Filed 12/23/21 Menasco v. Iancu CA1/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
JAMES KENNETH MENASCO et al.,
Plaintiffs and Respondents, A159733
v. (Contra Costa County Super. Ct.
JERI IANCU, as Executor, etc., et al., No. MSC16-01460)
Defendants and Appellants.
This appeal is from an order enforcing a settlement agreement under
Code of Civil Procedure section 664.6.1 The appellants, Jerry and Constance
Kilarr (the Kilarrs),2 claim error on the grounds that there was a total failure
of consideration supporting the settlement and, alternatively, that the
respondents, James and Nikii Menasco (the Menascos), are guilty of unclean
hands in procuring the settlement and therefore should be blocked from
enforcing it on equitable grounds. We shall affirm.
All subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Code of
1
Civil Procedure.
Counsel for the Kilarrs wrote to the court on April 26, 2021, and
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notified us that Jerry Kilarr has passed away. By this letter, Jeri Iancu
purported to appear as executor of Jerry Kilarr’s estate. Though normally we
would expect a formal substitution motion to be made seeking to replace
Ms. Iancu for Mr. Kilarr, we will deem counsel’s letter to be such a motion
and hereby grant it.
1
I. BACKGROUND
In 2016, the Menascos filed a complaint against the Kilarrs alleging
that in 2002 the two couples jointly purchased a 13-week timeshare unit in
South Lake Tahoe; that the Menascos and the Kilarrs were thereafter
partners in the ownership of the timeshare unit; that they agreed to share in
the payment of timeshare expenses on a 50/50 basis; and that the Kilarrs
failed to pay their share of the expenses. According to the Kilarrs, “[m]any
years ago” they told the Menascos that “they could have” the Kilarrs’ interest
in the timeshare; but to the Kilarrs’ surprise, “[a]fter not having heard from
the Menasco[s] for about ten years,” the Menascos “suddenly brought [this]
lawsuit claiming that [the Kilarrs] were liable to them for half of the
timeshare expenses going back to the time we told them they could have our
interest.”
The parties entered into a written settlement agreement in 2018
settling the Menascos’ 2016 lawsuit pursuant to an arrangement in which the
Kilarrs, who were still shown on the deed as joint owners of record, would
sign a quitclaim deed, but then would immediately acquire the timeshare
unit from the Menascos for $117,726 as part of a tax-free 1031 exchange
(26 U.S.C. § 1031) that Jerry Kilarr had committed to undertake in
connection with another real property transaction. The settlement
agreement expressly recited that the court would retain continuing
jurisdiction to enforce the settlement under section 664.6 for purposes of
resolving any disputes under it.
The terms of the settlement agreement were not consummated,
apparently because the parties had various disagreements about the
recording of documents in connection with the purchase transaction, the form
of the purchase agreement, the agreed price, and whether the Kilarrs were
due a credit against the purchase price because the Menascos had already
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sold all 13 weeks of their 2019 timeshare allotment when they agreed to the
settlement in 2018 and had earned $17,607.35 from that sale. Due to these
disagreements, Jerry Kilarr alleged, he was unable to close the tax-free 1031
exchange that he contemplated at the time he entered the settlement, which
resulted in an $80,000 tax loss to him on that transaction.
The Menascos insisted that the terms of settlement should be honored.
They filed a motion seeking to enforce the settlement under section 664.6,
and as part of that motion asked the court to enter judgment not only
ordering specific enforcement of the purchase agreement, but to add to the
judgment amounts sufficient to compensate them for damages they allegedly
suffered due to the Kilarrs having reneged on the purchase agreement. In a
brief minute order entered August 26, 2019, following an in-chambers
conference with the parties, the trial court granted the motion to enforce in
part, but denied it insofar as the Kilarrs or the Menascos had damages claims
against the other couple for failure to abide by the terms of the settlement.
Any such claims for damages, the court ruled, should be brought in a
separate action for breach of contract.3
The Kilarrs appeal from the August 26, 2019 minute order.4
II. DISCUSSION
We must deal with an issue of appealability as a threshold matter. By
itself, an order granting or denying a motion to enforce a consent judgment is
3The Menascos brought a subsequent action claiming damages against
the Kilarrs, their counsel, and the brokerage agency and the broker who
handled the Kilarrs’ purchase of the timeshare unit pursuant to the
settlement.
4Only James Menasco, acting in pro se, appeared as a respondent on
appeal. Although James Menasco, a nonlawyer, purported to represent
himself and Nikii Menasco in the respondents’ brief, Nikii Menasco made no
appearance (at least not one that we may recognize).
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not normally an appealable order. (Howeth v. Coffelt (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th
126, 131; see City of Gardena v. Rikuo Corp. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 595,
600.) A stipulation to judgment pursuant to section 664.6 is, by definition, an
agreement to entry of judgment upon stipulated terms (i.e., a consent to entry
of judgment). And generally, “ ‘[a]n appealable judgment or order is a
jurisdictional prerequisite to an appeal. [Citations.]’ . . . [¶] . . . Under the
‘ “one final judgment” ’ rule, an appeal cannot be taken from a judgment that
fails to resolve to finality all the causes of action pending between the
parties.” (Hedwall v. PCMV, LLC (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 564, 571.) So far as
we can discern, no formal judgment was ever entered “pursuant to the terms
of the settlement” (§ 664.6) here, either in connection with entry into the
settlement, or following the court’s issuance of a minute order granting the
Menascos’ motion to enforce the settlement.
For the sake of efficiency, however, we may amend a minute order
relating to a judgment to include a formal judgment, thereby saving from
dismissal the attempted appeal of an otherwise nonappealable order by
deeming it to be an appeal from an appealable judgment. (Hines v. Lukes
(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1174, 1183.) This is possible because an order
relating to the enforcement of an appealable judgment is itself appealable.
(Williams v. Thomas (1980) 108 Cal.App.3d 81, 84–86.) Under the
circumstances, it is appropriate to exercise our power to amend the minute
order rather than dismiss the appeal. No purpose would be served by
dismissal of the appeal with a remand for entry of a formal judgment,
followed by the very same appeal. Because the parties’ written settlement is
part of the record, we will construe the August 26, 2019 minute order to
include a judgment embodying the terms of the settlement, and deem this
appeal to have been taken from a judgment fully resolving all claims before
the trial court. That makes it appealable.
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Turning to the merits of the appeal, the order enforcing the settlement
is subject to a presumption of correctness (Denham v. Superior Court (1970)
2 Cal.3d 557, 564) and on this record that presumption has not been
rebutted. Impliedly, the trial court must have found that none of the various
breaches now alleged by the Kilarrs were material to the settlement, which
explains why the court decided to enforce the settlement in part and to leave
disputes over damages to a separate lawsuit. The Kilarrs now advance two
lines of argument in support of the claim that granting the motion, even in
part, was erroneous. First, they argue that the Menascos’ alleged breaches of
the settlement agreement amount to a total failure of consideration, allowing
them to rescind the settlement. Second, they argue that the Menascos are
guilty of unclean hands, and that on equitable grounds the settlement should
be deemed unenforceable.
Neither of these legal arguments was properly presented to the trial
court. After reciting the background facts, the entirety of the legal argument
presented by the Kilarrs, as set forth in their May 2, 2019 opposition to the
Menascos’ motion to enforce the settlement, was as follows: “[T]he [Kilarrs]
are no more responsible for getting the Deed recorded than are the
[Menascos]. In an effort to be accommodating, [the Kilarrs] took the laboring
oar of seeking to get the Deed recorded, and they did so in timely fashion.
[The Kilarrs] thought they did everything right, and did not find out that
there were any technical deficiencies in the Deed until this motion was filed
and [the Kilarrs’ counsel] made inquiry of the Recorder’s office. [¶]
Accordingly, [the Kilarrs] have done nothing wrong and there is no basis for
enforcing the settlement agreement as a judgment against the [Kilarrs]. The
motion should therefore be denied.” Neither rescission nor unclean hands
was mentioned.
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Because the legal arguments now advanced on appeal were not
presented to the trial court, they were forfeited. Generally, “ ‘issues not
raised in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.’ ” (Jones
v. Wagner (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 466, 481.) That rule applies with particular
force to errors that could have been corrected if the objections have been
raised below. (Rebney v. Wells Fargo Bank (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 1344, 1350
[failure to raise objections to statement of decision].) Even if we were willing
to entertain them, both were also impliedly rejected by the finding of a valid
settlement, a finding that is supported by substantial evidence in the record.
At oral argument, the Kilarrs focused their attention on the issue of
rescission. Because delays occasioned by the Menascos deprived Jerry Kilarr
of the opportunity to carry out the tax-free exchange he contemplated as part
of the deal, they emphasized, the whole foundation of the settlement
agreement was destroyed, which justifies rescission.
In a supplemental brief and supporting declaration opposing the
Menascos’ motion to enforce the settlement, the Kilarrs point out that they
raised this argument in the trial court. Not exactly. Their supplemental
papers argued, factually, that (1) as a result of what the Kilarrs alleged was
the refusal of the Menascos to close the purchase transaction at issue here on
the agreed terms, Jerry Kilarr suffered an $80,000 tax liability, (2) the
Menascos knew Mr. Kilarr was using the transaction as part of a tax-free
exchange, and (3) without the tax benefits Mr. Kilarr expected, the “deal in
its current state differs from the deal as it was originally proposed.” The
Kilarrs’ supplemental opposition papers were filed August 26, 2019, the same
day as the hearing on the Menascos’ motion to enforce the settlement. Even
putting to one side the belated filing on the day of the hearing (which means
it is not clear the court was even aware of any supplemental papers when it
ruled), nothing in the supplemental brief or for that matter in any of the
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papers accompanying it actually frames a legal argument that the settlement
agreement should be rescinded.
If the legal question of rescission had been briefed in the trial court, the
court would have been governed by well-established law. In a case of breach
by nonperformance, the breach must be one that discharges the rescinding
party from further contractual duty; a minor breach may be the basis of an
action for damages, but not for rescission. (Crofoot Lumber, Inc. v. Thompson
(1958) 163 Cal.App.2d 324, 332–333.) The Kilarrs insist they are entitled to
rescind because “[f]ailure of consideration is the failure to execute a promise,
the performance of which has been exchanged for performance by the other
party.” (Bliss v. California Cooperative Producers (1947) 30 Cal.2d 240, 248;
see Civ. Code, § 1689, subd. (b)(2) [A party to a contract may rescind “[i]f the
consideration for the obligation of the rescinding party fails, in whole or in
part, through the fault of the party as to whom he rescinds.”].) But
materiality is a universally recognized common law prerequisite to rescission.
(Jacob & Youngs v. Kent (1921) 230 N.Y. 239 (Cardozo, J.); see Superior
Motels, Inc. v. Rinn Motor Hotels, Inc. (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 1032, 1051.) By
statute, it is an express requirement for rescission under Civil Code
section 1689, subdivision (b)(4), and courts have read it into Civil Code
section 1689, subdivision (b)(2) as well. (See Wyler v. Feuer (1978)
85 Cal.App.3d 392, 403.)
Citing California Auto. Assigned Risk Plan v. Garamendi (1991)
232 Cal.App.3d 904, among other cases, the Kilarrs fall back on a plea that
we decide the question of rescission for them on appeal on the ground that
materiality presents a pure question of law. (Id. at p. 909, fn. 6.) We cannot
agree that it does on this record. Not only do the facts surrounding the
delays in the escrow process remain hotly controverted, but
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materiality is “ ‘ordinarily a question for the trier of fact’ ” (Superior Motels,
Inc. v. Rinn Motor Hotels, supra, 195 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1051–1052). Among
other things, there is the question of what the proper measure of economic
harm is for the lost opportunity to claim a 1031 tax deduction (26 U.S.C.
§ 1031), and that question, at the end of the day, will turn on fact-specific
considerations we cannot begin to resolve on this record. Accordingly, even if
we were inclined to put aside the forfeiture and decide the question of
materiality ourselves, we could not do so here.5
III. DISPOSITION
Affirmed. Respondent James Menasco to recover costs on appeal.
STREETER, J.
WE CONCUR:
POLLAK, P. J.
ROSS, J.*
5 We realize that, from the Kilarrs’ perspective, a tax loss of $80,000 is
anything but a “minor” matter, given the overall economics of the transaction
at issue. But in this context, the word “minor”—a term of art in the law that
describes the difference between a contractual breach warranting the remedy
of rescission, on the one hand, and a breach that may only be remedied in
damages, on the other—does not necessarily correlate with a party’s
subjective view of the importance of the breach at issue.
*Judge of the Superior Court of California, City and County of San
Francisco, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of
the California Constitution.
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Menasco v. Iancu CA1/4
Combined Opinion