It is insisted on behalf of the appellant that, the County Court erred in dismissing the complaint as against the resident defendants.
The action was for a tort, and the defendants were severally liable *618for the plaintiff’s damages, and the plaintiff could maintain an action against all or any of the defendants, and. there is no rule which makes all the tort feasors necessary parties to an action of this character. (Creed v. Hartmann, 29 N. Y. 591; Roberts v. Johnson, 58 id. 613 ; Kain v. Smith, 80 id. 458; Beal v. Finch, 11 id. 134.)
. Had the action been originally brought against only the five defendants who were residents of Monroe county, or any one of' them, it could undoubtedly- have been maintained. The cause of action arose in Monroe county. Does the fact that the two nonresident defendants were named in the summons and complaint, though not served with process, change the situation as to- any of' the resident defendants? The Code of .Civil Procedure (§§ 1204, 1205) provides that judgment may be given for or against one or more defendants where a several judgment may be proper.. (Stedeker v. Bernard, 102 N. Y. 327.)
And by section 4$6 of the Code it is provided that: “ Where a. summons, issued against two or more defendants, alleged to be severally liable, is served] upon some, but not upon all of them, the-plaintiff may proceed against those upon whom it is served as if they were the only defendants named therein. Where it is served-Upon all' of them the plaintiff may take judgment against one or more of them, where! he would be entitled to judgment if the action was against him or them alone.”
These provisions of the Code apply to-the County Courts: Section 3347, subdivisions 4 and 8, and section 348.
But the learned counsel for the respondents claims that under section 15 of article 6! of the Constitution, which gave the County Courts “ original jurisdiction in all cases where the defendants, reside in the county! and in which the damages claimed shall not exceed,” etc., and under subdivision 3 of section 340 of the Code of Civil Pi-ocedure, which .confers jurisdiction on those courts over “ an action for any ¡* * • * cause where the defendant is, or if there are two or more defendants, where all of them are, at the time of the commencement of the action residents of the county, and wherein the ■complairiit demands judgment for a sum of money only,, not exceeding,” etc., no cause of action exists of which the County Court has jurisdiction against any of the parties defendant named in the complaint, unless all of the parties so named are residents of the *619county. The provisions of law, whether constitutional or statutory, must receive a reasonable construction and one in harmony with the purpose sought to be obtained by the law itself.
The purpose of the provisions under consideration was to deprive the County Court of jurisdiction as against a non-resident defendant, but jurisdiction was retained in those courts as to the resident defendants. Where the County Court has before it a defendant who is liable “for any "x" * "x" cause” of action to the plaintiff, independent of his relations to any other defendant, it has jurisdiction to proceed against him and a several judgment can be rendered. This view brings section .340 of the Code in harmony with the other sections cited, and they should all be construed together.
The non-resident defendants were not before the County Court. Neither of them was seiwed with process. The appearance of the attorneys as to them conferred no jurisdiction and had no effect. While in courts of general jurisdiction an appearance in an action by a non-resident defendant, not served with, process', may waive jurisdiction as to his person, it is not so with courts of limited jurisdiction, especially as to the subject-matter of the litigation. (Landers v. Staten Island R. R. Co., 53 N. Y. 450; Wheelock v. Lee, 74 id. 495; Davidsburgh v. The Knickerbocker Life Ins. Co., 90 id. 526 ; Heenan v. West Shore & Buffalo Railway Co., 34 Hun, 602.)
Therefore, the case stands precisely as if there had been no appearance for these non-resident defendants. The defendants .cannot be permitted to assert that their general appearance by an attorney in the action is not effectual to confer jurisdiction as against the non-resident defendants, but is effectual to so bring them into the case as to operate as a lever to oust the County Court of jurisdiction as to the resident defendants. The court below, having no jurisdiction of the non-resident defendants, they had no interest in the action. No proceedings therein could affect, them: Although they were copartners
with the resident defendants in the business in which the plaintiff ' was injured, any judgment against the resident defendants in the action, it being for a tort, would not affect them, as no contribution could be enforced against them. (Miller v. Fenton, 11 Paige, 18 ; Peck v. Ellis, 2 Johns. Ch. 131; Anderson v. Murray, 33 Barb. 354 ; Robinson v. Frost, 14 Barb. 536 ; Travis v. Tobias, 7 How. Pr. 90; Geisenheimer v. Dodge, 1 How. Pr. [N. S.] 264.)
*620Their appearance iff the action seems to have been an intrusión for an ulterior purpose, and they had no right to appear. ■ • •
As. was well said j in Tracy v. Reynolds (7 How. Pr. 327) by Harris, J.: “ It wasl never the case in any court that a party uninvited and unwelcome could intrude himself upon the court and the plaintiff unless hq had some, right to protect which rendered such appearance necessary.”
Hnder the ruling of the court below in this case, the maker of a promissory note, whoi was a resident of Monroe county, could not beheld liable in an ¡action in which a non-resident indorser not served had been made a party. Clearly, in such a case the County Court could have proceeded to judgment agairist the maker. (McKnight v. Baker, 1 How. Pr. 201; East River Bank v. Cutting, 1 Bosw. 636.)
As before said, nq doubt exists that, if none but the resident' defendants had beeni named in the summons and complaint, the court below would have had jurisdiction of those defendants, nor can any doubt exist that, after the dismissal of the complaint in this case, another action could have been maintained in the court below against the resident defendants.
Upon what principle, therefore, can the contention rest that the County Court had not the power to dispose of the same issues between the plaintiff and. the resident defendants upon the trial below. The respondent’s only answer is that “ such is the law.” The law is a sensible ¡and practicable institution. It abhors circuity of actions. The court- below was dealing with the issues made up against the resident defendants, and not with questions concerning defendants over whom it had no jurisdiction, and it erred in dismissing the complaint as to the resident defendants, and for that error the judgment should be reversed.
All^ concurred, except Follett arid Adams, JJ., dissenting.
Green, J.:An action is instituted in a court of limited jurisdiction by the service of the summons upon several of the parties named as defendants, but not upon all An attorney serve's notice that he has been retained to defend the action in behalf of all parties named in the summons, and demands a copy of the complaint. The complaint *621served alleges that all the defendants are residents of the county. The attorney thereupon served a joint answer containing a general denial, and also an allegation that the defendants not served were non-residents. The plaintiff accepted the notice of appearance and the answer without objection and went to trial upon the issues presented by the pleadings. Assuming that the general, unqualified or unconditional appearance by the persons not made parties to the action by service of process, did not constitute a waiver of the defense dependent upon their non-residence, and a submission of their persons to the jurisdiction of the court, the question presented for determination is whether, in an action founded in tort, persons not made parties to the action may put in a special appearance, by answer or in any other mode, for the sole purpose of ousting the court of jurisdiction of the resident defendants. In other words, whether the court, upon the application of such persons, made either by direct motion, or by answer and motion upon the trial, will oust itself of the jurisdiction acquired over those who were made parties to the, action by service of process. Clearly, in an action of this character, the parties not served had no legal right to force themselves into ‘the suit, against the plaintiff’s objection, with the purpose of defeating the action. (McKnight v. Baker, 1 How. Pr. 201; Tracy v. Reynolds, 7 id. 327; Waterbury Manuf. Co. v. Krause, 1 Hilt. 560.) Otherwise as to joint liability partners. (Fox v. Brooks, 7 Misc. Pep. 426; Wellington & Abbott v. Classon’s, 18 How. Pr. 10.)
But it is contended that because the plaintiff accepted the answer and went to'trial upon the'issues presented, he thereby consented to consider the persons not served with process as parties to the action to all intents and purposes and to litigate the issue as to residence, and that, upon his failure to establish the fact, the court was ousted of jurisdiction 'over the resident defendants. Let us see if that is the legal consequence or result. When the plaintiff accepted the notice of appearance and retainer, he had the right to rely upon the assumption that all the defendants thereby elected to submit their persons to the jurisdiction of the court. The answer served qualified the general appearance and made it special, and the plaintiff was thereby notified that these non-residents did not submit their persons to the jurisdiction of the court at all with the intention or for the purpose of litigating any matter, between themselves and the plaintiff, but that they *622simply came into the isuifc with the sole object of dismissing it as to the resident defendants. Of themselves, the court acquired no jurisdiction by service of process or by the general appearance (this we assume), but they make a special appearance and declare that they will not submit to the jurisdiction, and not only this, they demand that the court shall pitoceed no farther against the other wrongdoers, but shall surrender the jurisdiction acquired. Such a proceeding as this ought not to be entertained for a moment. A party not served should not be permitted to intervene in this manner and to take an ambiguous position. He should either appear and abide the consequences or not appear. He cannot occupy an uncertain status, partly appearing and partly not appearing. The appearance here was simply for the purpose of making a motion to dismiss an action against others, to which the persons thus appearing are not, and to which they refuse to be parties. It is an appearance “ under protest.” If then, the answer is to determine the nature or quality of the appearance; it is the appearance in the action ; and as they decline to come in. and submit to the jurisdiction of the court, they, in effect, declare that they are not parties to the action, and refuse to become such for the purpose of litigating any of the matters alleged in the complaint. They are not, therefore, in a position to move for a dismissal of the action as to those who are parties. ■ In effect they say: “We have not been made parties to this action, and no judgment can be - rendered against us, and we decline to come into this action to defend ourselves against any claim asserted, but we desire to appear and prove to the ■court that we are non-residents, and that the court should proceed no further against the actual defendants.” In other words, the sole purpose of their appearance is to protect the resident defendants from liability to judgment in this suit.
How, if it were the proper practice or method of procedure (which it is not) to raise the objection of j urisdiction dependent on residence, by direct motion founded on affidavits, could it be considered for an instant that these nonresidents would be at liberty to intrude themselves. into the action by making' a special appearance for the sole purpose, of ousting the court' of jurisdiction over the resident defendants ? Would any court listen to such an application ? Most certainly not. Is not a special appearance by answer the same in regal effect as a notice of motion ? Where the complaint alleges *623residence, issue must be taken upon the averment; if not, the defense of non-residence is waived; it cannot be shown at the trial, and jurisdiction of the person is conferred (Hamburger v. Baker, 35 Hun, 455 ; Hankinson v. Page, 19 Abb. N. C. 274; Sullivan v. Frazee, 4 Robt. 616); and so, also, even if the complaint contains no such allegation. (Bunker v. Langs, 76 Hun, 543 ; Ross v. Konor, 17 N.Y. St. Repr. 465.)
The objection cannot be taken by motion, but must be taken by answer. The answer is equivalent to a notice of motion, and the notification is that the motion will be made upon the trial upon the evidence presented. Such an answer the plaintiff -is, of course, bound to accept from a defendant served with process. That the plaintiff would have the right to discontinue as to such a defendant — at least in an action in tort — there seems no legal reason to doubt. But why should the plaintiff be compelled or required to discontinue the action as to an alleged non-resident, when he has no sufficient proof of the fact, or suffer the consequence of having his action dismissed as to all the defendants, where there is a several liability ? When the non-residence of one defendant is established, and the action is dismissed as tó him, it should be allowed to proceed against the others. In' such case the constitutional and statutory provision is complied with; that is to say, all the defendants against whom judgment may be rendered are defendants. As to those who are nonresidents, no judgment can go against them, for the court has no power over their persons; but it ought not to follow that those who are within the power and subject to the jurisdiction .of the court should escape liability to judgment on that account. The reason of the law — that parties should not be . compelled to defend their rights in local courts distant or remote from their place of residence — is satisfied by dismissing the action, with costs, as to them; but the reason or purpose of the statute has no apparent application to those who are residents of the locality. We fail to perceive that the latter have any legal right or interest in that matter. Where an action is brought in the Supreme Court a defendant may obtain a change of venue, of which right he is deprived in a local court. There is a judicial utterance to the effect that the defense is personal to the non-resident (Lewin v. Wright, 31 Hun, 327), and there is much legal truth in the observation. The objection may be waived by the *624person affected bj the action in the local court foreign to his residence. If the non-resident should decline to set up the defense in his separate answer, would a plea to the jurisdiction by the resident defendants be of any avail % We should say not, for the non-resident has a legal right to waive the objection which is merely personal to himself. It is competent to confer jurisdiction of the person by consent, even in courts of. limited jiirisdiction. That is well established by authority and is founded on legal principles.
The plaintiff was'not bound to accept the special appearance by the non-residents, whether by answer or in any other mode. Yor, having accepted, it, was he bound to move for a discontinuance as to them, or suffer a dismissal of the action. If any motion of that character should have been made, he would be met with the objection that the non-residents had theretofore appeared generally, and that the matter must be determined upon the trial. But if the assumption is true that the general appearance was nullified by the answer, and the only'appearance was for the special purpose of raising the objection of non-residence of the intervenors, the latter were not parties to the action or subject to the jurisdiction of the court, and were in no position to demand that the court should surrender the jurisdiction acquired over, the resident defendants.
An appearance for. the sole purpose of objecting, by motion, to jurisdiction over the person, is not am, appeamanee in the action. (Elliott v. Lawhead, 43 Ohio St. 177.)
A special ¡appearance by way of answer is but another mode of accomplishing the saíne object as by motion. These parties had no right to appear with a reservation of an objection to the jurisdiction of the action as against the resident defendants. They are not to 'be allowed to intervene and appear with a protest against the jurisdiction not only as to themselves but as to all the.other defendants as well, and to oust the ¡court of the jurisdiction acquired. If a party wishes to insist upon, the objection that he is not in court, he must keep out for all purposes except to make that objection. He cannot be allowed to appear specially for the purpose of giving a qualified jurisdiction, with the sole object o.f obtaining a dismissal of.the action as to others. They, have come in and insist that not only shall no judgment go against themselves (which, of course, could not be done), ■ but also that no judgment shall pass against the other wrongdoers;
*625Really, it seems not to be a question of “ jurisdiction of the court” at all, in a proper sense, but one of venue. However, it does not pertain to the “ jw'isdietion of the cowt ” per se. If it did, jurisdiction could not be conferred by waiver (Code Civ. Proe. § ,499), but here the non-resident may waive it by not pleading it. Consent will confer it.
The provision of the Constitution should be interpreted in the light of the prior state of the law. (Cooley Const. Lim. 74, 80.) That is, with regard to rendering judgment against one, and dismissing the complaint as to others. The jurisdiction of County Courts was not specified in the Constitution of 1846. A reasonable interpretation, and one that is consonant with legal rules of practice and procedure, should be adopted.
The defense of non-residence may be waived even in Justice’s Court. (Clapp v. Graves, 26 N. Y. 418; Osburne v. Gilbert, 52 Barb. 158.)
The judgment should b.e reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.
Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event. *
Hardin, P. J.:The nature of the action stated in the complaint is such that it might have been maintained against any one or more of the seven defendants if the action had been brought in the Supreme Court. The County Court of Monroe county had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the persons of the five resident defendants. It may be said that it did not have jurisdiction of the non-resident defendants, and that they, by reason of their .non-residence, had an immunity from the jurisdiction of the County Court conferred upon them by the restrictive words of the Constitution; in other words, the Constitution inhibits the County Court from taking jurisdiction of non-resident defendants. The letter and spirit of the Constitution are observed by awarding to the non-resident defendants protection against an action being maintained against them. The resident defendants are not' protected by the letter and spirit of the constitm tional provision from an action being maintained against them in the County Court, inasmuch as the cause of action stated is one which the Constitution authorizes the County Court to consider and *626determine as. against resident defendants. When the fact was made to appear that two of the defendants were non-residents of the county of Monroe, those two defendants were entitled to¡ have the action, so far as it related to them, discontinued, and the complaint, as to them, dismissed. That right might have been awarded to the non-resident defendants, and because the non-resident defendants were entitled to that direction as to themselves, it does not follow that, after such direction was given and the complaint as to such nonresidents was dismissed, the County Court did not have jurisdiction of the subject-matter, the cause of action and of the person of the five resident defendants.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.