[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FEB 27, 2007
No. 06-13419 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
Agency Nos. A95-899-878
A95-899-879
CARLOS GUERRERO-GOMEZ,
ALEXANDRA RUEDA-ESPINOSA,
NATHALIA ISABEL GUERRERO-GONZALEZ,
ISABELLA GUERRERO-RUEDA,
Petitioners,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
_________________________
(February 27, 2007)
Before ANDERSON, BARKETT and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Carlos Enrique Guerrero-Gomez (“Guerrero”), Alexandra Rueda-Espinosa,
Isabella Guerrero-Rueda, and Nathalia Isabel Guerrero-Gonzalez (collectively “the
Guerrero family”), all natives and citizens of Colombia, seek review of a final
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). The order dismissed their
appeal and affirmed without opinion the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of
asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act
(“INA”).1 The petitioners argue that the IJ erred in denying asylum, or alternately
withholding of removal, because Guerrero suffered past persecution and had a
well-founded fear of future persecution. We find that substantial evidence supports
the IJ’s determination and accordingly, we affirm.
Background
The Guerrero family filed an application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture, on September 16, 2002.
In his application, and during his hearing before the IJ, Guerrero testified that he
was afraid of persecution based on an imputed political opinion and alleged the
following facts. He claimed that he had previously worked for a company called
the Agropecuaria Triana Lloreda Company, which manufactured Bioter, a
1
Because the petitioners did not address the issue of the BIA’s denial of relief under the United
Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, they have abandoned any arguments as to that issue. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257
F.3d 1262, 1283 n.12 (11th Cir. 2001).
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chemical used to enhance crop growth. While returning from a sales trip for the
company in 2000, he was stopped by guerillas from the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Columbia (“FARC”). They asked him about his product and confiscated
it, before letting him leave. Later he received a telephone call from an individual
named Luis Maldonado, seeking further information about Bioter. Although
Maldonado claimed he was calling pursuant to a referral from a co-worker,
Guerrero later learned that this was false. Guerrero and members of his extended
family soon began to receive threatening phone calls from FARC. Shortly
thereafter, Guerrero was stopped by FARC guerillas again, and they demanded that
he provide them with either money or Bioter, and threatened to kill him and his
family if he did not comply. Concerned about his safety and that of his family,
Guerrero left his job with the company, but he testified that the calls continued and
grew more threatening. Guerrero came to the U.S. temporarily to wait out the
threats, but when he returned, he found that the threats had not ceased. Guerrero
then decided to leave permanently and he and the Guerrero family sought asylum
in the United States.
Guerrero stated that he believes that FARC sought to obtain Bioter in order
to use it to grow illegal crops. He alleged that his refusal to provide Bioter was
probably interpreted as a political gesture against the FARC. He testified that the
threats against his family have continued and that although the police in Columbia
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have offered protection, they will be unable to assist him. He argues that based on
the above facts, he established a well-founded fear of persecution based on a
protected ground, namely political opinion, and asks us to reverse the IJ’s decision.
Standard of Review
When reviewing a summary affirmance by the BIA, we treat the IJ’s
decision as the final agency determination. 8 CFR § 1003.1(e)(4); Mendoza v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1284 n.1 (11th Cir. 2003). The IJ’s conclusions of law
are subject to de novo review. D-Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817
(11th Cir. 2004). However, we review the IJ’s factual determinations to see if they
are supported substantial evidence. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1283-84
(11th Cir. 2001).
Discussion
Under the INA, an asylum seeker has the burden of establishing a well-
founded fear of persecution on account of a race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group, political opinion. INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42)(A). If an applicant can establish the existence of past persecution,
there is a rebuttable presumption that he has a well-founded fear of future
persecution. See 8 C.F.R § 208.13(b)(1). If he cannot do so, he must instead
demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution that is both subjectively
genuine and objectively reasonable. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289.
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Although neither the INA nor the regulations define “persecution,” we have
held that “persecution is an extreme concept, requiring more than few isolated
incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, and . . . mere harassment does not
amount to persecution.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th
Cir. 2005). The threats and harassment suffered by Guerrero while in Columbia do
not rise this level and Guerrero thus can not establish past persecution.
Additionally, we note that while other Bioter sales representatives have been
threatened in the past, none of them have actually been attacked. We accept the IJ’s
finding that Guerrero’s statements were subjectively credible, we therefore find
that he cannot demonstrate that his fear of future persecution is objectively
reasonable.
Additionally, an applicant is also required to demonstrate that any fear of
persecution rests on a statutorily enumerated ground such as a political opinion.
INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482-83, 112 S. Ct. 812, 816, 117 L. Ed. 2d 38
(1992). Although Guerrero concedes that he was not taking a political position in
refusing to assist FARC, he claims that his actions were interpreted as such by
FARC and formed the basis for his alleged persecution.
We have previously recognized that an imputed political opinion, whether
correctly or incorrectly attributed, may fulfill the requirements of the INA. Al-
Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. However, Guerrero has failed to demonstrate that such
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an opinion was attributed to him by FARC. Beyond his own speculation, Guerrero
did not allege any facts supporting the position that FARC interpreted his refusal as
a political gesture. Additionally, we note that FARC demanded either money or
Bioter from him. We therefore agree with the IJ that the reported harassment was
indicative of simple extortion, rather than a political threat. As we find that
substantial evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Guerrero did not demonstrate a
well-founded fear of persecution on a protected ground, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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