Filed 12/21/21 P. v. Hoisington CA1/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A159567
v.
ANTHONY LEE HOISINGTON, (Lake County
Super. Ct. No. CR955300)
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury convicted appellant Anthony Lee Hoisington of felony false
personation after he identified himself as his brother to a police officer during
a traffic stop and signed a citation in his brother’s name. The trial court
denied his motion to strike his prior serious felony conviction and sentenced
him to an aggregate term of four years in state prison. He contends on
appeal that the trial court abused its discretion at sentencing and that his
sentence constitutes cruel or unusual punishment under the California
Constitution. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On September 3, 2019 at 10:50 p.m., Clearlake Police Department
Officer Steven Diaz pulled over a black Jeep Cherokee because its rear
license plate light was not functioning. Appellant was driving the vehicle. At
the time, he had a felony arrest warrant for failure to report to post release
community supervision (PRCS) in Mendocino County.
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Appellant identified himself as Michael Hoisington1 and said he did not
have any identification with him. Officer Diaz checked Michael’s name
though dispatch for any outstanding warrants. The records check revealed
that Michael did not have a driver’s license. After Officer Diaz detained him,
appellant admitted that there was “dope” in the vehicle under the driver’s
side floorboard. Officer Diaz searched the area and located a small plastic
bag with a small amount of powder that he recognized as methamphetamine.
After receiving Miranda2 admonitions, appellant admitted that the
substance was methamphetamine and that it belonged to him. Officer Diaz
thanked appellant for his honesty and told him that he would issue a citation
and let him go. Using the name appellant had provided, Officer Diaz issued a
citation with a notice to appear in court. Appellant signed the citation with
Michael’s name. The citation was for possession of methamphetamine and
driving without a valid license.
Five minutes later, another officer, Sergeant Cook, arrived on the
scene. Sergeant Cook was familiar with appellant’s brother and informed
Officer Diaz that appellant was not him. Officer Diaz confirmed on his
computer that appellant was not Michael. After confronting appellant with
this information, appellant admitted his real name and said he had given his
brother’s name because he had a PCRS hold out of Mendocino. Officer Diaz
retrieved the citation that he had written in Michael’s name and placed it
into evidence for purposes of the instant prosecution.
1Because appellant and his brother share the same last name, we will
use Michael’s first name for clarity.
2 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.
2
In October 2019, an information was filed charging appellant with
felony false personation (Pen. Code,3 § 529, subd. (a)(3); count one); giving
false information to a peace officer (§ 148.9, subd. (a); count two); possession
of methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11377; count three); being under
the influence of methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11550, subd. (a);
count four); possession of paraphernalia (Health & Saf. Code, § 11364; count
five); and driving without a license (Veh. Code § 12500, subd. (a); count six).
As to count one, the only felony count, the information alleged one prior
strike conviction (§ 667, subd. (b)–(i), 1170.12), and four prior prison terms
(§ 667.5).4
At appellant’s trial, the trial court granted the People’s motion to
dismiss counts two, four, and five in the interests of justice. Appellant
entered a no contest plea to counts three and six. Following the testimony of
Officer Diaz, the jury deliberated and found appellant guilty of count one.
Appellant waived jury trial on the prior strike allegation and the court found
the allegation to be true.
Appellant filed a motion under People v. Superior Court (Romero)
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero) seeking to strike the prior serious felony
conviction for purposes of sentencing. On January 27, 2020, the trial court
denied the Romero motion, and denied appellant’s alternative motion under
section 17, subdivision (b) to reduce the felony charge to a misdemeanor.5
3 All undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
4On December 4, 2019, the district attorney dismissed the prior prison
term allegations.
5Appellant was charged and convicted of felony false impersonation
under section 529, subdivision (a)(3). “Under section 529, it is either a
misdemeanor or a felony to falsely impersonate another person and, while
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The court sentenced him to the midterm of two years on count one, doubled to
four years because of the prior strike. He was sentenced to one year on count
three and 180 days on count six, both terms to be served concurrently to the
term imposed on count one. The court also imposed various fines and fees.
Appellant was awarded 293 days of custody credits. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Appellant’s Contentions
Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied his Romero motion and imposed a four-year prison sentence for what
he characterizes as a “de minimis” violation of section 529. According to
appellant, the court failed to consider numerous mitigating circumstances
and the full range of lesser alternatives in imposing his sentence. He also
argues that his sentence constitutes cruel or unusual punishment under
article I, section 17 of the California Constitution.6
B. Denial of Motion to Strike Prior
We review the trial court’s denial of a Romero motion under the
deferential abuse of discretion standard. (People v. Carmony (2004)
33 Cal.4th 367, 375.) “In reviewing for abuse of discretion, we are guided by
two fundamental precepts. First, ‘ “[t]he burden is on the party attacking the
sentence to clearly show that the sentencing decision was irrational or
arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a showing, the trial court is
presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives, and its
discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not be set
aside on review.” ’ [Citations.] Second, a ‘ “decision will not be reversed
doing so, commit an additional act.” (People v. Casarez (2012) 203
Cal.App.4th 1173, 1179, fn. omitted.)
Appellant raised two other arguments in his opening brief, but
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abandoned them after considering the Attorney General’s responding brief.
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merely because reasonable people might disagree. ‘An appellate tribunal is
neither authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the
judgment of the trial judge.’ ” ’ [Citations.] Taken together, these precepts
establish that a trial court does not abuse its discretion unless its decision is
so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could agree with it.” (Id.
at pp. 376–377.)
Appellant complains that the trial court “focused almost entirely on
[his] criminal history when it denied his Romero motion.” He asserts that the
court failed to consider in mitigation that the strike offense was committed
when he was only 20 or 21 years old and was a relatively minor nonviolent
offense, involving breaking into an unoccupied vacation trailer and stealing
several items. He also contends that the court also failed to consider that he
was almost 40 years old at sentencing and was “gaining in maturity,” that he
had been employed for almost two years prior to his arrest, and that his
employer was willing to rehire him. Finally, he argues that the court failed
to account for his substance abuse problems and his desire to enter
treatment.
It is true that appellant’s 20-year history of convictions and parole
violations played a prominent role in the trial court’s denial of his motion.
The court observed that although the prior strike offense was old, “there
doesn’t appear to be any significant break in custody.” The court added:
“Had there been, I would likely grant the Romero [motion]. But it looks like
[appellant] gets out and just commits crimes when he’s out. He hasn’t stayed
out of custody long enough crime free.”
We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s reasoning. Since his
conviction for burglary in 2001, appellant has sustained 10 violations of
parole in connection with the strike term. He was convicted of four other
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felony offenses: theft from an elder adult in 2007 (§ 368, subd. (d)), possession
of a controlled substance (§ 11350, subd. (a)) in 2011, receiving stolen
property in 2012 (§ 496, subd. (a)), and statutory rape in 2014 (§ 261.5). His
record includes eight misdemeanor convictions, including two recent
convictions for giving false information to a peace officer (§ 148.9, subd. (a)).
The staleness of a prior conviction is most relevant when a defendant has
subsequently led a “ ‘legally blameless life.’ ” (People v. Humphrey (1997) 58
Cal.App.4th 809, 813; cf. People v. Harris (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 727, 739.)
Such is not the case here, and the trial court was entitled to take appellant’s
unbroken pattern of unlawful conduct into account when exercising its
discretion.
Contrary to appellant’s contentions on appeal, the trial court did
consider other factors in mitigation. These factors were detailed in the
probation report the court had reviewed prior to pronouncing sentence. The
court weighed, and discounted, appellant’s contention that his false
impersonation was not a serious offense because he had admitted his true
identity to police officers within minutes of using his brother’s name. The
trial court observed: “[H]e did admit who he was, but he only did it after
Sergeant Cook arrived and Sergeant Cook knew who he was. Had Sergeant
Cook not arrived, his brother would probably show up at arraignments on a
warrant. So this is a serious crime.”
The court also noted that appellant “has two prior convictions for 148.9
[giving false identification to peace officer] . . . I think this is a third
conviction in a row that’s relating to falsely identifying himself to law
enforcement.” These repeated convictions indicated that the underlying
crime was no aberration and that the prior convictions had not deterred his
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behavior. In sum, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying appellant’s Romero motion.
C. Imposition of Sentence
Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
imposed the four-year sentence by failing to consider the de minimis nature
of the offense and the full range of sentencing options available to it. We are
not persuaded.
Pursuant to section 1170, subdivision (b), “[w]hen a judgment of
imprisonment is to be imposed and the statute specifies three possible terms,
the choice of the appropriate term shall rest within the sound discretion of
the court.” We review a trial court’s election of the lower, middle, or upper
term for an abuse of discretion. (People v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825,
847.) “[A] trial court will abuse its discretion . . . if it relies upon
circumstances that are not relevant to the decision or that otherwise
constitute an improper basis for decision.” (Ibid.) The trial court may base
its decision on any aggravating circumstance it deems significant that is
“ ‘reasonably related to the decision being made.’ ” (Id. at p. 848; see also Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 4.408(a).) Moreover, “ ‘[t]he burden is on the party
attacking the sentence to clearly show that the sentencing decision was
irrational or arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a showing, the trial
court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives,
and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not
be set aside on review.’ ” (People v. Superior Court (Alvarez) (1997) 14
Cal.4th 968, 977–978.)
In sentencing appellant to the middle term of two years (doubled to
four years by the prior strike), the trial court found the following
circumstances in aggravation: appellant’s prior convictions were numerous
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and of increasing seriousness; he had served four prior prison terms; he was
on summary probation when the crime was committed; and his prior
performance on probation, parole, and PRCS was unsatisfactory. The court
found no circumstances in mitigation. While the circumstances in
aggravation outweighed those in mitigation, the court noted that the
aggravating circumstances all related to his prior record. For that reason,
the court exercised its discretion and imposed the midterm.
Appellant argues that his offense was minor compared to that of other
defendants. He cites People v. Robertson (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1277, a case
in which the defendant falsely identified himself as his brother when he was
arrested for stealing a truck. (Id. at p. 1279.) The brother was arrested in
Texas and extradited to California, where he was found incompetent to stand
trial and was held at a state hospital for over 16 months before hospital staff
realized that the brother had been wrongly arrested. (Id. at pp. 1282–1283.)
Appellant also references People v. Chardon (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 205, in
which the defendant falsely gave her sister’s name at a traffic stop and
signed a citation in her sister’s name. (Id. at pp. 208–209.) Even though a
warrant was later issued for the sister’s arrest for failure to appear, the
defendant was only sentenced to probation for this offense. (Id. at p. 210.)
Appellant argues that his conduct was less extreme than the
defendants in those cases, and “the trial court’s failure even to consider the
de minimis nature of appellant’s offense when sentencing him was an abuse
of discretion.” We disagree. There is no indication that appellant would have
admitted his true identity had Sergeant Cook not arrived and caused Officer
Diaz to question appellant’s identity. That the offense did not result in any
negative consequences for his brother had less to do with appellant seeing the
error of his ways than with the police officers’ fortuitous intervention.
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Furthermore, the court did consider this factor in arriving at his
sentence. In a pretrial exchange with defense counsel, the trial court
acknowledged appellant’s early admission to the police officers that he had
falsified his identification: “I mean, I think it’s definitely a mitigating factor
to consider for sentencing.” It was well within the trial court’s discretion to
impose the aggravated term and sentence appellant to a total of six years.
(See People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 728–729 [imposition of upper
term requires only a single aggravating factor].) Indeed, both probation and
the prosecution recommended a six-year sentence. The court instead selected
the midterm, explaining: “Also, even though it’s not an excuse and it doesn’t
justify what [appellant] did, he did eventually admit to the officers who he
was and his brother didn’t suffer any harm as a result of his conduct. So for
that reason I’m going to impose the midterm.”
Finally, appellant contends that the trial court failed to consider his
drug addiction as a factor in mitigation. Nothing in the record supports his
claim that the court did not consider this factor. As stated above, appellant’s
drug addiction was well documented in the probation report. In addition, the
trial court accepted the prosecution’s dismissal of several drug charges
related to this incident in the interests of justice. Far from being ignorant of
this factor, the court reasonably could have concluded that this factor did not
outweigh appellant’s long criminal history or the potential harm his brother
could have faced by the initiation of criminal proceedings against him.
Finally, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion
when it failed to consider the full range of sentencing options available to it,
including selecting the lower term for the felony conviction. Appellant cites
no authority for the proposition that a trial court must consider and discuss
the full range of potential sentencing dispositions. As we have discussed, the
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trial court concluded that the mitigating factors, if any, were outweighed by
the aggravating factors. It nevertheless sentenced appellant to the midterm
rather than the upper term. Appellant has failed to demonstrate that the
trial court’s sentencing determination is so irrational that no reasonable
jurist could agree with it.
D. Cruel or Unusual Punishment Under the State Constitution
Appellant asserts that his sentence constitutes cruel or unusual
punishment in violation of article I, section 17, of the California Constitution
because the four-year term is grossly disproportionate for his “brief lapse of
judgment” in impersonating his brother. He again emphasizes that he
admitted the offense within minutes and that his conduct did not cause his
brother any harm.
As an initial matter, appellant forfeited this claim by failing to raise it
in the trial court. (People v. Speight (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1229, 1247 [a
defendant’s “failure to contemporaneously object that his sentence constitutes
cruel and unusual punishment forfeits the claim on appellate review”]; see
also People v. Baker (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 711, 720 (Baker).)
Even if his claim had not been forfeited, we would find it without merit.
A punishment is cruel or unusual in violation of the California Constitution
“if, although not cruel or unusual in its method, it is so disproportionate to
the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends
fundamental notions of human dignity.” (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410,
424; People v. Avila (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 1134, 1145 (Avila); Baker, supra,
20 Cal.App.5th at p. 723.) “In our tripartite system of government, the
legislative branch defines crimes and prescribes punishment. [Citation.] It is
therefore the rare case where a court could declare the length of a sentence
mandated by the Legislature unconstitutionally excessive.” (Avila, at
10
p. 1145; Baker, at p. 724 [“ ‘Only in the rarest of cases could a court declare
that the length of a sentence mandated by the Legislature is
unconstitutionally excessive’ ”].)
The Supreme Court in In re Lynch described three “techniques” used in
determining whether a sentence is cruel or unusual under the California
Constitution: (1) examination of the nature of the offense and/or the offender;
(2) comparison of the punishment with that prescribed for more serious
crimes in California; and (3) comparison of the punishment with that given
for the same offense in other jurisdictions. (In re Lynch, supra, 8 Cal.3d at
pp. 425–427; Avila, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 1145; Baker, supra,
20 Cal.App.5th at p. 723.)
Appellant does not address the second and third prongs of the In re
Lynch inquiry. Accordingly, we focus our attention on the first: the nature of
the offense and the offender. (See People v. Em (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 964,
972.) “In assessing the nature of the offense, a court should consider the
circumstances of the particular offense such as the defendant’s motive, the
way the crime was committed, the extent of his involvement and the
consequences of his acts. [Citation.] In analyzing the nature of the offender,
a court should consider his ‘age, prior criminality, personal characteristics,
and state of mind.’ ” (People v. Felix (2002) 108 Cal.App.4th 994, 1000; Avila,
supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 1146.) Whether a punishment is cruel or unusual
is a question of law that we independently review; however, we consider any
disputed facts in the light most favorable to the judgment. (People v.
Edwards (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 183, 190; People v. Mantanez (2002) 98
Cal.App.4th 354, 358.)
Appellant seeks to minimize the severity of the offense by pointing to
the fact that his brother was not harmed by his malfeasance. Again,
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appellant did not voluntarily admit to Officer Diaz that he had impersonated
his brother. That his brother suffered no adverse consequences cannot be
attributed to appellant, but rather to the actions of the arresting officers in
discovering his impersonation. Nor was this offense an isolated incident, as
he had falsely identified himself to law enforcement on at least two recent
prior occasions, both resulting in convictions. Moreover, appellant is not a
youthful offender, but rather a mature adult with a 20-year uninterrupted
history of criminal convictions and supervisory violations. Finally, the trial
court could have lawfully imposed the maximum term of six years, but
instead imposed the midterm based on the more benign circumstances of this
offense. In light of these factors, we cannot conclude that the four-year
sentence is so disproportionate that it offends fundamental norms of human
dignity.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
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_________________________
Sanchez, J.
WE CONCUR:
_________________________
Margulies, Acting P. J.
_________________________
Banke, J.
A159567
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