The plaintiff was a student in the University Law School, one of the departments of the New York University, an incorporated educational institution having a special charter granted by the Legislature of the State of New York in the year 1831 (Laws of 1831, chap. 176), and amended in the year 1893 (Laws of 1893, chap. 54). By that charter the government of the university is confided to a council, and by the 13th section thereof it is provided that the council shall have the power to appoint all the officers of the university, and to establish ordinances and by-laws not contravening the laws or Constitution of the State of New York or of the United States. Pursuant to that authority the university adopted certain by-laws. Subdivision 6 of the 14th chapter of such by-laws is in the following words: “ The power of suspension, dismissing or expelling a student in any.school is lodged with the Faculty of the ‘ *82school only, hut the Chancellor or Dean of a school may suspend a student pending the consideration of his case by his Faculty.”
The plaintiff was expelled from the law school' by the faculty of that school, and thereupon he brought this suit, praying that it be decreed that the defendant give instruction and tuition to him “ in the law subjects studied” in his class at the University Law School, as well'as to permit his attendance at the lectures, and to allow him to have the use of the library attached to the law school.' In his complaint the. allegation is made upon special facts that the plaintiff is Without an adequate remedy at law. On that complaint and an affidavit he applied for and obtained a preliminary injunction by which the defendant, the New York University, its agents, servants, officers, employees, instructors, professors, etc., were, among other things, restrained and enjoined from interfering directly or indirectly with him in his attendance at the lectures of the University Law School. That restraint was contained in an order to show cause, and, upon the return day named in that order, the defendant duly appeared and presented affidavits in justification of the action of the faculty of the law school in the expulsion of the plaintiff. After hearing the parties the learned justice by whom the motion was heard made an order “that the defendant herein, New York University, its agents, servants and employees, be and they are hereby enjoined and restrained, during the pendency of this action, from interfering in any manner whatsoever, directly or indirectly, with Louis Goldstein, the infant plaintiff herein, in his attendance at the lectures of the junior class of the University Law Scjiool.’,’ From that order the defendant appeals.
The plaintiff was duly admitted as a student or pupil to the law school. . As such he was entitled to all the privileges and advantages pertaining to that relation, and the unauthorized or unjustified deprivation of those privileges by the faculty of the law school or the authorities of the university would constitute a good cause of action. (Sharswood, J., in College v. Kerr, 3 Brewst. 200.) The relation 'existing between the university and the student is contractual. The plaintiff became a student in the defendant’s law school through an invitation, contained in a circular issued by . the authority of the university, in which it was stated that tuition would be given to law students who were at least eighteen years of age and *83of good moral character and who would pay to the university the sum of $100 a year. He was accepted as a student. As was said at General Term by Van Brunt, P. J., in People ex rel. Cecil v. Bellevue Hospital (60 Hun, 107), when a student matriculates under such circumstances, it is a contract between the college and himself. That was a case in which the defendant was required to confer a degree upon a student. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment upon the opinion at General Term (128 N. Y. 621). But obviously and of necessity there is implied in such contract a term or condition that the student will not be guilty of such misconduct as would be subversive of the discipline of the college or school, or as would show him to be morally unfit to be continued as a member thereof. The power of suspension or expulsion of students is an attribute of government of educational institutions. It was ample in this case. It was exercised by those to whom it was duly delegated by the by-laws enacted in accordance with authority conferred by charter and in evident good faith, and the question arising upon the record as it comes before us is whether, upon the facts shown, any right of the plaintiff was violated in the exercise of that power.
A young woman, a member of the class to which the plaintiff belonged, was annoyed by the receipt of a letter bearing what purported to be the name of the plaintiff as the sender, in which letter the writer expressed a desire to make her acquaintance; that he had tried to accomplish it through several of his friends and, “ therefore, thinking it would be wicwrteous (sic) to present myself without your assent, I ask if I may do so in- the class room or otherwise submit to any suggestion you make.” That letter was typewritten and was delivered to one Chirurg, another student in the class, and finally reached the young woman to whom it was addressed. She, being annoyed at the effort of the writer to force his acquaintance upon her, reported the matter to the dean of the law school faculty, who thereupon sent for the plaintiff, interrogated him respecting the lei> ter and received the reply that some student, a stranger to the plaintiff, had asked him in the hall of the school' building to deliver a letter addressed to the young lady, but he intimated that the letter was handed to him by one Pfeifer, although he would not then say positively that Pfeifer was the person. The plaintiff was asked whether he had ever written or signed' a letter addressed to the *84young lady, and he replied that he had not. Meantime and before the interview between the plaintiff and the dean, both Chirurg and Pfeifer had sent written communications to the dean,' Chirurg stating that the plaintiff had asked him to bear a note to the young lady, saying that he was unacquainted with her and would be much favored if Chirurg would convey the note; that he, Chirurg, was then requested to hand the note to another young woman to deliver to the young lady in question, and knowing nothing of the contents of the note, he did as Goldstein had requested him. Pfeifer had also written to the dean stating that, the young lady to whom the note was addressed had told him that she had received a letter (purporting to come from one of the members of the class) which had been handed to her in the corrider; that she told him that the plaintiff had stated- that Pfeifer handed the letter to the plaintiff, whéreupon Pfeifer asked Goldstein whether he was the person who handed him the note, to which Goldstein replied that he was not.
Under the circumstances related, the dean brought the matter to the notice of the faculty. The plaintiff was duly cited to attend a meeting of the faculty by a notice in the following words : “ You are hereby notified to appear before the Faculty of this school at the faculty room in this building on Saturday, March 29th, 1902, at 2 o’clock in the afternoon to explain what, if any, connection you had with a certain letter addressed to a student in this school.” A similar notice for the same day and hour was served upon Chirurg and also upon Pfeifer; that directed to the latter containing in addition the statement, “ Mr. Louis Goldstein of your class states that the letter in question came from you. If you are responsible for this letter the consequences to you are likely to be serious.”
The three parties thus summoned or notified appeared before the faculty at the time appointed and an investigation was had of the whole matter. At that time the plaintiff accused Pfeifer of having handed him the letter, and also repudiated its authorship. He denied that he had written it or sent it and then and there undertook .to cast the blame upon Pfeifer. In the course of the investigation it was made to appear that the plaintiff was the sender of the letter. The plaintiff had declared that it was handed to him in the. hallway of the university building outside of the library by a man he did not. know. The letter and the envelope in which it was *85inclosed were shown to him and he stated that he did not write or sign the letter and had never before seen it; further, that the young lady had never been the subject of conversation between him and any fellow-student other than Chirurg, and he then stated that he had become certain that Pfeifer was the man who handed him the note, and although he was not sure of the fact when the dean first spoke to him upon the subject, yet he had become convinced of the identity of Pfeifer as the person who handed him the note.
At that meeting one of the members of the faculty called the attention of the plaintiff to the serious nature of the charge he was making against Pfeifer, but he adhered to the statement that Pfeifer had handed him the note and persisted in the charge. Pfeifer, who was examined, testified that he never handed a note to the plaintiff, had not caused it to be handed, nor signed it himself. Chirurg testified that for some time previously to the date of the meeting the plaintiff had asked him to deliver a note to the young lady, and virtually reaffirmed what he had stated in his letter to the dean. At this same meeting a test was made which, in connection ■ with other circumstances, leaves no doubt as to the authorship of the letter. It will be noticed that in the letter the word “ uncourteous ” is spelled “ uncurteous.” During the investigation before the faculty the plaintiff, at the request of one of its members, wrote, from dictation, some sentences in which the words “ courteous ” and “ uncourteous ” were used, and in every instance the plaintiff made the same mistake in the spelling of the words as appears in the original letter. Pfeifer was subjected to the same 'test, and in every instance he spelled the words correctly.
At the conclusion of the investigation the plaintiff was expelled, not specifically on the charge of sending the letter or committing a breach of discipline in annoying a fellow-student, but for deliberately lying, in giving false testimony in the course of an investigation relating to discipline and good order, and for willfully making a false charge against an innocent fellow-student, Pfeifer, whereby he deliberately and intentionally endeavored to induce the faculty to believe that Pfeifer had done the acts under investigation and about which the plaintiff had lied to the faculty.
It scarcely needs argument to show that such a person would be unfit to remain a member of the law school, and that expulsion on-*86such a state of facts would he justified. But it is said, and the learned judge below appears-to have placed his decision upon that contention, that the plaintiff was expelled without notice'of charges against him and without affording him an opportunity to be heard in his defense, or to confront the witnesses against him, or to know what they had said in his absence. So far from the investigation being made in the absence of the plaintiff, it would appear that he was present. The offenses for which he was expelled were directly connected with the subject of the investigation which was being pursued while he was present. They grew out of and were directly related to that subject. If he were entitled to a hearing, he had it then and there. The offenses- were committed- in the presence of the faculty. One of them arose out of the plcvinUff’s charge made apd examined against a fellow-student, and he was punished for making that false charge, which of itself would justify the expulsion.
, There was nothing in the situation requiring that the plaintiff should he notified anew of the charges for which he was expelled or which required a new proceeding. The offenses having been committed in the immediate presence of the faculty they were at once examined and the parties heard. The plaintiff had every opportunity of making any explanation that would exculpate him from the charge of lying or relieve him from that of bearing false witness against his fellow-student. Our attention has not been called to any law or rule or regulation which required any form or time of notice or any particular method of trial before the faculty of this university. Had the plaintiff, in the presence of the faculty, committed a, criminal or an immoral act or insulted his professors or been guilty of conduct destructive of the discipline and good order of the school, and had he at once been called upon to explain and been given an immediate hearing, can it be contended that his rights would have been impaired or that he did not have opportunity to protect himself ? Here was. a full investigation at least of the charge which he himself made before the faculty against his fellow-student, and that charge having been fully investigated in his presence (for he does not assert that he was not present during the whole investigation) and found to. be false, sufficient ground existed for his expulsion.
*87The order appealed from should be reversed and the motion based upon the order to show cause denied. As the action is instituted) no costs can be allowed.
Van Brunt, P. J., O’Brien, McLaughlin and Laughlin, JJ., concurred.
Order reversed and motion denied, without costs,