On September 25, 1894, the Westchester Agricultural Society was holding its annual fair on its inclosed fair grounds at White Plains. These grounds consist of a central paddock or “ in-field,” outside of which is a half-mile oval racing track, about forty feet wide, and outside of that the inclosing fence of the grounds. The land is level, and there is nothing to prevent a person, either on the track or the paddock, from seeing all parts of the-track and pad*195dock, except the judges’ stand, which, however, is so located as not to enter into the present controversy.
■ The plaintiff had entered his horse to compete in some of the trotting races, and had been assigned a stall on the grounds. There were to be races at two o’clock in the afternoon of the day above mentioned, but the plaintiff had not entered for these contests, although he had for the next day’s race. About half-past ten in the forenoon he was in his sulky exercising and speeding his horse on the track, where others were also doing the same thing, and was somewhere about the western end of the course, when the defendant drove his four-horse drag into the grounds through a gate at the southeasterly part of the inclosure. Directly opposite the gate there ivas an opening into the paddock, through which the defendant might have driven into the paddock where he was intending to take the drag. Instead of doing, this, he turned to the right and drove along the racing track, intending to enter the paddock at another opening, about a quarter of the way around the track, and at a distance of about an eighth of a mile. The defendant was driving sloAAdy, and, when he drew near the last-named opening, he turned a little to the right, or to the outside of the track, in order to make a larger and easier turn into the paddock. While he was thus attempting to turn into the paddock, the plaintiff’s horse, which was being driven at a high rate of speed, came into collision with the horses or drag of the defendant, resulting in serious injuries to the plaintiff’s person and outfit. He brings this action to recover damages therefor. The court, at. the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, granted a nonsuit, and from the judgment entered thereon the plaintiff appeals.
There was evidence that the plaintiff had been driving several times about the track. He stopped to cool his horse and again started, intending to drive a mile, or twice around the track, increasing the speed so that, in the last quarter of a mile, the horse should be driven at its highest speed, about two-sixteen; and the accidént occurred on the last quarter.
. The first question to be considered is whether' the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, which is well defined by Mr. Beach in his work on that subject (p. 8) as follows: “ Contributory negligence, in its legal signification, is such an act' or 'Omission on *196the part of a plaintiff, amounting to a want of ordinary care, as, concurring or co-operating with the negligent act of the defendant, is a proximate cause or occasion of the- injury complained of. To constitute contributory negligence there must be a want of ordinary care on the part of the plaintiff, and a proximate connection between that and the injury. Perhaps, besides -these two, there are no other necessary elements.” ■
It is always somewhat difficult to decide what constitutes ■ contributory negligence as matter of law,- although, where the facts are uncontroverted, the question is one of law for the court. The tendency of modern authority, however, is towards the submission to the jury of the question of contributory negligence, instead of having it passed upon as matter of law by the-court, except where the facts cannot justify any other conclusion save that the plaintiff has been guilty of such negligence. Bearing this in mind, we consider the evidence offered by the plaintiff. He proved that he had the right under his entry for races to be speeding his horse on the track at all suitable times. While he was coming along the southeasterly stretch towards the outer gate where the defendant entered, there was nothing to prevent his seeing the defendant’s drag, which was quite a prominent object. It was a large coach drawn by four horses, and, sitting on the top, were several of the friends of the defendant. If the plaintiff saw the drag when it entered the grounds he must have seen that the defendant did not cross the track and enter the opening directly opposite the entrance gate, but was driving, or intending to drive, either around the track or to some other entrance into the paddock. Assuming that the defendant had just as clear a right to drive around the track as the plaintiff, or to enter the paddock- by one opening or another, the plaintiff was put upon notice that the drag was rightfully on the track, and he was bound to a reasonable degree of diligence in his subsequent driving. . He had no' right to drive recklessly with any preconceived idea that he had an exclusive right to the track as against other persons who were. rightfully using it for speeding or driving.
There is evidence also that- when the plaintiff reached the last quarter, and was about 200 feet from the defendant’s drag, he first' saw it making the swing into the paddock; that he hallooed to the ■ *197defendant, but that it was impossible to stop his horse within that distance, although he tried his best to do so, and that the defendant eontimied to turn without stopping until the collision occurred. But the plaintiff contends that he had the right to assume that as he could see the defendant’s drag the defendant could likewise see him, and that he also had the right to assume that the defendant would keep his course .along the track, leaving a sufficient space on oné side or the other, or both, over which the plaintiff could drive in passing the drag, instead of turning into an entrance to the paddock ; and that he, relying upon this understanding, was not guilty of any contributory negligence in continuing to speed his horse.
In Newson v. The N. Y. C. R. R. Co. (29 N. Y. 383) it was said r “ The law will never hold it imprudent in any one to act upon the presumption that another in his conduct will act in accordance with the rights and duties of both.” This case was cited with approval in Feeney v. L. I. R. R. Co. (116 N. Y. 375, 379) where the court said : “ The degree of care required of a person approaching a dangerous place should be proportioned to the degree of danger, known or apparent, to be encountered. * * * The plaintiff had the right to assume that the gateman would not be negligent on the occasion in question, * * * although she was not, on this account, relieved from the necessity of exercising that degree of care that would have been used by a person of ordinary prudence under the same circumstances. The law does not measure that degree of care, but leaves it to the judgment of the jury when there is evidence upon the subject for them to consider.”
In Salter v. Utica & Black River Railroad Co. (88 N. Y. 42) the court held that a high rate of speed for a railroad train through a town was not per se negligence, but that, under the circumstances of that case, the greater rate of speed drew with it the need of commensurate care and caution at points where the speed would add to the chances and dangers of accident; that there is no fixed and arbitrary standard of prudence and care,' and that it changes with circumstances and conditions. We are of the opinion that the uncontroverted evidence of the plaintiff, as already detailed, required the submission of the question of the plaintiff’s contributory negligence to the jury.
The other question relates to the defendant’s negligence. It *198appeared that there was a straight course into the paddock, directly opposite the entrance gate, and no reason is suggested why he should not have taken that course instead of driving along the track to another opening several hundred feet distant. There were other ■horses besides that of the plaintiff speeding along the track, and the defendant was warned by a person standing at the entrance gate not to go on the track, that he would endanger the life of a gentleman who was working his horse out on the track. There is evidence tending to show that the defendant must have heard this warning and that he made some reply, but went on down the track towards the next opening; that there was no obstruction to his vision of the whole track, and that when he approached the second opening he swung towards the outside of the track, apparently with the purpose of having room for a larger turn into the paddock; that the plaintiff hallooed to him when 200 feet away, but that he continued his swing towards the paddock and was in that act when the vehicles came into collision, his horses all the while being under. Ms perfect control.
We think this evidence required the- submission of the question of the defendant’s negligence to the jury. On both questions, therefore, it was reversible error to grant a nonsuit, and the judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
All concurred.
Judgment reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.