[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FEBRUARY 13, 2007
No. 06-14314 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
BIA No. A96-096-205
JUAN ANSELMO AMAYA GOMEZ,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
_________________________
(February 13, 2007)
Before BLACK, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Juan Anselmo Amaya Gomez petitions this court for review of the decision
by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the Immigration Judge’s
(“IJ”) order of removal and denial of: asylum, withholding of removal, and relief
under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).1 For the reasons
that follow, we affirm.
I. Background
Gomez, a native and citizen of Columbia, entered the United States in March
of 2002 on an immigration visa, and he remained beyond the expiration period.
The INS 2 issued a Notice to Appear, charging him with removability under INA
§ 237(a)(1)(B) and 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). Gomez applied for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the CAT, alleging that he had suffered
persecution from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (“FARC”) based
on his political opinions.
At a hearing before an IJ, Gomez conceded removability, but argued that he
had been persecuted based on his political opinion and his status as a pilot
recruited by FARC. Specifically, Gomez testified that he had worked as a pilot for
1
Gomez does not raise any arguments in his brief regarding the IJ’s denial of CAT relief.
Thus, he has abandoned this issue on appeal. See Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,
1228 n. 2 (11th Cir. 2005).
2
In 2002, President Bush signed into law the Homeland Security Act, which created a new
Department of Homeland Security and abolished the INS, transferring its responsibilities to the new
department. See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135. Because
this case initiated before the transfer, this opinion refers to the INS in the interest of clarity.
2
charter flights in Colombia and as a taxi driver. According to Gomez, in
November of 1999, men identifying themselves as members of FARC approached
him and asked him to fly people, food, and possibly drugs on behalf of FARC.
Gomez claimed that the men offered him money and told him to think about
collaborating with FARC. Gomez refused. The next month, according to Gomez,
the men approached him again, but this time they were more threatening and
Gomez became afraid. In January of 2000, a FARC member telephoned Gomez at
his home and left a message with Gomez’s daughter. Gomez testified that he and
his family became more frightened because the call meant that FARC knew who he
was and where he lived. As a result, Gomez moved his family to the home of his
in-laws for several months. Gomez himself fled to the United States, where he
remained for six months before returning to Colombia.
When Gomez returned to Colombia, he believed that he and his family were
safe from FARC because they had not heard from FARC since he had left
Colombia. In March of 2002, however, a jeep occupied by FARC members
rammed into Gomez’s taxi, and the occupants threatened to harm Gomez and his
family if he refused to cooperate with FARC. Shortly thereafter, in fear of
persecution by FARC, Gomez returned to the United States. His family, however,
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remained in Colombia.3 Although Gomez’s wife remained frightened, at the time
of the hearing, FARC had done nothing to harm Gomez’s family. In addition to his
testimony, Gomez submitted a police report dated 2003 about the threats he had
allegedly received from FARC.
The IJ denied relief, finding that Gomez’s testimony was credible, but that
the events did not rise to the level of past persecution. The IJ further concluded
that there was no evidence of a well-founded fear of future persecution given that
Gomez’s encounters with FARC consisted of two meetings, one phone call, and an
auto accident. The IJ also concluded that recruitment by a guerilla organization
was not persecution on account of a protected ground. In addition, the IJ noted
that: Gomez had been in the United States in 2000 after the initial threats and did
not seek asylum, no one in Gomez’s family had been harmed, and his daughter
came to the United States to visit her father and not because she feared FARC.
Gomez appealed to the BIA, which adopted and affirmed the IJ’s denial of
relief. The BIA concluded that because the alleged persecution was motivated by
monetary gain (that is, use of Gomez’s services as a pilot), there was no nexus
between the alleged persecution and any protected grounds. The BIA also noted
that Gomez’s family had remained in Colombia without incident and that Gomez
3
Gomez’s daughter, who was twenty-one years old, was at the hearing; she had come to the
United States on a visa to visit her father.
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had not sought asylum when came to the United States in 2000 after the initial
threats.
II. Discussion
On appeal, Gomez challenges the denial of relief on the grounds that his
three encounters with FARC members were enough to establish past persecution
and a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his political opinion
and membership in a social group. According to Gomez, the IJ failed to consider
the reasonableness of the motivation, or the record as a whole.
This court reviews the BIA’s decision except to the extent that the BIA
expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284
(11th Cir. 2001). To the extent that the BIA’s or IJ’s decision was based on a legal
determination, this court reviews the decision de novo. Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
440 F.3d 1247, 1254 (11th Cir. 2006). The IJ’s factual determinations are
reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and this court “must affirm the [IJ’s]
decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the
record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283-84 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, “[u]nder the substantial evidence
test, [this court reviews] the record evidence in the light most favorable to the
agency’s decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.”
Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1255 (citing Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th
5
Cir. 2004) (en banc), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 1035 (2005)). Thus, “a finding of fact
will be reversed only when the record compels a reversal; the mere fact that the
record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the
administrative findings.” Id. (citation omitted).
A. Asylum
The Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum if an alien meets the
INA’s definition of a “refugee.” INA § 208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). The
INA defines a refugee as
any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . .
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) & (B). The asylum applicant bears the burden of
proving refugee status. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. To meet this burden, the
applicant must establish, with specific and credible evidence, (1) past persecution
on account of a statutorily listed factor, or (2) a “well-founded fear” that the
statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b); Al
Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. “[O]nly in a rare case does the record compel the
conclusion that an applicant for asylum has suffered past persecution or has a
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well-founded fear of future persecution.” Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229,
1239 (11th Cir. 2006).
If the asylum applicant establishes past persecution, he is presumed to have a
well-founded fear of future persecution unless the government can rebut the
presumption. D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 818 (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(i),
(ii)). If he cannot show past persecution, then he must demonstrate a well-founded
fear of future persecution that is both subjectively genuine and objectively
reasonable. Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1257; Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. The subjective
component can be established “by the applicant’s credible testimony that he or she
genuinely fears persecution,” while the objective component “can be fulfilled
either by establishing past persecution or that he or she has a good reason to fear
future persecution.” Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1257.
Here, we conclude that the IJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence
as (1) Gomez failed to establish that he suffered past persecution or that he had a
well-founded fear of future persecution, and (2) Gomez failed to show that any
alleged persecution was “on account of” a protected ground.
1. Persecution
As evidence of persecution, Gomez identified two meetings with, one phone
call from, and an auto accident involving one or more members of FARC. But
Gomez failed to present any evidence that either he or his family were actually
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harmed by members of FARC. As this court has explained, “persecution is an
extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment
or intimidation, and . . . mere harassment does not amount to persecution.”
Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen, 401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). In light of this standard, we conclude that
Gomez has failed to establish that his (and his family’s) past interactions with
FARC rise to the level of persecution.
We also conclude that Gomez has not shown a well-founded fear of future
persecution that is both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. See Ruiz,
440 F.3d at 1257; Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. Even assuming, without deciding,
that Gomez satisfied the subjective requirement, in our view, he cannot show that
his fear was objectively reasonable given that: Gomez did not apply for asylum
during his first stay in the United States following the initial threats, and his family
has remained in Colombia without incident. Accordingly, we hold that the IJ and
BIA properly concluded that Gomez failed to establish a well-founded fear of
future persecution.
2. “On Account of”
Even if Gomez could show that he had been persecuted, there is no evidence
to support a conclusion that such persecution was “on account of” his political
opinion or membership in a particular social group.
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Gomez has not shown any connection between any alleged imputed opinion
and the incidents with FARC. To the contrary, it appears that FARC was
motivated by monetary gain via the use of Gomez’s services as a pilot and not by
any perceived or actual political opinion.
Likewise, there is no evidence that the alleged threats were “on account of”
Gomez’s membership in a particular social group. According to the BIA, persons
have “membership in a particular social group” if they “hold an immutable
characteristic or common trait such as sex, color, kinship, or, in some cases, shared
past experiences . . . .” Matter of Acosta, 19 I.&N. Dec. 211, 233 (BIA 1985),
overruled on other grounds, In Re Mogharrabi, 19 I.&N. Dec. 439, 441 (BIA
1987). As the BIA has explained, the “common characteristic that defines the
group . . . must be one that the members of the group either cannot change, or
should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual
identities or consciences.” Id. “The risk of persecution alone does not create a
particular social group within the meaning of the INA.” Castillo-Arias v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1196 (11th Cir. 2006). Thus, we conclude that
Gomez’s status as a pilot recruited by FARC does not constitute “membership in a
particular social group” within the meaning of the INA.
B. Withholding Removal
Because Gomez cannot establish eligibility for asylum relief, he therefore
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cannot meet the more stringent burden for withholding removal.
III. Conclusion
We conclude that the BIA’s and IJ’s denial of asylum and withholding of
removal are supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, we DENY Gomez’s
petition.
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