Dissenting. — I am unable to agree with the majority of the court, and for the following reasons: The defendant is charged with the crime of murder in the killing of one Patrick McNamara, at Lava, Bannock county, Idaho, on the twenty-fifth day of June, 1894. He was indicted, tried and convicted at the July term, 1894, of the district court of Bannock county. A motion for a new trial was made and overruled. Appeal is taken from both the judgment and the order overruling the motion for a new trial. The case is before us *245upon a bill of exceptions, which presents only so much of the evidence as is by counsel deemed essential to the proper presentation of the exceptions taken. Some of the exceptions which appear in the record were virtually abandoned upon the argument, and I shall therefore only consider such as were urged and insisted upon at the hearing in this court. The second error presented by appellant in his brief, and the only one upon. which he seems to rely, is as follows: “The court erred in overruling the defendant’s motion for a new trial on account of improper and illegal and inadmissible evidence having been received on the trial, to wit, the evidence of Garrett Sullivan, George Boss, S. C. Winters, Lyman Fargo and I. H. Moore, all of whose testimony was received over the objections and exceptions of the defendant’s counsel.” The record before us, and it is to that we are confined, shows the following facts:
The defendant was arrested shortly after the date (25th of June) of the alleged homicide. He was incarcerated in the jail of Pocatello, Bannock county, and subsequently,- but upon what date does not appear by the record, was examined before the probate court of said Bannock county upon the charge of murder aforesaid. Upon said examination one J. Ed Smithy an attorney regularly admitted to practice as such in the fifth judicial district of Idaho, appeared as counsel for said defendant. After the examination the defendant was by said court committed to the jail of Bannock county without bail to await the action of the grand jury of said Bannock county. The district court for Bannock county convened on July 23, 1894, and on that day the said J. Ed Smith appeared as counsel for defendant, and exercised on the part of defendant his right of challenge to the grand jury. On the twenty-sixth day of July said grand jury presented a true bill of indictment against the defendant, charging him with the crime of murder in the killing of Patrick McNamara aforesaid. Upon his arraignment on said indictment, “it appearing to the court that the said Charles Perry is unable to employ counsel, J. Ed Smith, Esq., and P. E. Keeler, Esq., were appointed by the court to defend him.” On the 2l?th of July, the defendant, with his counsel, came into court, and entered his plea of not guilty to said indictment. On July 30th, “by consent of counsel,” the cause *246was set for hearing on the third day of August, 1894. On August 3d, the following entry appears in the records: “J. Ed Smith, counsel heretofore appointed by the court to defend the above defendant, failing to appear in court, the court appointed H. Y. A. Ferguson, Esq., to appear on behalf of said defendant.”
The following is the evidence, admitted over the objection of -defendant, and which appears in the bill of exceptions in the record:
C. M. Phelps was a witness, who was duly sworn, and testified' upon oath as follows, to wit: “My name is Charles M. Phelps. Am acquainted with Perry. Have known him the • last three or four weeks. Am confined in the same jail with him. I have had a conversation with him, about the murder of McNamara, since he has been confined in the jail. This conversation grew out of a talk we had before. The conversation occurred like this: Mr. Caldwell, one morning about 6 or 7 o’clock, was in the habit of letting me out, and this particular morning he told me that the sheriff had discovered Smith at Lava digging up some money. I told Perry that Caldwell had told me that the sheriff had followed Smith to Lava, and had surprised him in the act of digging up some money. He said: T was afraid, when I told Smith about getting that money, that I should not have done it.’ This Smith is J. Ed Smith. His relation to the defendant at that time was that he had his case. I know that he had it. Well, there was considerable talk about the matter at that time. I said to him: Ts this your money Smith found up there?’ He said: ■‘Yes.’ I said: ‘How did you come to tell Smith you had •money up there ?’ He said: ‘He insisted on having his fee, at least enough to cover his expenses, and I had no other means of getting money, and I told him where this was buried.’ ■‘Well,’ I said to him, ‘you had lots of time to get away from there if you wanted to. You had twenty or thirty hours before the officers got there.’ He said: ‘Yes; I could have got away, tout I got excited over the matter, and didn’t think of it.’ I had a conversation with him about the other money. I told him a day or two afterward that they had got the bill — the ten-dollar bill he gave Smith — and Smith had got it changed. He *247admitted that he gave Smith the tenTdollar bill. He said he didn’t think that that would cut any figure; that it was a ten-dollar bill he had when he came here, and he said: ‘I don’t see how that will affect my case at all.’ That is when he came to Lava. He said he gave Smith the ten-dollar bill outside the jail since he had been in jail.” Cross-examination: “I have been confined in the county jail for some time. I was charged with an assault with intent to commit murder. I was not examined before the magistrate. That was in the month of May. I have known Perry since he was brought there and confined in the jail. I have never formed any friendship with the defendant. Q. How long was it before he made a confidant of you, and told you things affecting his life and liberty? A. It commenced about the time Smith came to see me about my case. It was Smith, the attorney from Idaho Falls, who came to see me about my case — about the indictment. It was understood that Smith was to represent me if I was tried. I consulted him professionally. I have known Smith a good many years. I have been intimately acquainted with him. We have been friends. If I needed assistance he would give it to me, and if I could I would give him .assistance. I was indicted for murder in the old Bingham county. Was tried on an indictment, convicted of the crime of manslaughter, and received a sentence of four years. I served part of that term, and subsequently that sentence was commuted. It was before my liberation that my friend Smith was arrested for crime. He was prosecuted by Judge Crawford on a charge of grand larceny, involving $400. I was a witness in that case — the Crawford case. I did not see him at that time and tell him that I owed him a great deal, and was ready to do anything I could for • him. I was a witness of the facts that occurred. Q. Was it at your suggestion that this man employed Smith? A. I think it was about the first time I wrote Smith. I guess it was after I received a letter from Smith in reply to mine. I ■didn’t speak of Smith until he asked me what attorney I was going to have in my case. I said, Smith. He made some inquiries about him, and I said he was a good, fair lawyer, and was a friend of mine, and I would as soon see him as any one -here. I didn’t tell him he would better write Smith. I knew *248of Ms writing to Smith. He told me after he wrote the letter. He did not know about Smith until I told him. He didn’t tell me about his case until the 23d or 24th of last month. I am not exact about the date, but it was the next morning after they had found the money at Lava. That was the first time, I did. not have an understanding or arrangement or talk with an officer or officers by which it was understood that I was to-get what I could out of this man and receive a lighter punishment myself in consideration. I did not have any talk. No,, sir; not a word. When you talk about an understanding, I will tell you. After Perry was put in there, Caldwell said tome: T think this man has got this money down there, and has hid it, and I wish you would see if you can find out whether he-has or not.’ That was all the talk I had. No talk at any-other time. I disclosed to Caldwell and lawyer Smith what this man told me. My object in telling them was that I believed that this man was guilty of a cold-blooded murder, and I didn’t think any knowledge I had was rightfully withheld, I did not think of benefiting myself. It is a fact that I was-indicted for an assault with intent to commit murder. I did' not plead to that indictment. I pleaded guilty to an assault with a deadly weapon. I was permitted to do it by the district attorney. I did not talk with him about it before. Have not talked about it at all. Mr. Hawley represents me. I. pleaded guilty to that offense. It was not understood that the district-attorney would accept that plea. Hawley asked me if I would be willing to plead to it. I said, T didn’t know I could plead to it.’ ” Redirect examination: “In pleading to a charge of an-assault with a deadly weapon I had no understanding with anyone except my attorney’s advice to so plead in case I could get an opportunity. My lawyer told me that it was simply impossible to get a conviction of assault with intent to murder, but that the testimony might warrant a lighter offense or degree. I am an old officer. Was a peace officer for five years. This-trial of Smith that counsel refers to was eight or nine years ago, in ’84 or ’85. I was a witness in the case, and was sworn and examined. I think I was sworn on the part of the defense, though I am not sure. My evidence was such that I am not sure on which side I was called. I did not persuade the de*249fendant to employ Smith. He asked me to- intercede with Smith to take his case, from the fact that he didn’t have any money.”
And thereupon, to further support the indictment, the state of Idaho called George Eoss, who was duly sworn as a witness,, and testified as follows, to wit: “My official position in this county is that of deputy sheriff. I was at Lava one week ago-Monday night. Q. Who were with you? A. Sullivan and myself. We went up there on a freight train, riding on the engine. I saw J. Ed Smith that night. I saw him at Lava. Q. State the circumstances of seeing him there, and what was done. A. I got off tile engine at the head of the switch and waited there probably until midnight, and then started down the track. After I got down the track a ways I heard a man coughing, and I walked back up, and kept off the railroad track against the wire fence. I saw a man against the fence post, and I walked down to the man, and when I got close to him I said, ‘Hello,’ and took him by the shoulder, and said, ‘What are you doing here?’ He had dug a hole probably nine or ten inches deep. I said, what was he doing here. We hunted for the money that was supposed to-be buried there, and found it there by another post. Sullivan found it. Smith got the package, and Sullivan took it from him. The package was a white cotton handkerchief. It had been white. It was badly stained, and contained three twenty-dollar gold pieces. From the post where Smith was digging the distance was one post and two little stays between the wire.. Smith was digging at a post of a barbed-wire fence, along the railroad. It was sixty or eighty feet straight ahead of the-switch in the direction toward the river, between the section-house and McNamara’s house. Can’t say how far it was from the section-house. I could recognize the handkerchief again iff I were to see it. (Handkerchief shown witness.) Yes, sir; that is the handkerchief that was found there. Sullivan took possession of it at the time. Sullivan opened the handkerchief. I was present at the time. There were three twenty-dollar gold pieces in it at the time. I cannot state the manner in which it was tied in the handkerchief. It was tied close. It took some time to untie it.”
*250Thereupon to further support the indictment, the state of Idaho recalled Garrett Sullivan as a witness, who, having been already duly sworn, testified as follows, to wit: “I was present at the time Eoss testified about being at Lava. Q. State the transaction there as it happened. A. Myself and Eoss walked down the railroad track toward the section-house, and saw this man along the fence. The time was about 1 o’clock at night. We saw he was digging by the fence post. We all searched around there, and I happened to find the money one post past him, toward the section-house. When I found the money it was in a handkerchief, and tied in two hard knots. Handkerchief has been in my possession ever since — the handkerchief and money. (Handkerchief shown witness.) The handkerchief is in the same condition as when I found it. (Handkerchief offered and received in evidence.) The premises of Mr. McNamara are in Bannock county, Idaho.”
And -thereupon, to further support the indictment, the state of Idaho called Lyman Fargo as a witness, who, being duly sworn, testified as follows, to wit: “My business is that of a merchant. I reside at Pocatello. I know J. Ed Smith of Idaho Falls by sight. I changed a ten-dollar bill for him not long ago. Q. How long ago? A. About a month or six weeks ago. I put the bill in the safe. After that I gave it to you (Hon. S. C. Winters, district attorney). I made a note of the number of the bill, taking it from the bill. The' number was 9,817,255, series of 1880. I am positive the bill I gave you is the one I got from Smith. I am positive, because it was immediately after I had been to the bank, and I took every bill out of the safe, and he gave me the first one, and when you came in no money had been put in the safe beside that. It was ten or fifteen minutes, or maybe half an hour, after the bill was changed until I gave it to you. I noticed something about the bill. You called my attention to it. I saw the spot. It looked like a blood spot.” Cross-examination: “I had the bill only a few minutes when Mr. Winters arrived in the store and told me he wanted it. It was then I took the number of the bill. I did it at his request. I suppose I would not have done it if he had not requested me to.”
*251And thereupon, to further support the indictment, the state -■of Idaho called S. C. Winters, Esq., as a witness, who, being duly sworn, testified as follows, to wit: “I am acquainted with J. Ed Smith, from Idaho Falls. He is a lawyer. I saw him last month in this town. Don’t remember the day. Saw him two or three times. I was present when the money was dug up by Sullivan and Eoss, and with reference to that day. It was some time after Perry was arrested that I saw Smith. It was on the first trip Smith made here after Perry was arrested. I know by Smith’s appearance in the probate court what relation Smith had to Perry at this time. He was attorney for the defendant. As near as I can remember, it was 10 or 11 o’clock in the forenoon when I saw Smith on this occasion. The first time I saw Smith was in the evening. He drove down the first time, and stayed overnight at my house, •and drove out the next day. When he was going from my office I knew he was going to the jail. I know he went to the jail; the jail where the defendant was confined. Q. Do you know what money he had when he started for the jail? A. I don’t know, except from his statement. Q. Did he make you a statement with regard to having any money? (Objected to by the defendant as being immaterial.) The ■Court: I hardly think that would come within the rule. A. I saw Smith after he got back. He came to my office when he got back from the jail. I don’t know the exact time he had been at the jail. It might have been an hour. Q. Did you see him with any money when he got back? A. I did. The kind of money was a ten-dollar bill. He produced that money :from his pockets. I don’t know from which pocket. The condition of the bill was this: it was folded about one inch square, folded very tight. I saw the bill afterward. I examined it at the time, and told him I could not make the change. I didn’t notice the number. I noticed the kind of bill. It was a greenback, and I recognized the bill afterward from the folds in it. I had it in my possession at the time only for a second. From my place Smith went to Fargo’s. I sent him "to the store to change the bill. After he went to Fargo’s 1 went to the door of the hall and watched till he got to Fargo’s. 'Then I went to Fargo’s, and asked him for the bill, and it was *252given me by Fargo. I recognized the bill given me by Fargo as the same bill Smith had shown me in my office. I am positive of that. I took the number of the bill. The number is-A 9,817,255, greenback series of 1880. I then gave it to Dr. Moore. I observed on the bill a spot — a mark on the corner-—as if a thumb had been placed there. I observed that, and' turned it over to Dr. Moore to analyze it. Dr. Moore has had' the bill ever since.”
Dr. Moore was called by the state as a witness, who, being duly sworn, testified as follows: “I am a physician and surgeon.. Have had some experience in analytical chemistry. I know Mr. Winters. He gave me a bill to examine and analyze. It: Avas a greenback. This is it. There was a little stain on it: at the time I got it. These two round places here indicate-where the stain was. I can tell what the substance of the stain was. It was blood. I made a microscopic analysis, and found' blood corpuscles. I made a chemical analysis of it, and found the blood of a mammal by the coloring matter in the blood.. (Bill offered and received in evidence.)” Cross-examination:“The whole length that science goes is to tell that it was blood. I can’t tell whether it was from a human being or a pig, or some other warm-blooded animal.”
It is the theory of appellant that J. Ed Smith, after having-been retained by defendant to defend him upon the said indictment, wickedly and purposely betrayed his client to the-prosecution by giving up to the prosecuting officer the evidence-he had received from his client, which evidence, appellant claims, was material, and without which his conviction would have been, at least, problematical, and which evidence was obtained by said J. Ed Smith solely through and by reason of his relation of counsel to defendant. This theory of appellant involves the most serious charge ever made against an attorney in the history of civilized jurisprudence; it involves a conclusion before which the court may well stand appalled. The question presented is entirely novel. I have been unable to find, by the most diligent search and investigation, either a parallel or a precedent for it. It is to the credit of the legal profession that it is so. Questions similar to that raised by this record have been frequently before the courts, and the *253decisions have been quite uniform. The most, in fact, all of the cases which I have examined, have turned upon the admissibility of evidence fraudulently or illegally procured, and the ■distinction has been generally between what has been directly •derived through the medium of confessions, illegally or fraudulently procured, and that which has been arrived at as the result of the evidence thus procured. In Gindrat v. People, 138 Ill. 103, 27 N. E. 1085, the evidence objected to was procured by an unlawful entry upon the premises of defendant. The supreme court of Illinois say in that ease: “Courts, in the •administration of the criminal law, are not accustomed to be over-sensitive in regard to the sources from which the evidence comes, and will avail themselves of all evidence that is competent and pertinent, and not subversive of some constitutional or legal right.” The case of Shields v. State, 104 Ala. 35, 53 Am. St. Rep. 17, 16 South. 85 (an Alabama case), is upon like facts with Gindrat v. People. The evidence objected to was procured through an admitted unlawful search of the person of defendant. The court held in the last ease that, while the officer might have been guilty of a misdemeanor in procuring the evidence, still the court would not for that reason exclude it, and it has been repeatedly held that the manner of obtaining the evidence is directed to its credibility, not to its -admissibility. The case of People v. Barker, 60 Mich. 277, 1 Am. St. Rep. 501, and note, 27 N. W. 539, perhaps approaches nearer the case at bar, upon the facts, than any other case we have been able to reach. In that case, while the defendants were confined in jail under a charge of murder, the prosecuting attorney, under an arrangement with Pinkerton’s Detective Agency, at Chicago, procured the arrest, and incarcera-" tion in the jail where defendants were confined, of a person named Steams upon a fictitious charge. Shortly after his confinement Stearns was visited by one Mat. Pinkerton, a member of the notorious Pinkerton gang of Chicago, who was introduced as A. S. Trude, an eminent lawyer of Chicago, and who ••appeared as counsel for the man Stearns. The bogus Trude was by Steams introduced to the Barkers as an attorney of high standing and reputation, and was upon the recommendation of Stearns employed by the Barkers to defend them upon *254- the charge which they were held to answer. Under the guise of their counsel, Pinkerton, alias Trude, procured from the Barkers certain confessions in regard to the murder. The Barkers were separately confined in the jail. As a result of their consultations with their fraudulently pretended attorney,, certain letters were written by the Barkers to each other and to their wives. These letters were surreptitiously conveyed to-the hands of the prosecuting officer. Upon the trial of the-Barkers, the man Pinkerton, with the effrontery peculiar to-men of his profession, went upon the witness-stand to testify to the communications procured by him from the Barkers under his fraudulent guise of attorney. The trial court refused to-admit any statements made by the Barkers to Pinkerton while-he was assuming to be the attorney of defendants, but did permit the admission of the letters procured as aforesaid. This comes nearer, upon the facts, to the case at bar than any 1 have been able to find, and yet there is an almost immeasurable-gulf between the position of an employed detective, who is not presumed to be actuated or inspired by any other motive or consideration than the successful completion of his job — who is not influenced or controlled by any moral or legal obligations — and that of an attorney who, as a sworn officer of the. court, has been intrusted, by reason of the integrity which his membership of an honorable profession is supposed to imply, with the defense of a man charged with a crime involving his life. The action of the detective, while it may be considered despicable, cannot be called criminal, while the same act by an. attorney is one of those crimes—
“Whose eminent fame hell joys at, And the celestial angels that look on it Wish their keen, airy vision dim and narrow.”
The law furnishes no name for such a crime, for it has been heretofore unknown in the annals of jurisprudence. That the-one who had been appointed to guard the rights of the defendant upon his trial should be the first to “set the bloodhounds of the law upon his traek”is .an act of such superlative infamy that even “stern justice will blush to be so cheered upon her guilty prey” While it is true we are compelled to reach a *255conclusion upon the evidence of circumstances, still, when we apply the same rule to the acts of this man Smith that we apply to other cases resting upon circumstantial evidence, it is possible, it seems to me, to arrive at but one conclusion. The counsel for the state in his argument tells us he has no excuse- or explanation to offer of or for the conduct of Smith; that he “considers it simply infamous.” Now, either Smith’s conduct was entirely innocent, or it was entirely infamous. He cither did betray the defendant, or he did not. There is no stopping place — no half-way station — between these two conclusions. If the acts of Smith were infamous, they were so-because, in violation of his official oath, in violation of every principle of honor, integity and humanity, he wickedly betrayed to death the man he had been appointed to defend. If he did this, and I cannot come to any other conclusion, from' the evidence, how can it be said that the defendant, arraigned upon a capital charge, had that fair and impartial trial, guaranteed to every man charged with crime beneath the aegis of civilized law, and the denial of which is but an indirect indorsement of “lynch law”? With the question of the guilt or innocence of the defendant we have nothing to do in the-consideration of this appeal. The sole question presented to us upon this record is, Was there such error in the admission-of the testimony -set out in the record, and duly excepted to-on the trial, as prevented the defendant from having a fair and impartial trial? I think there was. It clearly appears-to me that this ease comes under the exception in Gindrat v. People, supra, as one “subversive of some constitutional or legal right.” It is the highest duty of the courts to see that the law is administered in justice. If Smith would not be allowed to go upon the stand and testify to communications made to him by the defendant while he was acting as his attorney, could he accomplish the same result by indirection?' If he could, the rule which assumes to throw a shield around the client is" a delusion and a snare. In the case of Moore v. Bray, 10 Pa. St. 519, it was held that “communications of the object for which an assignment of a mortgage was made to counsel, concerned for the assignee on the distribution of the proceeds of the mortgaged premises, are privileged, although *256no question then arose as to the object of the assignment, and the counsel considered the communication in the light of a casual conversation”; and the court in that case says, of this class of communications: “They fall directly then within the circle of privileged communications, of which reasons of public policy forbid the disclosure, not because of a privilege enjoyed by the counsel, but for the safety of the client. It is of infinite consequence to suitors that the trust reposed in professional men should not be violated.” If this rule is of such importance in civil eases, where mere dollars and cents are at stake, of how much more importance, does it become where the life of the client is involved! In the consideration of a case resting upon circumstantial evidence, while it is important to •examine with scrutinizing care the strength of each link in the chain, we should not fall into the error of confining our- • selves to the absolute or individual strength of each separate link, but should consider their relative strength. Now, there is no intendment to be predicated upon the fact that J. Ed Smith, the attorney for the defendant, when in Pocatello cohabited with the prosecuting attorney, nor are we to assume anything derogatory to the said Smith from the fact that he called upon the district attorney just prior to visiting the ■defendant in jail, and informed the district attorney that he (Smith) had no money; but when these facts are taken in connection with the other facts in the case; when we see this man returning within one hour to the office of the district atforney, and passing over to him the evidence procured by him (Smith) from his client, which was to aid materially in sending that client to the scaffold — even judicial credulity, it seems fo me, must waver. It is true, as has been suggested, J. Ed Smith is not on trial, but the acts of J. Ed Smith axe in this case, as presented to us by the record, of most serious consequence; as it is upon those acts, the motive which prompted them and their evident effect upon the conclusion of the jury, that this case rests. The conduct of Smith at the time he was discovered digging for the buried money; the fact of the prosecuting attorney and the sheriff and deputy being on hand at just the right time, when the residence of Smith is some fifty miles from that of said officers — all these facts, taken in *257cdnnection with the shameful abandonment of his client, as soon as he had secured immunity for his dear old friend, the twice convicted criminal Phelps, all’taken together, form an array of circumstances which it seems to me should carry conviction to any mind.
Multitudinous as the authorities may be in support of the doctrine that, in the administration of the criminal law, courts will not be over-technical in inquiring into the method by which evidence may have been procured, we have found none which have failed to draw the line at the point where, in the language •of the supreme court of Illinois in Gindrat v. People, supra, the methods resorted to in the procuration of the evidence have “been subversive of some constitutional or legal right.” A defendant comes before the court charged with the most serious crime known to our laws. He is poor and friendless. The law says that notwithstanding the accusation, notwithstanding the apparently conclusive character of the circumstances surrounding the perpetration of the crime with which he is charged, he shall be deemed innocent of that crime until he has been duly and legally proven guilty thereof. Aye, more; the beneficence of an enlightened and christianized jurisprudence provides further, that the unfortunate being thus situated shall not, by reason of his misfortunes, be left defenseless; but in the recognition of the elemental principle of our government, that “all men are equal before the law,” it will give to the defendant so situated all the benefits which another more fortunate in «-orldly pelf could secure, •and will appoint from among the sworn officers of the court ■one to defend and protect the defendant in the fearfully perilous position in which he finds himself. And where the one so appointed, so sworn to “be true to his client,” betrays that •client to the scaffold, can it be said that there has been nothing here “subversive of the constitutional or legal rights of the defendant”? Can it be truthfully said that the defendant, under these circumstances, has had that fair and impartial trial guaranteed to him by the constitution and the laws? The fact must not be overlooked that there was no positive testimony against Perry. His conviction rests entirely upon circumstantial evidence. Courts are technically considered to be mere *258abstractions, and yet, as experience shows, they are, after ail, mere men, subject to the same “skyey influences” which afflict other human habitations; and it is important therefore, that, in the consideration of purely legal propositions, they do not permit themselves to be overinfluenced by the horrors made manifest by the facts in the ease. This court in the consideration of this case is peculiarly circumstanced. We have heretofore, as evidenced by repeated decisions, strenuously opposed the practice, all too prevalent, we think, in this country, of so construing the rule that all presumptions of .fact are in favor of the innocence of the accused — as to give judicial recognition to any and all objections which the ingenuity of counsel may suggest in behalf of his client charged with crime — and from this position of the court I have no desire or disposition to swerve. I am as little inclined, however, to take from the party-accused of crime even the shadow of a constitutional or legal right. The majesty of the law is only to be maintained by a most strict and careful adherence to the principles of fairness and impartiality in its administration. The crime of which the defendant has been convicted is the most heinous, and deserving of the punishment awarded to those guilty of its commission, when duly and legally convicted. A most careful and laborious examination of the record in this, forces me to the conclusion that those charged with the administration of the law in this case have been governed more by the reprehensible rule that “the end justified the means” than by any earnest desire to aid in the administration of the law in justice. When I consider the relations of the attorney, Smith, with the criminal, Phelps; the means adopted by Phelps to secure Smiths, employment by the defendant; the palpable object of both Smith and Phelps, especially when the former learned that the defendant was unable to pay his fee; the peculiar relations of Smith to the prosecuting attorney; his passing over to the latter, almost immediately upon its reception by him, of the evidence he had received from his client, and which was to form, so strong a link in the chain of evidence by which his conviction, was to be secured; when I consider the unexplained, and to my mind unexplainable, coincidence of the almost simultaneous appearance of Smith, the district attorney and the sheriff and. *259Ms deputy, at the place where the money was buried (for there is no evidence in the record upon which any “shadowing” of Smith by anyone can be predicated); when I consider the conduct of Smith at that place; Ms coughing, evidently to direct the attention of the officer to his presence; his immediately joining the officers in the search for the money; his shameful and wicked abandonment of his client when all the end he aimed at, the securing of a light punishment for his comrade, Phelps, had been accomplished — all these things, taken together, leave an abiding conviction in my mind that the defendant was betrayed to his death by the acts of tMs man Smith, who had, as a sworn officer of the court, been appointed to defend Mm. If I am right in this conclusion, then, foul as the crime of wMch the defendant has been convicted is, much fouler and far more baneful in its consequences are the means by which that conviction has been accomplished. When the defendant shall have paid the penalty of his crime, the record, so far as he is concerned, is closed, but who can calculate the consequence that may ensue from a judicial recognition of the methods adopted in this ease? I am compelled to dissent from the conclusion of the majority of the court. I tMnk a new trial should be awarded defendant.