United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 91–8562
Summary Calendar.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee,
v.
Maria Dolores CAMARENA, Defendant–Appellant.
Sept. 28, 1992.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.
Before KING, EMILIO M. GARZA and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Following a direct appeal of her conviction, Camarena filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255 to vacate, set aside, or correct her sentence. The district court denied the motion, and
Camarena appeals. Finding no error, we affirm.
I
Maria Dolores Camarena was indicted on 58 counts of unlawfully structuring currency
transactions with domestic financial institutions for the purpo se of evading the currency reporting
requirements of 31 U.S.C. § 5313(a). The indictment charged that Camarena's conduct was part of
a pattern of illegal activity involving $545,900 over a 12–month period, in violation of 31 U.S.C. §§
5324(1) and (3) and 5322(b).
After a jury trial, Camarena was convicted on all 58 counts and sentenced to a prison term
of five years for each count, to be served concurrently, and a fine of $250,000. The district court
suspended all but six months of the prison sentence and placed Camarena on unsupervised probation
for a period of five years. Camarena's conviction was affirmed on appeal. United States v.
Camarena, 863 F.2d 880 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1106, 109 S.Ct. 3158, 104 L.Ed.2d
1021 (1989).
Following Camarena's direct appeal, she filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct
sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Camarena's motion put at issue the constitutionality of the
currency reporting requirements of 31 U.S.C. § 5313(a). According to Camarena, application of the
statute violated her privilege against self-incrimination. The district court ordered the government
to show cause why Camarena's motion should not be granted. Subsequently, the district court denied
Camarena's motion, reasoning:
The statute and regulations require financial institutions, such as banks, to report currency
transactions, not individuals such as the Petitioner. Consequently, there is no way in which
the statute and regulations can violate her personal privilege against self-incrimination.
United States v. Mickens, 926 F.2d 1323, 1331 (2d Cir.1991) [, cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––,
112 S.Ct. 940, 117 L.Ed.2d 111 (1992) ]. Furthermore, the information financial institutions
are required to report under Section 5313(a) does not necessarily implicate anyone in the
commission of a crime. United States v. Mickens, supra at 1331.
Record on Appeal, vol. 1 at 5, No. 91–8562 (5th Cir. filed Oct. 28, 1991).
II
This court has not addressed the question whether the currency reporting statutes violate the
Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination. The Second, Ninth and Tenth Circuits have,
however, considered this question and they have all rejected the argument that the currency reporting
statutes violate the Fifth Amendment. See Mickens, 926 F.2d at 1331; United States v. Hoyland,
914 F.2d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir.1990); United States v. Kaatz, 705 F.2d 1237, 1242 (10th Cir.1983);
see also United States v. Kimball, 711 F.Supp. 1031, 1032–34 (D.Nev.1989); United States v.
Bucey, 691 F.Supp. 1077, 1084 (N.D.Ill.1988).
Although this circuit has not yet decided the issue whether the currency reporting statutes
violate the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination, we find the above-cited decisions
well-reasoned and, accordingly, we hold that the currency reporting statutes do not violate
Camarena's privilege against self-incrimination.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.