This action is brought to enforce liability upon a claimed subscribt-ion to the capital stock of the plaintiff. Prior to the formation of plaintiff as a corporation, the defendant signed an agreement by virtue •of the terms of which, and subsequent action on the part of the plain*335tiff, after its incorporation, the liability of the defendant is claimed to exist. This agreement provides, in substance, that it is proposed to publish a daily edition of the Yonkers Gazette in connection with a weekly paper of that name; that in furtherance of such purpose it is proposed to organize a corporation under the title of “ The Gazette Publishing Company,” with a capital stock of $15,000, divided- into 150 shares of $100 each ; that the plant and good will of the Yonkers Gazette should be turned over to the corporation, in return for which it should receive seventy shares of the' capital stock, and the remaining eighty shares were to be offered for subscription. Then follows the agreement: “ We, the undersigned, hereby subscribe for the number of shares set opposite our names.” This was signed by the defendant, and one share set opposite his - name. Steps were immediately taken to form the corporation, all of which seem to have been in compliance with the statute. The defendant took no part in these proceedings, and did not become one of the incorporators. His name, together with his post office address and the amount of his' subscription, was attached to the certificate required by the Business Corporation Law (Chap. 567, Laws of 1890). When the certificate came to be filed, it was found that there existed another domestic corporation of the same name, and for this reason the Secretary of State refused to receive and file the certificate, holding that it violated section 6 of the General Corporation Law (Chap. 563, Laws of 1890, as amended by chap. 687, Law's of 1892), which prohibits the use of the same name already applied to another domestic corporation, or one so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive. For this reason the name was changed and the incorporation was had under its present name. In all other respects it remained the same. The change in name in no wfise affected the business to be carried on or the purpose of the incorporation. After being incorporated, a certificate of one share of stock was duly issued by the officers of the corporation and delivered to the defendant, writh a demand for the payment of the sum due under his subscription by virtue of the calls which had been then made by the corporation. The defendant returned the certificate of stock, disclaimed all liability by virtue of his subscription, and denied that he sustained the relation of stockholder to the corporation. Thereupon this action was brought. The court below held that the agree-*336merit was valid as a subscription to the capital stock, of the corporation, and having been accepted and acted upon by the company' and liability having been incurred upon the strength of it, the defendant was liable thereunder.
The defendant assails this conclusion as unsound in law, and he urges that the change in name is fatal, as he never subscribed to the stock of such a corporation ; that the subscription was invalid, as ten per centum was not paid in when it was made, and that the agreement itself is invalid and does not constitute a binding-subscription. ■
We shall examine these questions in the inverse order of their statement.
• The law is fairly well settled that where parties propose to form a corporation and become shareholders therein, and such parties intend to become such shareholders without further act upon their part, upon the incorporation of the company, and the agreement /remains open and is unrevolced, and the corporation is formed in pursuance of it, and thereafter acts upon it, by* accepting the same, such agreement is valid and binding as a subscription to the capital stock of such corporation. (Buffalo & Jamestown R. R. Co. v. Clark, 22 Hun, 359; S. C., sub nom. Buffalo & Jamestown R. R. Co. v. Gifford, 87 N. Y. 294.) These decisions recognize that such an agreement is not valid and binding when made, as there is then in existence no party representing the company who is capable of contracting. But when .the company is organized and acts upon the contract by an acceptance of what is regarded as an open continuing- proposal, it becomes a valid binding agreement, to be enforced according to its terms. In the Clark and Gifford cases there was the element of ratification by the subscribers by payment of calls upon the stock after the corporation was organized. We do not understand, however, that the doctrine of these cases makes recognition by the subscriber an essential prerequisite. The contract becomes of force when the proposal remains open and the corporation accepts the same. (Athol Music Hall Co. v. Carey, 116 Mass. 473 ; The Buffalo & Pittsburg R. R. Co. v. Hatch, 20 N. Y. 161; Non-Electric Fibre Mfg. Co. v. Peabody, 21 App. Div. 247; Morawetz Corp. § 47.)
There are agreements of a somewhat similar character which do *337not admit of enforcement and are not binding as a common-law agreement. It is quite easy to confuse the two classes, although there is a clear distinction between them. In the first class it is to be noticed that the agreement is'fo form a corporation and subscribe to its stock. The latter class are mutual agreements to subscribe for stock in a corporation thereafter to be formed. In the first the ■ agreement is unconditional and absolute to form the corporation and take the stock, and when acted upon by the corporation is binding, as that is all that is needful to make the contract of force. Such contracts contemplate no further act upon the part of the person making such agreement. In the second class the agreement is to subscribe for shares when the company shall be organized. This Clearly contemplates something more to be done, i. e., the actual subscription. There exists no agreement in such case to become stockholders..■ When the corporation is formed such agreement is to take shares, which involves a subsequent act, that 'of formally subscribing for the stock.* Illustrations of such contracts are found in Lake Ontario Shore R. R. Co. v. Curtiss (80 N. Y. 219); 1 Morawetz on Corporations (§ 49).
There is no essential difference between this case and the contract which was upheld in the Clark and Gifford Cases (supra), and we see no reason why a different rule should obtain. In the present case the plan was expressed to form a corporation for a particular purpose-; after such recital the language used is, “We * * *- hereby subscribe.” This is absolute and unconditional; it does not contemplate further action upon the part of those signing and must be regarded as final, when, being unrevoked, it is acted upon by the corporation then in contemplation of formation.. There is nothing in the statute which required that the defendant should sign the cer- j tifieate of incorporation. This was only necessary to be done by the incorporators. The certificate requires the names and post office addreses of the subscribers to the stock, but it does not require that this shall be signed by the individual subscriber. All that is needed is the fact, which may be stated by any person possessing the required knowledge. (Business Corp. Law, § 2, subd. 9.) The payment of ten per cent when the agreement was made was not essential to its validity. It is clear, from the statute, that such payment is only
*338required of those who subscribe after the organization of the corporation. As to the others, a different rule obtains. (Stock Corp. Law [Chap. 564, Laws of 1890], §§ 41-43 ; South Buffalo Nat.. Gas Co. v. Bain, 9 Misc. Rep. 425.) ISTor do we think that the change in the name affects the defendant’s liability. The purpose of the incorporation seems to have been carried out as contemplated; There was no change in object or in substance. Contracts for the creation of corporations are • to be regarded as having been made in contemplation of the authority existing in the State,, and vested in State officers by the Legislature, as well as the general powers of control possessed by the Legislature over them. When the business is not changed or the party is not shown to he prejudiced, and no fraud intervenes, there exists no sound basis for being relieved from the contract whose substance is fully performed. (Schenectady & Saratoga Plank Road Co. v. Thatcher, 11 N. Y. 102; The Buffalo & N. Y. City R. R. Co. v. Dudley, 14 id. 336 ; Union Hotel Co. v. Hersee, 79 id. 454.) There .is nothing further in the case which requires discussion.
The judgment should be affirmed.
All concurred, except Cullen, L, absent.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.