The plaintiff, the owner of a lot of land with the buildings thereon in the city of New York, on the 9th of October, 1893, leased it to the defendant for the term of nine years and seven months, to begin on the 1st of October, 1894, at the yearly rent of $6,400 until the 1st of May, 1899, and for the balance of the term the rent was to be equal to six per centum net upon the value of the said premises, to be appraised as provided in the lease in addition to taxes, assessments and all costs of repair. The complaint alleged the making and execution of this lease; that on the 1st of October, 1894, the keys of the building were delivered to the defendant and were by him retained, and thereafter the building or some part *108thereof had been occupied by the defendant; that the defendant failed to pay the rent for the month of October, for which an action at law was commenced, which resulted in favor of the plaintiff;; that thereafter the defendant refused to pay the rent for the month of November, 1894, for which the plaintiff had recovered judgment; that “the rent due under said lease for the month of December, 1894, was duly demanded by plaintiff from the defendant, but payment thereof was refused, and the defendant has refused and continues to refuse to comply with the said lease and to perform his part of the same and to pay rent; ” that under the provisions of the said lease “ the rent for that portion of the term subsequent to November, 1894, to wit, from December 1st, 1894, to-April 30th, 1904, amounts to at least the sum of Sixty thousand two hundred and sixty-six and 66/100 dollars ($60,266.66); * * *" that by the failure and neglect of the defendant- to perform his part of the said lease and to perform the covenants thereof on his part to-be performed, and to pay the rents, water rates and repairs as agreed,, the plaintiff has been compelled to expend and has expended large-sums of money in the care and repair of said building, and has been obliged to pay increased insurance on the same, and the plaintiff has been and is unable after diligent effort to relet .the said premises at a rent equal to that which the defendant covenanted and agreed to pay;. and in' consequence. of the character of the alterations and improvements made especially for the said defendant and for his particular business, the plaintiff has been unable torelet the said premises without other and further extensive alterations and repairs which said plaintiff has made at an expense of about four thousand dollars ($4,000.00) in good faith and for the purpose of reducing her damages caused by the neglect and failure of the defendant to perform his part of said lease by releting the same at the best prices she could obtain therefor.; that by reason of the matters and things aforesaid and by reason of the defendant’s-refusal, neglect and failure to perform his part of said lease, and by reason of defendant’s breaches of the covenants of the said lease, plaintiff has been damaged to' the amount of Thirty-five thousand dollars ($35,000.00),” and demands judgment for that amount.
The defendant answered, but so far as I can understand the answer, which is somewhat involved, he does not deny the breach *109.alleged. The action was commenced on September 12,1898. The lease was introduced in evidence by the plaintiff, and was substantially as alleged. It contained two clauses under which the trial •court seems to have disposed of the action. By one it is provided that if the said premises should become vacant during the said term, the party of the first part (plaintiff), or her representatives, might re-enter either by force or otherwise, without being liable for any prosecution therefor and relet the said premises .as the agent of the party of the second part, and receive the rent thereof, applying the same first to the payment of such ■expenses as they might be put to in re-entering and then to the payment of the rent due by these presents; and the balance (if ■any) to be paid over to the party of the second part, who shall remain liable for any deficiency. The other clause provides that if any default be made in the payment of the said rent, “ or -any part thereof, at the time above specified, or if any default be. made in the performance of any of the covenants and agreements herein contained, the said hiring and the relation of landlord and tenant, at the option of the party of the first part, shall wholly •cease and determine, and the party of the first part shall and may re-enter the said premises and remove all persons therefrom, and the said party of the second part hereby expressly waives the service -of any notice in writing of intention to re-enter, as provided for in the third section of an act entitled ‘ An Act to abolish distress for rent and for other purposes,’ passed May 13, 1846, and in such case the party of the second part shall and will pay or cause to be paid to the party of the first part as damages for the breach of the covenant for rent herein the difference between the amount of rent hereby reserved and the amount of rents which shall be collected ■and received, or might with due diligence be collected and received from the said demised premises during the residue of the said term remaining unexpired at or immediately before the time of such re-entry in equal monthly payments as the amount of such differ■ence shall from time to time be ascertained.” The plaintiff served two bills of particulars as required by two several orders of the ■Special Term, the first of which was described as a bill of particulars of the claim alleged in the complaint. It set forth in full the rent specified and reserved in the lease for nine years and seven *110months at the rate of $6,400 a year, amounting to $60,266.66, with two small items for increased, insurance and the payment of watchmen ; and then contains the following clause: “ The amount of the claim alleged in the complaint is arrived at by allowing credit upon said amount for $25,491.80, the estimated amount of rents that can with due diligence be obtained from said property by the plaintiff after paying from the gross rents collectible the necessary expense of restoring the .property for ordinary business uses and necessary repairs and alterations for separate tenancies and expenses of reletting chargeable against the tenant in addition to the said rent.. of Six thousand four hundred ($6,400) dollars per year.” The second bill of particulars contains the items of expense of repairs and interest; and also contains a statement showing the loss to the plaintiff, because of the failure of the defendant to comply with the covenants Contained in the lease by charging the defendant with the amount of rent reserved and with the expense of putting the premises in a condition to rent, or crediting the defendant with the rents actually received. Upon the trial the plaintiff introduced in evidence the judgment rolls in the action against the defendant for the October and November rent and called a witness to prove the damages alleged. This witness testified that he was the agent, of the plaintiff; that when the breach of this lease was called to» his attention he placed the property in the hands of a real estate agent with .authority to rent' it; and he was then asked to state the condition of the premises at the time when he directed them to be relet. That was objected to by the defendant as incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial; that no damages of any kind' could be recovered in this action, save those provided for by the covenant of the léase itself, to which attention has been called; counsel stating, that if he was wrong in that contention he would have to sit still and let the plaintiff go on and prove damages, but that if he was right, they could not recover any damages. After considerable discussion between counsel and the court, the court appears to have sustained this objection and held that the plaintiff’s sole right to recover was under the clause to which attention has been called, and excluded the plaintiff's evidence as to the damages sustained. The plaintiff made subsequent offers to prove facts tending to show the damages caused by the breach of the lease by *111defendant, objections to which were sustained and to which the plaintiff excepted'; and at' the end of the case the court dismissed the complaint.
It seems by the record that the ruling of the court involved the-proposition that under this complaint the plaintiff could not recover for any damage sustained by the plaintiff in consequence of a breach of the lease, and that the only cause of action she had was under the-two clauses of the lease to which attention has been called; that is, to obtain as much rent from the premises as possible and at the-expiration of each month to sue the defendant for the amount reserved, less the amount realized from the premises during that-month; and that this complaint as limited by the bill of particulars-served, did not allege facts to justify such a recovery for the period from the 1st of December, 1894, to the time of the commencement, of the action. It is the correctness of this ruling which is raised by t-he exceptions. It is undoubtedly true that the two actions to-recover for the rent accruing for the months of October and November, 1894, recognized the continuance of the lease and were for rent under the lease. By the commencement of this action, however, the plaintiff alleged a total breach of the lease by the-defendant and sought to recover in this action the damages sustained by reason of the breach. The action was not brought to-enforce the covenant to pay rent. There can be no doubt, but that, the plaintiff would have had the right under the covenants contained in this lease to re-enter to lease the property and to recover under the lease the difference between the rent reserved and th& amount that she was able to realize from- the property. She did not adopt that course, but elected to treat the act of the defendant as, a total breach of the lease and to recover in one action the damages-sustained by such breach, and the question is whether or not such an action can be maintained. The distinction between an action to-recover money due under an agreement and an action to recover the damages sustained by a breach of the agreement, is well recognized. The legal effect of a breach of a contract of hiring for a definite period and the right of a party to it after such breach was exhaustively examined by the court in Howard v. Daly (61 N. Y. 362). In that ease it was held that “ A servant wrongfully discharged has but two remedies growing out of *112"the - wrongful act: (1) He may treat the contract of hiring as continuing, though broken by the master, and may recover damages for "the breach. (2) He may rescind the contract; in which ease he ■could sue on a quantum meruit, for services actually rendered. 'These remedies are.independent of and additional to his right to sue ■for wages, for sums actually earned and due by the terms of the contract.” The learned judge also examined the rule to be applied in case of the defendant’s repudiation of the contract at the time of -entering into the service, and he held, following the cases of Hochster v. De La Tour (2 El. & Bl. 678) and Frost v. Knight (L. R. [7 Exch.] 111, revg. S. C., L. R. [5 Exch.] 322), that the opposite party has an option either to treat the contract as subsisting, and when the day arrives for commencing to serve to offer to perform, •or to regard it as immediately broken, and to sue before the day -arrives. This distinction between an action to recover damages for the breach of a contract which is in its character executory, containing mutual covenants by the contracting parties, and an action "to enforce the covenants and agreement of such a contract ■ is recognized in all the cases, and is based upon the right of a party to .-such an agreement to elect whether he will consider the contract as broken and destroyed, and demand in one action the damages sustained, or, notwithstanding the refusal of one party to carry out the -contract, will bring an action to enforce its covenants. I can see no reason why this principle should not apply to a lease as Well as to ■■any o’ther contract which is in its nature executory, or which contains obligations to be performed in the future. Undoubtedly in "this case the plaintiff could under the covenants in the lease have re-entered and recovered from the defendant the difference between the rent reserved and the amount realized from the property. But upon what principle was the plaintiff confined to such a course? What was there to prevent her from treating this refusal of the defendant to enter into possession of the premises and comply with the •conditions of the lease as a total breach, and sue him for the damages thereby sustained? We are not concerned now with the measure of ■damages, as the plaintiff’s evidence, offered to prove damages, was ■excluded, and the court in substance held that her only cause of ¿action was under the lease and upon the covenants therein contained ; and that as the complaint was not drawn to recover for the *113amount due plaintiff under these covenants, it set up no cause of action.
If there was a breach of the lease by the defendant, a breach which went to a repudiation by him of all obligations or liability under it, throwing back upon the plaintiff the burden of caring for and protecting her' property, I can see no reason under the rules applicable to actions to recover for a breach of a contract why the plaintiff could not elect to treat the acts of the defendant as a breach of the lease, and sue at once to recover for the damages that she has sustained by reason of such breach. The cases of Matter of Hevenor (144 N. Y. 271) and People v. St. Nicholas Bank (151 id. 592) have no bearing upon this question. In neither of those cases was it alleged that there had been by the defendant a breach of the entire contract. They both arose under claims presented, in one case by the assignee for the benefit of creditors, and in the other, by the receiver of an insolvent corporation for claims against the estate for rent due under a lease to accrue subsequent to the assignment or the appointment of the receiver. There was no act of the tenant which entitled the lessor to treat the lease as broken; nor did the lessor in either case so elect to treat the lease, but sought to enforce a claim under the lease for rent to accrue subsequent to the presentation of the claim.
In the case of Taylor v. Bradley (39 N. Y. 129), which was to recover for'the breach of a contract relating to real estate, the court say : “ Row, if the contract which we have before us was an agreement for a lease, the rule of damages usually .applied to such agreements is the difference between the rent the tenant agrees to pay and the annual value of the term, and special damages may be awarded also for expenses necessarily incurred, which, by reason of the disappointment, are lost.'” The case of Driggs v. Dwight (17 Wend. 71) was an action to recover damages by the lessors for the breach of a lease, and it was there held that the measure of damages was not confined to the difference of rent, but that the jury might look to the actual value of the bargain which the plaintiff had made. In Hall v. Gould (13 N. Y. 127) it was held that, notwithstanding that the lessor re-entered, he was entitled to recover, by way of damages, the amount that defendant had agreed to pay as rent and taxes during the term, less such amount as the plaintiff had been able to *114realize ; that the defendant’s liability rested only.in covenants looking to that very event; but it was not held that plaintiff could not have sued for and recovered damages for a total breach.
JSTor did the bill of particulars preclude the plaintiff from proving damage. By that bill of particulars the plaintiff claims, as an item of damage, the rent that she would have received had the lease been complied with for a period from the commencement of the lease at the rate reserved. She would be at least entitled to recover as damages for this breach the amount of rent that she would have
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been entitled to receive from the first of December down to the time when she re-entered and took possession of the premises.
As was said by the Court of Appeals in Wakeman v. Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Co. (101 N. Y. 209): “ One who violates his contract with another is liable for all the direct and proximate damages which result from the violation. The damages must be not merely speculative, possible and imaginary,, but they must be reasonably certain, and such only as actually follow or may follow from the breach of the contract. * * * They are nearly always
involved in some uncertainty and contingency; usually they are to be worked out in the future, and they can be determined only approximately upon reasonable conjectures and probable estimates. They may bé so uncertain, contingent and imaginary as to be incapable of adequate: proof, and then they cannot be recovered because they cannot be proved. But when it is certain that damages have been caused by a breach of contract,, and the only uncertainty is as to their amount, there can rarely be good reason for refusing, on account of such uncertainty, any damages whatever for the breach. A person violating his contract should not be permitted entirely to escape liability because the amount of the damages which he has caused is uncertain.”
We think the plaintiff had a right to maintain this action for a total breach of the lease, and that the court improperly excluded the testimony offered by the plaintiff to prove the damage caused thereby.
It follows that the exceptions must be sustained and a new trial ordered, with costs to the plaintiff to abide the event.
Yak Brunt, P. J., and Patterson, J., concurred ; O’Brien, J., "dissented.