— This is an action prosecuted by the state board of equalization against the board of commissioners of Nez Perce county to secure a peremptory writ of mandate against the board requiring them to make and enter upon the tax-rolls a sufficient tax levy to raise Nez Perce county’s proportionate share of state taxes for the year 1905, as certified by the secretary of the board of equalization. The defendants have demurred to the complaint upon the grounds that it fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action or entitle the plaintiffs to any relief. On August 31, 1905, the state auditor, who is ex-officio secretary of the *384board of equalization, certified to the auditor of Nez Perce county the amount required to be raised by Nez Perce county as its share of state taxes for the year 1905 as equalized, determined and apportioned by the state board of equalization. This certificate is as follows:
‘ ‘ To the County Auditor of Nez Perce County, State of Idaho.
“Dear Sir: You are hereby notified that the State Board of Equalization of the State of Idaho at its regular session held at the State Capitol in the city of Boise, State of Idaho, beginning August 14, A. D. 1905, has determined and apportioned to Nez Perce County, State of Idaho, the sum of thirty-three thousand thirty-nine dollars and twenty cents ($33,039.20) as its proportion of state taxes for the year 1905, as provided by Act of the Legislature, Session Laws 1905, page 293.
“other taxes.
“Your attention is also called to the following acts of the legislature: Session Laws 1893, page 30; 1903, page 18 and 330; 1905, page 50, 160, 279 and 280, the provisions of each of said acts require the making of special levies as in the respective acts set out. On account of such provision, of said acts Nez Perce county has been charged with special taxes for the year 1905, as follows, to wit:
State wagon road bond sinking fund tax (1893). .$2,356.00
Industrial school bond sinking fund tax (1903)... 314.13
Livestock sanitary fund tax (1905)............... 541.33
Public building endowment fund tax (1905)...... 471.20
Gen’l interest and sinking fund tax (1905)...... 7,853.33
County indebtedness ........................... 7,853.33
“Very respectfully yours,
“(Signed) EGBERT S. BRAGAW,
“State Auditor and Ex-officio Secretary of the State Board of Equalization.”
The real question presented for our determination and the one upon which the county relies is this: That the aggregate amount which the state requires the defendant county to raise by tax levy for the year 1905 is in excess of five mills *385upon each dollar of valuation of the taxable property of Nez Perce county as assessed and equalized for the year 1905, and it is therefore in violation of the provisions of section 9 of article 7 of the constitution. It is conceded that the total assessed valuation of the state, for the year 1905 exceeds $50,000,000, and is less than $100,000,000, and therefore the. maximum rate of taxation for state purposes cannot exceed five mills on each dollar valuation. The attorney general contends, however, on behalf of the state, that the limitation for purposes of taxation as fixed by section 9 of article 7 applies only to the levy for “state purposes,” and that such purposes consist in maintaining and conducting the, state government — legislative, executive and judicial — and the operation and maintenance of the state institutions. The attorney general insists that section 9 of article 7 has no application whatever to indebtedness incurred under the provisions of article 8 of the constitution for internal improvements and the acquiring of public groúnds and the erection of state institutions. A correct solution of this proposition will be determinative of the issue presented. Upon the threshold of this discussion the defendants have cited People v. Scott, 9 Colo. 422, 12 Pac. 608, as a leading authority in support of their position. An examination of that case will disclose at once that the Colorado supreme court were only called upon to consider the provisions of article 10 of their constitution which very nearly corresponds with article 7 of our constitution. It will also appear that the state of Colorado has no provisions in its constitution similar to section 1 of our article 8. (See In re State Board of Equalization, 24 Colo. 446, 51 Pac. 493.) Again, it will be observed that the principal, if not the entire sum sought to be raised by tax levy in People v. Scott, was for the purpose of defraying the ordinary expenses of the state government and the maintaining and operating the state institutions. It is true, however, that the court finally arrived at the conclusion in this case that taxation for “state purposes” includes “all state purposes,” and therefore comprehended every *386character of revenue that the state could raise by taxation. The reasoning employed by the court in that case and the subsequent cases down to and including In re State Board of Equalization, supra, indicate very strongly to us that the court might have arrived at a very different conclusion had the Colorado constitution contained an article corresponding to article 8 of our constitution. The separate and-distinct purposes intended by the provisions of articles 7 and 8 of our constitution have seemed clear and unambiguous to us, and while the question here under consideration was not then under discussion, still in Stein v. Morrison, 9 Idaho, 426, 75 Pac. 253, we attempted, in a way, to point out the separate purposes and objects of the two sections. It is there said: “A careful examination of articles 7 and 8 of our constitution discloses two separate and distinct purposes had in view in the adoption of the two articles. Article 7 defines the fiscal year, provides methods for raising revenue, exempts certain classes of property from taxation, provides for uniformity of taxation, fixes a maximum rate of taxation upon real and personal property that shall never be exceeded, provides for appropriations for current expenses, for a board of equalization, and for a system of county finances. The complete plan outlined in this article provides for the raising of revenue to meet the current expenditures. When legislative appropriations are made, they are made for the future, and to extend over a period of two years. During the time for which the expenditures are being made the revenue is being collected, and even though claims may be presented and allowed before sufficient revenue has been collected to meet the same, the complete scheme for the collection of taxes and revenue and the payment of the current expenses of the state looks to one general purpose of ending the two years for which the appropriations are made with the expenses of maintaining the state government for that period paid. On the other hand, article 8 contemplates the contracting of indebtedness, the issuance of state bonds, prohibits the loaning of the state’s credit to individuals and corporations, etc. This article, differing from the other, was *387entitled by the framers of the constitution thus: ‘Public indebtedness and subsidies.’ Between the two extremes, the one meeting the expenditure for maintenance of the state government and the other meeting expenses in ease of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insurrection, the constitution has anticipated a necessity which must arise of making public improvements, erecting public buildings, educational, penal and reformatory institutions, and that for the construction of the same the state would necessarily be obliged to incur indebtedness. It authorizes the legislature to create debts not to exceed one and one-half per centum upon the assessed yaluation of the taxable property therein.”
"We can understand that much confusion might arise by the reading of one of these articles and not constantly keeping in mind the provisions of the other article. Article 7 is devoted to outlining a plan for raising revenue for current expenses in the running and maintaining the state government and its institutions, and it places certain limitations upon the law-making and tax-raising powers of the state government. It will be noticed by the provisions of section 9 Of that article that upon the organization of the state a tax levy of ten mills, on each dollar of assessed valuation was permitted, and a sliding scale was therein fixed by which the rate should constantly decrease as the assessed valuation should increase until the time arrives when the total assessed valuation of the state shall have reached $300,000,000, we cannot raise any more revenue by taxation for “state purposes” than we could raise when the total assessed valuation of the state only amounted to $45,000,000. After the assessed valuation shall have reached $300,000,000, the tax levy for “state purposes” can never exceed one and one-half mills on each dollar of assessed valuation. Now, keeping in mind the provisions of this section, and immediately turning to section 1 of article 8, we find that an ever-increasing state indebtedness is authorized at the rate of one and one-half per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property in the state, no matter how large our assessed valuation may grow. While the rate of taxation for *388“state purposes” is ever diminishing as the assessed valuation increases, the state “debt or debts, liability or liabilities” are authorized to forever increase as the. assessed valuation' increases. When our total assessed valuation was only $45,000,000, a state indebtedness of only $675,000 could be incurred by the legislature, but when the valuation reaches $300,000,000, an aggregate state indebtedness of $4,500,000 may be incurred. If, therefore, the total tax levy both for the purpose of running and maintaining the state government and its institutions and for meeting interest on the public indebtedness and providing a sinking fund must fall within the rate prescribed by section 9 of article 7, it would follow that the time will probably come when it will take the entire tax levy for “state purposes” to pay the interest upon the public indebtedness and provide a sinking fund, and that no revenue whatever would be left for maintaining and operating the state government and public institutions. Such a construction could certainly never have entered the minds of the framers of the constitution. It is clear to us that the “for state purposes” mentioned in section 9 of article 7 is for the running and current expense in carrying on and operating the different departments and institutions of the state government which is intended to be upon a cash basis as provided by section 11 of the same article. If “for state purposes” means all the revenue the state can raise by taxation, then why use these words at all ? Of course all the revenue received by the state must be for state purposes in the sense that it becomes the state’s money and is disbursed by the state. But the framers of the constitution evidently meant something other and different than that when they said: “The rate of taxation .... for state purposes shall never exceed,” etc. It will also be observed that in section 1 of article 8 in prescribing the manner of incurring” public and bonded indebtedness the words “for state purposes” were not used, but the words “object or work” are' employed, and the bonds are authorized to be used for some single “object ^.r work.” Clearly, then, this section is providing for the raising funds for internal improvements, pub-*389lie buildings, etc. The right to incur the indebtedness under this provision of the constitution necessarily carries with it the right to raise sufficient funds to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund, but the framers of the constitution saw fit to limit that, not by the rate of taxation, but by the total amount of indebtedness which may be incurred, and have left the rate of taxation and the manner of levying and collecting it to be fixed by the legislature. We agree with counsel at once that if indebtedness should be incurred and bonds issued under section 1 of article 8, for the purpose of raising funds for running the state government or public institutions, or for defraying bills already incurred in the maintaining of the state government and institutions or to pay deficiencies, then a tax levy to defray such bonds or indebtedness would fall within the provisions of section 9 of article 7, and go to make up the five-mill rate allowed by that section. It is also true that, as suggested by the attorney general, any indebtedness incurred or bonds issued for the suppressing of insurrection are not covered by either article 7 or 8, but are exempted from the operations of both articles. It was stated upon the argument, and was not disputed, that $108,000 of the public indebtedness of the state comes down from territorial days, and $64,000 was incurred in suppressing insurrections and maintaining martial law.
We conclude from the foregoing that the special levies authorized and required by acts of the legislature as set forth in the state auditor’s certificate hereinbefore for meeting the bond issues for state wagon road, industrial school and other public buildings and internal improvements, do not fall within the five-mill limit. That being true, the sum required to be raised from Nez Perce county by tax levy is not in excess of the constitutional limitation, and the board of commissioners are not for that reason authorized or .justified in refusing to make the levy and enter it upon their tax-rolls.
The county attorney insists, however, that the act of the legislature approved March 6, 1905, entitled, “An act requiring the levying of special ad valorem tax by the board *390of county commissioners of those several counties of the state of Idaho which are indebted to the said state on account of various taxes levied for special and state general purposes since the year 1890, and prior to the year 1903, ’ ’ is unconstitutional and void, as being in conflict with section 6 of article 7 of the constitution, which provides that “The legislature shall not impose taxes for the purposes of any county, city, town or other municipal corporation, but may by law invest in the corporate authorities thereof, respectively, the power to assess and collect taxes for all purposes of such corporation.” It is argued that if the one-mill levy authorized by act of March 6, 1905, is for a county purpose, then it is in violation of the foregoing provision of the constitution, and if, on the other hand, it is for a “state purpose,” then it falls within the five-mill limit and is unconstitutional for being in excess of the amount authorized by section 9 of article 7 for “state purposes.” It will be seen that .the act of March 6th only authorizes and directs the board of commissioners to make sufficient levy, not exceeding one mill, to pay the amount such county is indebted to the state. The question does not arise here as to the amount of the indebtedness nor of what it consists. Questions of fact as well as of law will probably arise in determining that, and of course the legislature could not arbitrarily fix the amount, as that becomes a judicial question in case the county and state do not agree as to the amount. It is evident, hoivever, that any levy which the board may make for the purpose of meeting the indebtedness of the county to the state is not a levy for payment of current expenses, but is rather the payment of a debt due from the county to the state. "While the sum collected under such a levy will be payable to the state and become the property of the state, and in that sense is for a state purpose, still it is not for a state purpose in the sense in which that term is used in section 9 of article 7 of the constitution. It is probable that the board could have been compelled to make a levy to meet such obligation in the absence of a statute. On the other hand, we find no provision in the constitution that would forbid the legislature authorizing *391the board of commissioners to make such a levy as in the judgment of the board will meet and liquidate its then existing indebtedness to the state. The legislature undoubtedly has such powers unless it is limited in their exercise by some provision of the constitution. We do not pretend to say, and, indeed, the case is not in such position that we can determine the fact from the record before us, whether or not it is the duty of the board of commissioners to make a sufficient levy to raise the amount called for in the certificate of the state auditor. It may be that the sum claimed is largely in excess of what is really due from the county, and the state certainly cannot constitute itself the sole judge in fixing the amount. In a proper proceeding instituted for that purpose the county may be able to show that it is indebted to the state in only a small portion of the amount claimed by the state. We therefore hold that it is the duty of the county to make a sufficient levy for the purpose of liquidating its past-due indebtedness to the state, but as to the amount of such indebtedness or the rate of levy to meet the same, we express no opinion whatever. Neither do we express any view as to the effect, if any, the case of State v. Ada County, 7 Idaho, 261, 62 Pac. 459, has on this particular question of county indebtedness.
The writ will issue to the effect above indicated. No costs awarded.
Stqckslager, C. J., and Ailshie, J., concur.