§ 76‐5‐405(5)(a) (Supp. 2012).

¶42 Although the record reflects that the trial court was aware of both versions of the
statute, Sessions argues that the trial court did not understand that it could sentence
him to six years to life because neither party specifically mentioned that this option was

20110046‐CA 17
available under both statutes. Sessions concedes this issue was not preserved, but asks
us to consider it under both plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel.8

A. Plain Error

¶43 Sessions first argues that the trial court erred in not sentencing him pursuant to
“the rule of lenity, which provides that a defendant is entitled to the benefit of the lesser
penalty afforded by an amended statute made effective prior to sentencing.” See State v.
Kenison, 2000 UT App 322, ¶ 8, 14 P.3d 129 (internal quotation marks omitted). For
example, where the legislature reduces a penalty from a felony to a misdemeanor
between the time a defendant commits a crime and sentencing, the trial court cannot
impose a sentence higher than the maximum available under the amended version of
the statute. See id. In this case, the maximum sentence under both versions of the statute
remained the same, and both contained downward adjustments to ten years to life or
six years to life. Compare Utah Code Ann. § 76‐5‐405 (2008), with id. (Supp. 2012).
However, the amended statute provided the sentencing court the additional option to
impose a sentence of three years to life in some cases.9 See Utah Code Ann. § 76‐5‐405(5)

8
Sessions also argues that this issue can be raised for the first time on appeal
under rule 22(e) of the Utah Rules of Criminal Procedure, which allows for an illegal
sentence to be corrected at any time. However, because the ten‐year sentence imposed
on Sessions was permissible under either version of the statute and there is no claim
that the trial court did not have jurisdiction, the sentence was not illegal. See State v.
Thorkelson, 2004 UT App 9, ¶ 15, 84 P.3d 854 (stating that an illegal sentence is generally
“(1) where the sentencing court has no jurisdiction, or (2) where the sentence is beyond
the authorized statutory range”).
9
The current statute differentiates between “rape, object rape, forcible sodomy, or
forcible sexual abuse;” “attempted rape, . . . object rape, or . . . forcible sodomy;” and
“attempted forcible sexual abuse.” See Utah Code Ann. § 76‐5‐405(1) (Supp. 2012).
Under the current statute, the default sentence is fifteen years to life for a completed act;
ten years to life for attempted rape, object rape, or forcible sodomy; and six years to life
for attempted forcible sexual abuse. See id. § 76‐5‐405(2). The downward departure of
three years to life is available only if the defendant is convicted of “attempted forcible
sexual abuse” and the downward departure is “in the interests of justice.” See id. § 76‐5‐
405(1)(c), (2)(c), (5)(a). The version of the statute under which Sessions was convicted
(continued...)

20110046‐CA 18
(Supp. 2012). Indeed, Sessions’s counsel argued that the trial court should impose the
newly added three‐years‐to‐life sentence.

¶44 The trial court declined that invitation, instead indicating, “the only reduction [it
was] contemplating [was] to 10 years . . . based on [Sessions’s] lack of any criminal
history.” Because both versions of the statute allow a sentence of ten years to life, the
trial court did not need to resolve the issue of which version of the statute applied.
Despite Sessions’s claim that the trial court was not aware of the six‐year option, the
court “received and reviewed the pre‐sentence report” that includes a statement that
the original statute allows this option. See State v. Partida, 2010 UT App 104U, para. 3
(mem.) (holding that where a trial court referenced a PSI at sentencing and the PSI
mentioned mitigating factors, the trial court was “presumed to have considered” those
factors (citing State v. Helms, 2002 UT 12, ¶ 13, 40 P.3d 626)). We also reject Sessions’s
speculation that the trial court may not have been aware that the six‐year‐to‐life option
was still available under the amended statute. Absent some indication in the record to
the contrary, we will presume that the trial court knew the law. See State v. Kelsey, 532
P.2d 1001, 1005 (Utah 1975) (“The trial court is presumed to know the law.”); see also
State v. Moa, 2012 UT 28, ¶ 35, 282 P.3d 985 (“[A]s a general rule, we presume that the
district court made all the necessary considerations when making a sentencing
decision.” (citing Helms, 2002 UT 12, ¶ 11)). Thus, we conclude that the trial court was
adequately informed of the available options when it made its sentencing decision and,
therefore, did not err in sentencing Sessions to ten years to life.

¶45 Because we have concluded that there is nothing in the record to suggest that the
trial court did not know of the available sentencing options, Sessions was not
prejudiced by any alleged deficiency in not bringing the six‐years‐to‐life option to the
court’s attention. Therefore, Sessions cannot prevail on his ineffective assistance of
counsel claim. See generally Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697 (1984) (“If it is

9
(...continued)
made no such distinction and provided only one default sentence of fifteen years to life,
with downward departures of ten or six years to life “in the interests of justice.” See id.
§ 76‐5‐405(2)(a), (3)(b) (2008). Thus, it is unclear whether a three‐year‐to‐life sentence
would have been available under the facts of this case because the jury did not
distinguish between an attempted act and a completed act in rendering its verdict.

20110046‐CA 19
easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient
prejudice, which we expect will often be so, that course should be followed.”).

CONCLUSION

¶46 Sessions has failed to establish that he was prejudiced by any alleged plain error
or ineffectiveness of counsel in the jury selection process. Therefore, he cannot prevail
on those claims. In addition, the trial court’s brief reference to the importance of
maintaining a proper record for appeal was harmless. Finally, we presume the trial
court was aware of the sentencing options available. As a result, trial counsel was not
deficient for not calling the sentencing options to the trial court’s attention, and the trial
court did not err in imposing sentence.

¶47 Affirmed.

____________________________________
Carolyn B. McHugh, Judge

‐‐‐‐‐

¶48 WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
J. Frederic Voros Jr., Judge

____________________________________
Stephen L. Roth, Judge

20110046‐CA 20