The action was brought for the partition of real property of which James Ledwith, the grandfather of the plaintiff, died seized. The only heirs of James Ledwith, deceased, were the plaintiff and the •defendant. The plaintiff charged that the alleged devise made by his grandfather of his real property was void. The contest had relation to the validity of an alleged will of James Ledwith, who ■died in July, 1894, at the age of eighty-four years. The date of the will was May 15, 1890, when he was living with his two daughters, the defendant and Julia, on his farm in Bergen county, N. J. *116He having become a widower purchased this farm -lying partly in Rockland county, N. Y., and partly in Bergen county, N. J. ; moved on to it about twenty-years before his death with his family, consisting of his three children — those two daughters and his son James. The son afterwards married, and the plaintiff is the issue of -that marriage. James died in January, 1890. ' The daughter Julia died ■ in July, 1892. By his alleged' will, James Ledwith, Sr., gave all his estate, amounting to from $30,-000 to. $40,000, to-his daughters,, or the survivor of them, except $1,000, which was ultimately to go for the benefit of the family pf the deceased son.
The plaintiff’s attack upon the will was founded upon the charge that the old gentleman was mentally incompetent to make a will at the time it Was made, and that it was the result of undue influence practiced upon him. It is not questioned that, for some time preceding arid up to the time of his death, he was substantially in the.condition' of imbecility as the consequence of senile dementia. How long he had been, seriously thus afflicted was the-subject of much Conflicting evidence introduced bythe respective parties at the trial. Qn' the part of the plaintiff, many witnesses were called and griveevidence tending to- prove that, in the year 1889, there was a marked-, change in his habits arid conduct, indicating a want of mental control over his actions, and'such evidence, if reliable, would render him incompetent, not only to do any business, but' to take care of himself, arid some evidence to the. effect that such change and condition appeared and existed two or three 'years prior .to 1889 and. thereafter continued; that, as the consequence of his condition, he would get lost when lie was away from the house; would attempt to enter other people’s houses, insisting that they were his place of residence; that he destroyed; -crops on his farm,, conducted himself strangely at .home by throwing pork chops into the buttermilk on the table, throwing rotten apples into fhe churn while being used, in the process of making butter, attempting to put the hot tea kettle, on to the mantel, and by doing some other things- equally strange and disorderly; that he was-watched and taken care of and treated as a child; locked in his room at night and his-food selected and given to him in fixed allowances ,;, that he did riot converse intelligently, and that the defendant from time to time stated that he was crazy, that he. was out-of his mind and .words to like effect. Much; *117of this evidence introduced by the plaintiff was not consistent with that furnished on the part of' the defendant.
The will was prepared by Mr, Kelly, a lawyer, whose evidence is to the effect that he, by request, for the purpose of drawing his will, called on Ledwith, inquired and was informed by him of his property and the disposition he wished to make of it by will; that he called the second time for further instructions, and when the will was finally prepared he called the third time and the will was executed; Kelly and the other subscribing witness, testified to the transaction of the execution of the will, in which all the requisite formalities were observed. The brother, Thomas Ledwith, was also present at the time of the execution of the will, and united with the others in testimony to the effect that the actions and conversation of the deceased were then intelligent and rational. The evidence given by many other witnesses called on the part of the defendant was to the effect that they had seen the decedent from time to time for some years before his death and talked with him some, and that they observed no change affecting his mental condition until after the death of his daughter Julia, which occurred in July, 1892, more than two years after the will in question was made. Those witnesses had no specific business relations or transactions with him. Their interviews and observations were generally casual:
The proceedings before the surrogate and in the Orphans’ Court of the county of Bergen, founded upon the offer of the will for pro-: bate, have not, nor has the result there, any importance in the present case. The apparent right of the devisee, as such, is dependent upon the due-execution of the will, provable upon the trial. (Corley v. McElmeel, 149 N. Y. 228.) While the onus of proving the execution of the will was with the defendant, the plaintiff, making the attack upon it, assumed the burden of proving its invalidity in other respects. So far as his attack rests upon the fact of incapacity merely, it is found in the evidence already referred to. If the mental nower of the decedent, at the time he made the will, was such as to enable him to appreciate and understand the nature, condition and amount of his property and his relation to those who were his kindred, and in fact to comprehend the nature and consequences of the provisions of his will, he had testamentary capacity. (Matter of Will of Snelling, 136 N. Y. 515.) This, upon the evi*118dence, was a question of fact which the trial court was not at liberty to withdraw from the jury. As the verdict, was a general one for the plaintiff it does not appear what view was taken by the-.jury of. that question, if there was any other upon which they were permitted to reach that result. Feebleness, of intellect, insufficient to . incapacitate a person to make his will, may render him inore susceptible to control and give greater .opportunity for unduly influencing the' testamentary disposition by him of his property. The charge ■ was made to that effect in the present ease. .
•It does not appear that the' subject of. making a will was ever considered by the decedent until after the death of his son... The daughter Julia was afflicted with consumption and-feeble. The-evidence on the part of - the plaintiff tends to prove' that soon after the . death of the son the defendant suggested the making of .a will by her father and asked one person to draw it,- who declined; that,, thereupon, through her cousin Murray, one of the witnesses to the- . will, she caused the. services of a lawyer to be. procured for the pur-. pose; that she was heard talking to her father about the making of' a will, when she said to him that Minnie (the plaintiff’s mother) didn’t, need' anything; that she had enough, and, if she had not, let her go ■to work for it, and said something about the . Quinn family (hér family), being extravagant and that they should not get their money ' to spend; that on another occasion she said to the witness that they wrere going to have her' father make a will;. that the boy (plaintiff): - . would get something, but not his father’s share; that when the young child of the plaintiff’s mother died (shortly after his fathers death) the defendant said she wished the other one (plaintiff) was dead too, as it would save trouble in the future; that -both sisters talked about having their father make a will, that they did not want the widow of James or her boy to (have any of their money; - that they said this several times; that the défendant said on different occasions that the son’s widow would not get any of- the property if she could help it. There is evidence to the effect that the relations-between the father and the son in bis life were cordial and friendly ;.' ■ that the son collected the rents for' his father, and that shortly .before his son was married, in 1881, the father said of the girl he was about to and .did marry that she was a very nice girl, and so far as appears there was no interruption of friendly feeling between *119them while her husband lived. The remark said to have been made by the defendant to her father, after the son’s death, that the widow and her family were extravagant, was repeated by liim. This, so far as appears, was the only reason given for not making the grandson the object of substantial bounty by the will. The defendant was not a witness on the trial and consequently the statements and transactions which the evidence tended to prove she made and saw and in which she took part were not controverted by any direct evidence to the contrary. The credibility of the witnesses giving the evidence was nevertheless a question for the jury.
Nobody had any legal claim upon the testamentary bounty of the decedent. His right was to make such a disposition of his property by will as he pleased. Whether wise or unwise in its provisions is not the subject for consideration, if it was his will. If he was non compos mentis, if it was the product of undue influence, the will was not his. But in order to avoid a will on the ground of undue influence it must be made to' appear that the influence exercised, resulting in the will, amounted to moral coercion, such as to restrain independent action and deny free agency to the testator. Such influence as arises from gratitude, esteem or affection does not come within the meaning of undue influence. It may be the result of importunity which, if the testator is unable to refuse or too weak to resist, constrains him to do what is against his free will and desire. (Gardiner v. Gardiner, 34 N. Y. 155 ; Brick v. Brick, 66 id. 144; Matter of Mondorf, 110 id. 450.) While it is not indispensable that the evidence of undue influence should be made to appear by direct proof of its exercise, the circumstances from which it may be inferred “ must be such as lead justly to the inference that undue influence was employed and that the will did not express the real wishes of the testator.” (Brick v. Brick, 66 N. Y. 144; Marvin v. Marvin, 3 Abb. Ct. App. Dec. 192.)
In view of the enfeebled mental condition which the jury were permitted to And was that of the decedent preceding and at the time the will was made, and in view of other facts and circumstances for their consideration, the question whether the will was the result of undue influence was one of fact -for the jury. The facts which there was evidence tending to prove, that his mental condition was such that he and his actions were under and subject to *120the control of the defendant with whom lie resided; that he was unable to resist her importunities or directions ; that she suggested the making of the will and procured its preparation; that its disposing provisions were substantially as she had stated they would be, making herself and her feeble sister the beneficiaries to the substantial exclusion of the plaintiff from the testator’s bounty, would, if taken as true, seem under the circumstances to have been sufficient to justify the inference that the will was the result' of undue influence. (Tyler v. Gardiner, 35 N. Y. 559 ; Matter of Budlong, 126 id. 423; McLaughlin v. McDevitt, 63 id. 213.)
The evidence of the subscribing witnesses and of the other person 'who was present at the.execution of the will, if adopted as a correct representation of the situation, would seem to have, indicated that the decedent was acting intelligently and freely without restraint. ' But the questions presented were peculiarly those for the jury, to ■ whom the case was fairly submitted by the charge of the-trial court; . and the verdict does not seem so against the weight of the evidence, as the jury were permitted to view it, as to justify its disturbance on this review.
On the part of the plaintiff a witness was called who was a clergyman and had for three years' had charge of the inmates of an insane asylum in such sense as to" visit them regularly as chaplain.. He had called from time to time at. the house of the decedent, and observed him in liis relations to his family. This witness,, however, I think,. cannot be treated as an expert. After-stating his observations of-the decedent, he was asked to state his opinion, founded upon such observations, whether Ledwith was rational or irrational, and was - permitted to answer the question. This was error. (Paine v. Aldrich, 133 N. Y. 544.) It was competent' for the- witness to characterize by opinion specific acts and conversations observed by •him; as rational or. irrational. (De Witt v. Barly, 17 N. Y. 340 ; O'Brien v. People, 36 id. 276; Rider v. Miller, 86 id. 507.) By reference to the evidence of the witness,.it is quite apparent that defendant was not prejudiced by the ruling, nor does there appear to have been error in any. rulings on the trial to her prejudice.
■ The judgment and order should-be affirmed.
All concurred.
■ Judgment and order affirmed, with costs,