On Certiorari to the Utah Court of Appeals
INTRODUCTION ¶ 1 The juvenile court accepted K.M.'s admission to child abuse homicide, an offense *Page 1280 that would be a third degree felony if committed by an adult. K.M. then sought to withdraw her admission. The juvenile court denied her motion, and the court of appeals affirmed. In this review on certiorari, we conclude that rule 25 of the Utah Rules of Juvenile Procedure, upon which the juvenile court relied in accepting K.M.'s admission, fails to afford due process of law to juveniles because it does not mandate that the juveniles understand the nature and elements of the offense to which they are admitting. The inadequate communication of the nature and elements of the offense, which rule 25 permitted, led the juvenile court to accept a plea that was at odds with the contents of K.M.'s admission and was therefore not entered into knowingly. We therefore reverse the court of appeals.
BACKGROUND ¶ 2 K.M. did not know she was pregnant until she gave birth in the downstairs bathroom of her home. K.M. was fifteen years old at the time. On the day K.M. delivered the infant, she suffered from what she thought was severe menstrual cramping. To alleviate the pain, she took several Advil and soaked in a bath. After several hours of severe cramping, K.M. had an urge to run into the bathroom, and then she had the urge to push. When the infant's "little body fell into [her] arms," K.M. said that it made "[n]o movement, no sound." K.M. was confused by what had just happened and did not know what to do with the still, silent human form that inexplicably appeared next to her. She did not want to place the infant on the floor and chose instead to open the bathroom window and put the child in the window well. K.M. watched the little body for five or ten seconds. It did not appear to move or breathe or utter a sound. The birth occurred between 11:00 and 11:30 on the night of September 4, 2002.
¶ 3 K.M. experienced severe blood loss, and she failed to summon assistance from any of her family members before she eventually lost consciousness. After regaining consciousness, K.M. showered in an attempt to clean herself, but she continued to bleed. She left the shower and attempted to reach her room. K.M. lost consciousness several more times before she made her way to her bed, where she passed out. At approximately two o'clock in the morning, K.M's mother discovered her in her bed covered in blood.
¶ 4 K.M.'s mother called K.M.'s aunt, who is a nurse and who had been tending K.M. throughout that day, and reported that something was terribly wrong with K.M. When K.M.'s aunt arrived, she estimated that K.M. had lost between 600 and 1000 cubic centimeters of blood and needed immediate medical attention. She knew the bleeding was vaginal and thought it might be a spontaneous hemorrhage, perhaps attributable to a tumor.1 K.M.'s aunt told K.M.'s mother to call 911. She did, and paramedics arrived soon after.
¶ 5 K.M. was transported to the hospital. After an ultrasound and pelvic exam indicated that K.M. had recently given birth, K.M. told her mother about the little body she had left in the window well. K.M.'s aunt immediately returned to the house and found the lifeless body of a four-pound baby boy.
¶ 6 K.M. has an I.Q. between seventy-nine and eighty-four and multiple learning disabilities. She had been examined by two doctors in the last few months preceding the unexpected birth, but neither physician had diagnosed a pregnancy. According to K.M., she had her menstrual cycle two weeks prior to going into labor. She attributed her swollen abdomen to weight gain.
¶ 7 According to the medical examiner, the infant's partially inflated lungs indicated that the baby had been born alive. The medical examiner could not ascertain the cause of death but expressed the opinion that maternal neglect contributed to the infant's death.
¶ 8 The State filed a petition in juvenile court charging K.M. with one count of murder, a first degree felony if committed by an adult. After her trial on this charge had begun, K.M. reached a plea agreement with the State and agreed to admit to child abuse homicide, a third degree felony if committed *Page 1281 by an adult. Pursuant to rule 25 of the Utah Rules of Juvenile Procedure, the juvenile court conducted a colloquy with K.M., assisted by K.M.'s counsel. The juvenile court asked K.M.'s counsel to "advise [K.M.] of her rights on the record." Counsel indicated that he had talked to K.M. at length about her rights and explained to her the nature of a trial. Counsel then explained to K.M. on the record the rights that K.M. was surrendering by admitting culpability. He described K.M.'s right to confront witnesses, her right against self-incrimination, and her right to appeal an unlawful sentence. He indicated that she would be able to withdraw the plea for good legal reason up until the time of sentencing. Then, acknowledging K.M.'s emotional state, counsel sought to elicit from K.M. an indication of whether she understood what was happening and whether she was willing to proceed. She responded that she understood the proceedings and that she wished to continue. The judge supplemented counsel's explanation of K.M.'s rights by telling her in simple terms that she had a right to call witnesses who could help her case and a right against self-incrimination. Neither K.M.'s counsel nor the judge advised her that she was presumed to be innocent unless and until the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all of the elements the offense with which she was charged and that she would waive her right to testify at trial by admitting the crime.
¶ 9 The juvenile court then questioned K.M. about the events surrounding the birth and death of the infant. K.M. presented a detailed account of the circumstances surrounding the offense. She admitted that she now understood that she could have asked her aunt for help but explained that she was in shock at the time and that she did not know what was happening to her. Despite her willingness to enter the plea agreement, K.M. expressly refused to admit that the infant was born alive. Nevertheless, the juvenile court determined that, based on the medical evidence that the infant's lungs were partially inflated, there was sufficient factual basis for K.M.'s admission to one count of child abuse homicide and accepted her admission.
¶ 10 K.M. subsequently moved to withdraw her admission. She asserted that she "understood little or none" of the admission colloquy, that she was pressured into admitting the amended allegation, and that she did not realize that she was admitting to causing the death of the child. The juvenile court held a hearing on K.M.'s motion, and K.M. testified that she had questioned her admission immediately after entering it. K.M. explained that she did not understand the plea colloquy because of the "big words" and that she "didn't want to sound stupid [by] saying no." When the judge probed her understanding of basic legal concepts, she gave nonsensical answers. When asked by counsel what her right against self-incrimination meant, she answered, "I didn't know that I could take back the plea, I guess." When asked about her right to remain silent, K.M. responded, "I thought I could never talk again." K.M. explained the right to proof beyond a reasonable doubt as "[f]or a trial to become" and "[f]or a trial to come." After considering the evidence, the juvenile court denied the motion to withdraw and sentenced K.M. The judge imposed a suspended sentence of thirty days' detention, placed K.M. on probation, and ordered her to complete rehabilitation programs and 250 hours of community service.
¶ 11 After the juvenile court denied her motion to withdraw her admission, K.M. appealed. The court of appeals affirmed the juvenile court's denial of K.M.'s motion to withdraw. We granted certiorari to review two issues: (1) "[w]hether rule 25 of the Rules of Juvenile Procedure incorporates the provisions of rule 11 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure and/or additional requirements with respect to a juvenile court's colloquy with a juvenile at the time of accepting an admission to a criminal offense"; and (2) "[w]hether Petitioner's admission in this case was knowing and voluntary according to the requirements of due process applicable in juvenile proceedings."
DISCUSSION ¶ 12 This case touches on a number of bedrock dilemmas that confront a society founded on the rule of law when the state is called upon to bring the power of that law to bear on persons who, because of their youth, *Page 1282 cognitive deficits, or other disabilities, are incapable of comprehending how or why they are being held to account for their behavior. The court of appeals' dissent presented the central dilemma in real world terms when it asked, "If a juvenile is too young to enter into a legally binding contract to purchase a set of tires, how can that same juvenile validly waive constitutional rights and enter into a legally binding plea agreement?" K.M. v. State (State ex rel. K.M.),2006 UT App 74, ¶ 30 n. 1, 136 P.3d 1230 (Orme, J., dissenting).
¶ 13 Our juvenile courts owe their existence to the legislature's recognition that the sharp edges of the law, which are necessary to achieve predictability and even-handedness when dealing with the affairs of adults, often inflict harm on children who come in contact with them. Thus, owing to a juvenile's stage of development, a juvenile's decisions about legal affairs may be influenced in varying degrees by the demands or expectations of family or peers. And an almost countless array of other forces — several of which are noted in the court of appeals' dissent — may diminish a child's ability to exercise the independent decision-making judgment we assume to be available to adults. See State exrel. K.M., 2006 UT App 74, ¶ 41, 136 P.3d 1230. Juvenile court judges are, therefore, called upon to a much greater degree than their adult counterparts to discern between applications of the law that are arbitrary and those that are apropos.
¶ 14 In few instances is a juvenile judge's power of discernment put to a greater test than when a juvenile appears before the judge seeking to admit guilt for committing a crime. Like an adult defendant, a juvenile charged with a crime is guaranteed protection against arbitrary infliction of the coercive power of the state by both the United States Constitution and the Utah Constitution. A juvenile is entitled to the benefits of these protections even in those instances where there is little doubt that the juvenile would also benefit from lessons imparted by taking responsibility for one's conduct: displaying remorse, seeking forgiveness, and submitting herself to other similar remedies for human imperfection.2
¶ 15 Here, we conclude that K.M.'s admission was not made knowingly and voluntarily because she was not informed of and did not understand the nature and elements of the offense of child abuse homicide. A full understanding of one's conduct and of how and why that conduct made one culpable in the eyes of the law may be more important in the life of a juvenile than in the life of an adult. An important trait of a responsible citizen is the ability to have respect for and confidence in the rule of law and the institutions that put the rule of law into practice in the real world. The acquisition of this characteristic is unlikely to be nurtured if a juvenile is left to face consequences imposed by courts for behavior that is branded unlawful for reasons that are left unexplained. In its current form, rule 25 permits this uncertainty to occur by not requiring juveniles to be informed of the nature and elements of offenses at the time they admit culpability for them.
¶ 16 We ground our holding in our determination that rule 25 is constitutionally defective because it does not require a juvenile court judge to ensure that the juvenile understands the nature and elements of the crime to which she is admitting. This defect was exposed in this case by K.M.'s steadfast insistence during the admission colloquy that her child was never alive. K.M.'s refusal to admit that her child was born alive is one of the dilemmas driving this case through Utah's court system. The juvenile court judge clearly believed that K.M.'s insistence that her child was born dead was a matter of some legal importance. It is impossible to otherwise explain why the judge elected to invite a proffer of the medical examiner's conclusion that the baby had been born alive in an attempt to establish a factual basis for K.M.'s admission. *Page 1283
¶ 17 That K.M. did not admit that her baby was born alive acquires great value when we recognize that the uncontested facts in this case leave little doubt that K.M. could not have been adjudicated guilty of child abuse homicide without proof that her child was born alive.3 K.M.'s refusal to admit that the child was born alive is a singular circumstance that spawned multiple legal issues, most notably whether a sufficient factual basis supported K.M.'s admission and whether K.M. understood the nature of her admission.
¶ 18 In the court of appeals, the majority and the dissent each confronted the factual basis problem, but in different ways. The majority, sidestepping the question of whether sufficient facts supported K.M.'s admission in the face of her denial that the child was born alive, maintained that the factual basis question was not preserved. State ex ret.K.M., 2006 UT App 74, ¶¶ 16-18, 136 P.3d 1230. The dissent, on the other hand, would have held that
Id. ¶ 32 n. 2 (Orme, J., dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original). In our view, however, the legal consequences of K.M.'s insistence that her baby was not born alive are not put to rest by treating the matter as one of factual sufficiency; the factual sufficiency question, however, is ultimately resolved. Rather, the fact of K.M.'s insistence that there was no live birth also looms over an assessment of whether K.M.'s admission was knowing and voluntary and whether rule 25 adequately safeguards a juvenile's right to due process of law.the factual basis behind the admission was adequately established by the autopsy of the baby, K.M.'s statement to the court regarding the birth of the baby, and K.M.'s own attorney's concession that there's no dispute about whether the baby was born alive[,] the puzzlement comes from what caused the baby to die.
¶ 19 The distinction between a claim of insufficient factual basis for the admission, which we did not agree to review, and a claim that the admission was not knowing and voluntary, which is within the scope of our grant of certiorari, is both subtle and opaque. We will therefore attempt to clarify our approach by introducing it through a closer assessment of the court of appeals' treatment of K.M.'s claim that her admission lacked factual support. Examining the text of K.M.'s motion to withdraw her admission, which asserted that K.M. "was unaware that she was admitting to causing the death of [her] child," the court of appeals' majority concluded that K.M. "did not raise the issue of inadequate factual basis."Id. ¶ 17. Instead, the court reasoned that "this assertion implied that K.M. had admitted to causing the baby's death, but had done so unwittingly." Id. (emphasis in original). The majority appears to interpret "unwittingly" to imply that K.M. experienced an after-the-fact realization that she had misapprehended the nature of the proceedings. We find that K.M.'s stated grounds for challenging her admission also imply that K.M. made her admission unwittingly because she did not fully understand the nature and elements of the offense to which she was admitting. This interpretation was preserved in the juvenile court, and it forms the basis of our analytical approach to this case. Moreover, it appears that the juvenile court actually ruled on the inadequate factual basis challenge, a fact that calls into question the court of appeals' majority's determination that the factual basis question was not preserved. In its minutes and order relating to the motion to withdraw, the juvenile court found that K.M.'s admission was entered knowingly and voluntarily. Specifically, the court explained, "[K.M.] was advised of all of her rights, she waived them voluntarily,she gave a factual basis for her admission. There is no good cause to withdraw her admission . . ." (emphasis added).
¶ 20 Preserved or not, the factual sufficiency of K.M.'s admission is not before us. The effect of K.M.'s refusal to admit that her baby was born alive endures, however, and we now turn to analysis on how this circumstance compromised K.M.'s understanding of the nature of her admission. This approach falls in line with our order granting certiorari, *Page 1284 where we asked whether there are any "additional requirements" in addition to those provided in rule 25 "with respect to a juvenile court's colloquy with a juvenile at the time of accepting an admission to a criminal offense" and where we asked whether K.M.'s admission "was knowing and voluntary according to the requirements of due process applicable in juvenile proceedings." We find that due process requires a juvenile court judge to ensure that a juvenile understand the nature and elements of the crime to which she admits, a requirement not currently reflected in rule 25. Further, we find that K.M. did not have a sufficient understanding of the nature of the crime to which she admitted in order to make her admission knowing and voluntary. We reiterate, however, that our fault-finding is directed at the shortcomings in rule 25 and not at the juvenile court judge who followed the rule and conducted a competent plea colloquy with K.M.
¶ 21 Much like rule 11 of the Utah Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 25 of the Utah Rules of Juvenile Procedure establishes the procedure for taking admissions in juvenile court. Rule 11 has generated a prodigious body of jurisprudence in Utah's appellate courts, but rule 25 has not. We agree with the court of appeals that rule 11 caselaw is therefore of great value as a guide to the interpretation of rule 25. But we also find that a key feature of rule 11 that does not appear in the text of rule 25 causes rule 25 to be constitutionally defective. Unlike rule 11, rule 25 does not require the juvenile court judge to ascertain that the juvenile understands the nature and elements of the offense to which she is admitting. And in this case, the resulting absence of a discussion of the nature and elements of the offense within the admission colloquy between the juvenile court judge and K.M. has left us without sufficient confidence that K.M.'s admission was knowing and voluntary.
¶ 22 Rule 11(e)(4)(A) of the Utah Rules of Criminal Procedure, which imposes on a trial judge the responsibility to communicate to a defendant the nature and elements of each offense to which a plea is contemplated, together with its companion rule 11 requirements, reflects the exacting demands the law places on those who choose to surrender their right to make the state prove their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. InState v. Thurman, we explained that, to ensure that a defendant's plea is "`truly voluntary'" under the Constitution, the judge receiving the plea must "determine that the defendant `possesses an understanding of the law in relation to the facts'" and must confirm "that the defendant understands the elements of the crime." 911 P.2d 371, 373 (Utah 1996) (quotingState v. Breckenridge, 688 P.2d 440, 444 (Utah 1983)). Due process, therefore, requires that the defendant "possess an understanding of the law in relation to the facts" for a plea to be knowing and voluntary. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
¶ 23 We conclude that juveniles who appear in juvenile court are also entitled to benefit from this due process protection. This conclusion is not based on our belief that the taking of juvenile admissions should simply follow in lock step with the mandates of rule 11. We are sensitive to the practical reality that due process takes on an altered form in juvenile courts because of the rehabilitative focus of the juvenile court system. See generally In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 14-21,87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967) (explaining that "[f]rom the inception of the juvenile court system, wide differences have been tolerated — indeed insisted upon — between the procedural rights accorded to adults and those of juveniles" and recounting the "history and theory underlying this development").
¶ 24 The due process standard in juvenile proceedings is "fundamental fairness." McKeiver v. Pennsylvania,403 U.S. 528, 543, 91 S.Ct. 1976, 29 L.Ed.2d 647 (1971). And the United States Supreme Court has characterized its juvenile due process cases as having "an emphasis on factfinding procedures."Id. Still, if there is a legitimate policy-based rationale for limiting a juvenile's due process rights in the juvenile court context, it may be appropriate to limit those rights. For example, juveniles are guaranteed the rights of "notice, counsel, confrontation, cross-examination, and standard of proof." Id. Due process does not, however, require the juvenile court to provide juveniles with a trial by jury because "[t]he imposition *Page 1285 of the jury trial on the juvenile court system would not strengthen greatly, if at all, the factfinding function, and would, contrarily, provide an attrition of the juvenile court's assumed ability to function in a unique manner." Id. at 547, 91 S.Ct. 1976.
¶ 25 We can uncover no legitimate reason to withhold from juveniles the right to understand the nature and elements of the offense to which they propose to admit culpability and how the law relates to the facts of their cases. We have searched available archival sources and can find nothing to explain why this constitutional right was not included in rule 25. Further, we cannot think of such a reason. Therefore, although it is not presently a violation of rule 25 for the juvenile court to fail to ensure that a juvenile understand the nature and elements of the crime to which she is admitting, it does offend due process not to do so. Without an adequate communication of the nature and elements of the offense that is the subject of the admission, the admission is presumptively not knowing and voluntary.4
¶ 26 In this case, K.M. did not possess a reasonable understanding of the law in relation to the facts of her case when she entered her admission. K.M. entered an admission to child abuse homicide, a third degree felony under Utah Code section 76-5-208(3) (2003). Child abuse homicide results if "the actor causes the death of a person under 18 years of age and the death results from child abuse, as defined in [Utah Code] Subsection 76-5-109(1)." Id. § 76-5-208(1). Further, child abuse homicide will be a third degree felony if the child abuse is done with criminal negligence.5Id. § 76-5-208(3)(b).
¶ 27 Because rule 25 did not require the juvenile court to ensure that the juvenile understood the nature and elements of the crime, the juvenile court in this case understandably did not dedicate a portion of the admission colloquy to ensure that K.M. understood the nature and elements of the crime to which she was admitting. The juvenile court did recite the elements of the crime when presenting the amended allegation to K.M., explaining that the allegation was amended to read that K.M. "with criminal negligence caused the death of a person under 18 years of age and [that] the death results from child abuse." The court then asked K.M., "Do you admit or deny that?" K.M. responded that she would "[a]dmit that," and the court proceeded to attempt to establish a factual basis for the plea. That, however, was the extent of the juvenile court's efforts to explain to K.M. the nature of the crime to which she was admitting, and we find that those efforts were constitutionally inadequate.6
¶ 28 In addition, further review of the admission colloquy and the hearing on the motion to withdraw demonstrates that K.M. did not understand the nature and elements of the crime to which she admitted. For example, K.M. never admitted that the child was born alive or that she had contributed, either directly or indirectly, to the death of the child. After K.M. entered her admission, the juvenile court proceeded to question K.M. about the events in question, seeking to establish a factual basis for the admission. In response to the court's request that K.M. recount everything that happened, K.M. told her story in great detail. At the conclusion of her account, the court then questioned *Page 1286 K.M. about whether she thought the baby was born alive:
THE COURT: [K.M.], did that child ever make a noise?
[K.M.]: No, ma'am.
THE COURT: Could you tell if the baby was ever breathing or not?
[K.M.]: Yes, ma'am, I would have.
MR. BRASS: She didn't understand the question. I heard it, but she —
THE COURT: Was the baby breathing or not?
[K.M.]: No, ma'am.
. . .
THE COURT: Do you agree that the baby was born alive?
[K.M.]: No, ma'am.
¶ 29 K.M.'s refusal to admit that the child was born alive or that she contributed to its death demonstrates that she was not aware of the nature and elements of the crime to which she was admitting. The closest that she came to admitting to indirectly causing the death of her child was in response to a series of leading questions by the juvenile court during the admission colloquy:
THE COURT: [K.M.], why didn't you call out to your aunt or to your sisters?
[K.M.]: I was in shock. I didn't know what was happening.
THE COURT: But your aunt was there trying to help you through the whole night, wasn't she?
[K.M.]: Yes.
THE COURT: And you could have asked for help, couldn't you?
[K.M.]: Yes.
THE COURT: And you should have asked for help, shouldn't you?
[K.M.]: Yes, I know that now.
Even putting aside the leading nature of the court's questions, K.M.'s acknowledgment that she should have asked for help does not contribute to an understanding of how K.M.'s failure to summon help could have resulted in the death of her already dead baby. Further, K.M. repeatedly testified at the hearing on the motion to withdraw her admission that she did not understand that she was admitting to "abusing the little body" and that she was not aware that she was admitting to causing the death of the child, even indirectly.
¶ 30 We are sensitive to the practical challenges that accompany requiring juvenile court judges to ensure that the juveniles in their courtrooms understand the nature and elements of the offenses to which they are admitting culpability. The wide spectrum of ages, educational attainment, developmental maturity, whether the child has cognitive disabilities, and the child's experience with the legal system contribute to making difficult the necessary work of seeing to it that a juvenile fully comprehend the nature and elements of the offenses before her admitted culpability is formally acknowledged. These are the same difficulties, however, that juvenile court judges face when performing many of their duties. The fact that juvenile court judges have proven to be so skillful at meeting these challenges removes any reluctance we might otherwise have to impose upon them this additional responsibility. To confirm our confidence in juvenile court judges' ability to communicate the nature and elements of an offense, we need look no further than the manner in which K.M.'s judge conducted the admission colloquy. The record reveals that she took extra precautions to ensure that K.M. was comfortable with the proceedings and that she understood the nature of the constitutional rights that she was waiving.
¶ 31 In sum, we conclude that, owing to a constitutional defect in rule 25's procedures for accepting a juvenile's admission, the juvenile court judge did not adequately ensure that K.M. understood the nature and elements of the offense for which she admitted culpability. Her admission of responsibility was therefore not knowing and voluntary, and her motion to withdraw her admission should have been granted. We reverse and remand.
CONCLUSION ¶ 32 Due process requires that juveniles understand the nature and elements of the crime to which they are admitting before their admissions will be knowing and voluntary. *Page 1287 Because the juvenile court did not take steps to ensure such an understanding in K.M. and because we find that K.M. did not obtain such an understanding, we find that her admission was not knowing and voluntary. She should therefore be allowed to withdraw her admission.
¶ 33 Chief Justice DURHAM, Justice DURRANT, and Justice PARRISH concur in Justice NEHRING'S opinion.