Dissenting. — I am unable to concur in the opinion of the majority of the court. I take a different view of the entire case, and to state my views of the facts and the law requires that I state the facts and the law as shown by the record in this case.
The prosecuting attorney of Bingham county, Idaho, filed an information against the defendant charging the defendant as follows:
“The said Sylvenus Gutke, on or about the 13th day of August, 1911, at the county of Bingham and state of Idaho, and prior to. the filing of this information, did then and there wrongfully and unlawfully sell and deliver to one David Nelson, within a prohibition district of the state of Idaho, to wit: In the county of Bingham and state of Idaho, in violation of the law, certain intoxicating liquor, to wit: lager beer, to be used as a beverage, the said intoxicating liquor not being then and there sold upon the written prescription of a duly licensed physician of the state of Idaho, and the said David Nelson, not being then and there a registered pharmacist.
“That the said Sylvenus Gutke was examined upon said charge before a committing magistrate, to wit, J. EL Anderson, probate judge in said county of Bingham, and was by said magistrate held to answer said charge in this court.
“J. E. GOOD,
“Prosecuting Attorney, Bingham County, Idaho.”
The witnesses were indorsed on the information, in accordance with law, and such information was filed with the county clerk November 13, 1911.
By stipulation of attorneys for defendant and the prosecuting attorney, the record shows that upon the trial of the defendant upon the charge alleged in the information filed by the prosecuting attorney the defendant plead to the charge made in the information prior to the impanelment of the jury: “1. Not guilty. 2. The defendant pleads that he has already been acquitted of the saíne offense charged by the judgment of the district court of the sixth judicial district *746of the state of Idaho in and for Bingham county, rendered at Blackfoot, Idaho, on the 16th day of November, 1911.”
Said pleas and each of them having been made in open court and entered in said cause, a jury was thereupon duly impaneled and sworn and said cause proceeded to trial. After the evidence was heard and instructions given by the court, the jury returned the following verdict:
“We, the jury duly sworn and empaneled in the above-entitled action find the defendant guilty as charged in the information.
“(Signed) J. W. CHAPMAN,
“Foreman.”
Exception is taken to the giving of plaintiff’s requested instruction No. 6, which is in the following language:
“The test is not whether the defendant has already been tried for the same act, but whether he has been put in jeopardy for the same offense. A test almost universally applied to determine the identity of the offenses is to ascertain the identity, in character and effect, of the evidence in both cases. If the evidence, which is necessary to. support the second information, was admissible under the former, related to the same crime, and was sufficient, if believed by the jury, to have warranted a conviction of that crime, the offenses are identical, but if the evidence in support of the second information is not sufficient to have warranted a conviction upon the former information, then the offenses are not identical.”
Exception is also taken to instruction No. 1, which is as follows:
“You are instructed that the constitution of this state provides that ‘No person shall be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense,’ and that section 7356 of the Revised Code of this state provides that, ‘No person can be subjected to a second prosecution for a public offense for which he has once been prosecuted and convicted or acquitted.’ You are instructed that an act in a technical sense means something done voluntarily by a person, and of such a nature that certain legal consequences attach to it You are instructed that *747a crime or a public offense is an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it, and to which is annexed, upon conviction, a punishment by imposition of a fine, or imprisonment, or other punishment. You are further instructed that under the laws of this state, section 7230 of the Revised Code, that ‘An act or omission, which is made punishable in different ways by different provisions of this code, may be punished under either of such provisions, but in no case can it be punished under more than one; and acquittal or conviction and sentence under either one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other.’
“In this case the defendant has pleaded specially that he has heretofore been tried and legally acquitted upon accusation under a different provision of the code of the act herein charged in a court of competent jurisdiction, to wit: The district court of the sixth judicial district of Idaho, in and for Bingham county, and the evidence has been introduced before you in regard to the said plea. You are charged that in order to sustain said plea you must be satisfied from the evidence that the act of which the defendant was formerly acquitted grew out of the identical act involved in this case; that is, that the act growing out of which the defendant was prosecuted and acquitted in said former case is the identical act upon which this prosecution is based; and the burden of proof is on the defendant to show by a preponderance of the evidence, by which is meant the greater weight and degree of credible testimony, that said acts were one and the same. If you are so satisfied, and so believe from the evidence, then it would be your duty to find for the defendant, and your verdict will be for the defendant.
“The court instructs the jury in the language of the statute that, ‘No person can be subjected to a second prosecution for a public offense for which he has once been prosecuted and convicted or acquitted. ’
“Section 7230. An act or omission which is made punishable in different ways by different provisions of this code may be punished under either of such provisions, hut in no case can it be punished under more than one; an acquittal or *748conviction and sentence, under either one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other.
“Section 7761. Whenever the defendant is acquitted on the merits-, he is acquitted of the same offense, notwithstanding any defect in form or substance in the indictment on which the trial was had.
“Section 7762. When the defendant is convicted or acquitted, or has been once placed in jeopardy upon an indictment, the conviction, acquittal, or jeopardy is a bar to another indictment for the offense charged in the former, or for an attempt to commit the same, or for an offense included therein, of which he might have been convicted under that indictment.”
The record also shows in this ease that the defendant was tried in the district court in and for the county of Bingham on the 15th and 16th of November, 1911, upon a complaint charging the defendant with the unlawful sale of two bottles of beer sold to one David Nelson on the 13th day of August, 1911, in the county of Bingham, state of Idaho, the said Nelson then and there being under the -age of twenty-one years, all of which is contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the state of Idaho. The prayer of the complaint is that a warrant be issued for the arrest of said Sylvenus Gutke and that he be dealt with according to law. Upon the trial the cause was submitted to a jury and the jury returned a verdict as'follows:
“We, the jury duly sworn and impaneled in the above entitled action, find the -defendant ‘Not guilty.’
“ (Signed) JACOB GUSHWA,
“Foreman.”
This verdict was recorded by the clerk and read to the jury who confirmed the same, and thereupon the court excused the jury from further consideration of said cause, and discharged the defendant.
Thereafter, on the 27th day of November, 1911, the same' being a day of the regular term of said district court, Criminal Cause No. 1, entitled “The State of Idaho, Plaintiff, v. *749Sylvenus Gutke, Defendant,” came regularly on to be heard before the court sitting with a jury, prosecuting attorney James B. Good, assisted by W. H. Witty, appearing for the plaintiff and certain other attorneys appearing for defendant.
The record then continues and states the title of the cause and the offense with which the defendant was charged, and that prior to the impaneling of the jury defendant entered a plea as follows: “Not guilty,” and in addition thereto the following plea: “The defendant pleads that he has been acquitted of the same offense charged by the judgment of the district court of the sixth judicial district of the state of Idaho, in and for the county of Bingham, rendered at Blackfoot, Idaho, on the 16th day of November, 1911.”
Said pleas and each of them, having been made in open court and entered in said cause, a jury was thereupon duly impaneled and sworn, and said cause proceeded to trial. The jury, after hearing all the evidence, offered by both the state and the defendant, and the argument of counsel and instructions of the court, retired, and on the 28th of November, 1911, returned into open court and presented the following verdict:
“We the jury, duly sworn and impaneled in the above entitled action, find the defendant ‘guilty,’ as charged in the information.
“ (Signed) J. W. CHAPMAN,
“Foreman.”
Upon this verdict of “Guilty” the court entered judgment and sentenced the defendant to pay a fine of $100 and to be imprisoned in the county jail for the term of six months. The defendant within the time provided by law made a motion for a new trial, and set forth, inter alia, as grounds therefor, that said verdict of guilty and judgment thereon were contrary to law and against the evidence, for the reason that all of the evidence showed that the information and prosecution thereon, in Criminal No. 3, were for the same identical act, that is to say, the sale of the same two bottles of beer to the same person, David Nelson, at the same time and place as that charged in the information in this case, the *750witnesses on behalf of the state in both eases being the same and testifying to precisely the same sale, the charge in Criminal No. 3, for which defendant was acquitted on the 16th day of November, 1911, being for the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquors to a minor, while the sale in this action, Criminal No. 1, upon which defendant was found guilty and sentenced as aforesaid, is for the alleged offense of selling intoxicating liquors in prohibition territory, and that all of the testimony related to, and was confined in each of said causes, to the same sale made to the same person and at the same time and place.
The defendant perfected an appeal from the judgment and the overruling of the motion for a new trial. Defendant’s motion for a new trial was heard upon the agreed statement of facts, and was denied on the 12th of August, 1913; it was also agreed that this cause be heard upon appeal to the supreme court both from the judgment and from the order denying the motion for a new trial, upon the agreed statement ; that both of the parties to this action so agree, in order to have it finally determined whether the defendant can be lawfully tried and convicted for the crime of selling intoxicating liquors in prohibition territory, after he has been previously tried and acquitted upon the charge of selling liquor to a minor, the alleged sale in each of said cases, respectively, being the same identical acts, the defendant having, by his special plea in this action, pleaded acquittal in said former action; and also as to whether or not judgment can be given against the defendant in this action, the jury having failed to make any finding upon his special plea of former acquittal. This statement of facts is signed by the prosecuting attorney and counsel for the defendant.
The record shows specifications of particulars in which the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict, and in which the verdict is against the evidence.
The errors of law assigned and excepted to by the defendant are as follows:
1. The verdict is contrary to law in this: That the defendant, having been once tried and acquitted for the alleged act, *751or acts, of selling intoxicating liquors to a minor, could not again be tried for the same act, the sale of intoxicating liquors in prohibition territory.
2. The verdict is contrary to the instructions of the court in this: That the court instructed the jury in the language of the statute (sec. 7356, Eev. Codes) that no person can be subjected to a second prosecution for a public offense for which he has once been prosecuted, and convicted or acquitted, and that an act made punishable in different ways by different provisions of the code cannot be punished under more than one; an acquittal under either bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under the other; and that whenever the defendant is acquitted on the merits, he is acquitted of the same offense, notwithstanding any defect in form or substance in the indictment on which the trial was had, and that when the defendant is convicted or acquitted, or has been placed in jeopardy upon an indictment or conviction, acquittal or jeopardy is a bar to- another indictment for the offense charged in the former or for an attempt to commit the same, or for an offense included therein of which he might have been convicted under the indictment.
3. The verdict is contrary to law in this: That the defendant has been subjected to a second prosecution for the same acts charged as a public offense for which he had once been tried and acquitted.
4'. That there was misconduct of the jury in this: In its refusal to find for the defendant upon his special plea of former acquittal and once in jeopardy; and in its refusal to make any finding upon said pleas, or either of them.
5. The court erred in permitting said jury to return a general verdict without requiring it to make a finding upon the said special pleas submitted to said jury.
6. The court erred in not vacating and setting aside said general verdict.
7. The court erred in entering judgment upon said general verdict.
8. The court erred in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial.
*752From an examination of the record in this case the evidence shows: (1) That the appellant, Sylvenus Gutke, was in Criminal No. 3 tried for the sale of two bottles of beer alleged to have been sold to a minor, one David Nelson at Shelley, Bingham County, Idaho, on the 13th day of August, 1911; that he was on the 16th of November, 1911, tried by the court sitting with a jury and acquitted by the verdict of said jury and discharged by the court upon said charge. The evidence in the case, Criminal No. 1, clearly and without ■any doubt, shows that Sylvenus Gutke was on the 28th day of November, 1911, tried by the court and a jury for the same identical act, that is, the sale of the same two bottles of beer, to the same person, David Nelson, at the same time and place, upon a charge of having sold intoxicating liquors in prohibition territory; that in this last-mentioned cause he specially pleaded, in addition to his plea of “Not guilty,” said former acquittal in the same court on the 16th day of November, 1911; the evidence shows that the act or acts for which the defendant was tried in each case were, and are, identical in all particulars, it being the same sale to the same person at the same time and place.
(2) All of the evidence shows that defendant in this cause has been tried and acquitted for the same act, or acts, and all of the evidence shows that the jury in this cause should have found for the defendant upon his special plea of former acquittal; and there is no evidence against defendant upon his said special plea.
(3) The finding should have been for defendant, in this cause, Criminal No. 1, upon a special plea of former acquittal, and should have been “Not guilty” upon the general issue.
Error is also assigned because of the failure of the court to require the jury to file a verdict upon the special plea of the appellant.
Sec. 7755, Rev. Codes, is as follows: “There are four kinds of pleas to an indictment. A plea of: 1. Guilty; 2. Not guilty; 3. A former judgment of conviction or acquittal of the offense charged, which may be pleaded either with or without the plea of not guilty; 4. Once in jeopardy.”
*753The defendant pleads that he has been once in jeopardy for the offense charged, specifying the time, place and court.
This section of the statute is copied from the Penal Code of the state of California (Kerr’s Cyc. Codes of Cal., vol. 4, sec. 1017). In this connection the above author has recited a history of this section and also cited cases construing and treating of the provisions of such act. The author treats the subject under the following headings: 1. In general; 2. Plea of guilty; 3. Plea of not guilty; 4. Pleas of former conviction or acquittal — Once in jeopardy.
Under the last-mentioned heading the following cases are cited: People v. Bewnett, 114 Cal. 56, 45 Pac. 1013; People v. McFarlane, 138 Cal. 481, 71 Pac. 568, 72 Pac. 48, 61 L. R. A. 245.
Under the heading “Once in Jeopardy,” under the subheading “Issue of Fact Raised by Plea,” the author says: “Where there is plea of not guilty and also plea of former conviction or acquittal, issues of fact are raised by both pleas, and defendant is entitled to verdict on both.” (People v. Kinsey, 51 Cal. 278; People v. Fuqua, 61 Cal. 377; People v. Le Yune Chong, 94 Cal. 379, 29 Pac. 776; People v. Eppinger, 109 Cal. 294, 41 Pac. 1037.)
As to submitting the question to the jury, the author says: “It is the duty of court to submit to jury issue raised by plea of former jeopardy, and to have it specifically passed on by that body, in addition to special finding upon plea of not guilty. (People v. Hamberg, 84 Cal. 468, 24 Pac. 298.) ”
As to the nature of the plea, the author says: “Plea of former conviction or of former acquittal is in no way dependent upon or interwoven -with that of ‘not guilty,’ but is separate and apart therefrom. Therefore there is nothing to prevent trying of special plea separately. (People v. Smith, 121 Cal. 355, 11 Am. Cr. Rep. 108, 53 Pac. 802.) ”
In the case of People v. Tucker, 115 Cal. 337, 47 Pac. 111, the court, reaffirming all of its previous holdings to this effect, says: “Where defendant pleads ‘not guilty’ and ‘once in jeopardy,’ a conviction will be set aside if the jury failed to *754find on the latter plea, unless the record shows that it was waived or withdrawn.”
The supreme court of California, in the case of Emerson v. County of Santa Clara, 40 Cal. 543, held: “A verdict of a jury in disobedience to the instructions of the court upon a point of law is a verdict against law.” (People v. Worden, 113 Cal. 569, 572, 45 Pac. 844.)
In the case of Ex parte Nielsen, 131 U. S. 176, 9 Sup. Ct. 672, 33 L. ed. 118, Judge Bradley, in reviewing the authorities upon the questions discussed in this opinion, calls particular attention to former decisions of that court involving similar questions and concludes by saying:
‘ ‘ The books are full of cases that bear more or less upon the subject we are discussing. As our object is simply to decide the case before us and not to write a general treatise, we content ourselves, in addition to what has already been said, with simply announcing our conclusion, which is, that the conviction of the petitioner of the crime of unlawful cohabitation was a bar to his subsequent prosecution for the crime of adultery; that the court was without authority to give judgment and sentence in the latter case, and should have vacated and set aside the same when the petitioner applied for a habeas corpus.”
A motion of the defendant was filed within the time allowed by law, in which the defendant moved the court for a new trial and in the motion set forth, among other grounds, that said verdict of guilty and judgment thereon were contrary to law and against the evidence, for the reason that all of the evidence showed that the information and the prosecution thereon in Criminal No. 3 were for the same identical act, that is to say, the sale of the same two bottles of beer to the same person, David Nelson, at the same time and place as that charged in the information in this case.
' The record shows that the appeal is from the court’s order overruling the motion made by defendant for a new trial.
*755According to my views it is apparent that the verdict of the jury and the judgment of the trial court are contrary to law. The judgment should be reversed, and the judgment of the trial court should be set aside and a new trial ordered.