' The relator has obtained a writ of certiorari to review the proceedings and action of the board of taxes and assessments of the city of New York, in dismissing, him from the position of deputy tax commissioner, to which he was appointed in June, 1898, after competitive civil service examination. His petition alleges the following facts:. On April 10, 1902, a resolution was passed by the board, of taxes and assessments, as follows:
*273“ Resolved, That Michael Ryan be, and he is hereby, removed from the office or position of Deputy Tax Commissioner in this Department. That a notice as required by the Municipal Civil Service Rules (Rule 42) be served upon him, together with a copy of such cause of removal and that a copy of such notice, together with a statement of the cause "of removal, be filed with the Municipal" Civil Service Commission in conformity with said rules. And further, that he be afforded an- opportunity to present an explanation of the cause of such removal to the head of the Department of Taxes and Assessments on April 16, 1902, at three o’ clock in the afternoon; and in default of satisfactory explanation said removal to be valid.”
On April eleventh, the relator received a letter which read:
“Sir.— You have been charged with incompetency in the performance of the duties of Deputy Tax Commissioner, specifications of which are, that you have been careless and negligent in the making of assessments and the making of the records of the same, showing that the transcripts, also, of the records have not been carefully compared, and footings of columns of figures were made without adding up columns. You will be allowed an opportunity to make an explanation in regard to the said charge on April 16,1902, at three o’clock in the afternoon, at the main office of this. Department, 280 Broadway, New York City.
“ Respectfully,
“JAMES L. WELLS, President"
On that day he appeared before the board, which stated that opportunity to make an explanation was accorded to him. He made a statement and was then examined by the board. On April twenty-third the board passed the following resolution: “ Resolved, That the explanation made before this Board, April 16, 1902, in answer to the cause of removal of Deputy Tax Commissioner Michael Ryan proving unsatisfactory, said removal is hereby confirmed.” On April twenty-eighth the board passed a resolution which, on the same day, was transmitted to the relator: “.On motion of Commissioner Strasbourger, the resolution of the previous meeting confirming the removal of Deputy Tax Commissioner Michael Ryan was given further consideration; and subsequently said removal was confirmed to take effect May 1, 1902. Adopted.”
*274■ The relator was a veteran volunteer fireman in the public service, and in November, 1901, filed with the department a certified copy of his exempt fireman’s certificate. His contention is that, under the Civil Service Law, he could be removed only upon proof of his incompetency, and that there was no such proof before the board.
The respondents contend that he was a “ députy,” and, therefore, not protected by section 21 of the Civil Service Law, as amended by chapter 270 of the Laws of 1902, which became a law on March 29, 1902. This section provides that no veteran holding a position by appointment in the State or a city shall be removed from .such position except for incompetency or misconduct shown after a hearing upon due notice, upon stated charges and with the right to the appointee to review by a writ of certiorari; that the burden of proving incompetency or misconduct shall be upon the person alleging the same, and that nothing in the section “ shall be construed to apply to the position of private secretary, cashier or deputy of any official or department.” It is significant that the statute of 1902 struck out the words which appeared in the previous statute (Laws of 1899, chap. 370) immediately following the quotation above, viz., “ or to any other person holding a strictly confidential relation to the appointing officer.” We are,, therefore, left without any definition by association of the word “ deputy ” with- the words “ confidential relation.” Counsel have cited dictionary definitions of the word “ deputy,” but we do not deem this essential, because section 887 of the charter expressly states that the appointees are “ to be known as deputy tax commissioners,” and the Civil Service Act of 1902 uses the words “ deputy of any official or department.” It is manifest that the Legislature intended that these words in the two statutes should relate to the same kind of position, that is, to all deputies in the departments of the city of New York.
The Greater New York charter, as it existed when the rélator was appointed (Laws of 1897, chap. 378), by section 887 authorized the board of taxes and assessments to “ appoint persons to be known as deputy tax commissioners, * * * who shall perform, under the direction and- supervision of the board of taxes and assessments, such duties as the said board shall prescribe. * * * Such deputy tax commissioners shall hold their office during the pleasure of the *275said board * * * and shall be subject to removal by the said, board as deputies in the other city departments.”' .. . '
Section 887 of the revised charter (Laws of 1901, chap. 468) does not contain the clause as to removal above quoted, possibly because it was found that section 1543 of the original charter, which also appears in the revised charter, contained a general provision on the subject relating to all the departments. As the provision as to. removal quoted from section 887 in the original charter does not appear in the revised charter we must refer to section 1543 of the revised charter as to the power of removal. It provides: “ The heads of all departments and all borough presidents (except as otherwise specially provided) shall have power to appoint and remove all chiefs of bureaus (except the chamberlain), as also all clerks, officers, employees and subordinates in their respective departments, except as herein otherwise specially provided, without reference to the tenure of office of any existing appointee. But no regular clerk or head of a bureau or person holding a position in the classified municipal civil service, subject to competitive examination, shall be removed until he has been allowed an opportunity of making an explanation; and in every case of a removal the true grounds thereof shall be forthwith entered upon the records of the department or board or borough president and a copy filed with the municipal civil service.* In ease of removal a statement showing the reason therefor shall be filed in the department.” The word “ deputy ” does not appear in this section, but it is evident that the position is included in the words “ officers ” and “ subordinates,” or the expression, “ person holding a position in the classified municipal civil service, subject to competitive examination.” Hence the board had the power of removal of the relator, subject only to allowing him an opportunity for explanation, the entry and filing of the true grounds and the reason of his removal in the records of the department and the filing of a copy with the municipal civil service commission. The petition and return show that all of these requirements were complied with.
Besides, by the Constitution, article 10, section 3, where the duration of any office is not provided by the Constitution it may be declared by law, and if not so declared such office shall be held *276during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment. (See, also,. People ex rel. Cline v. Robb, 126 N. Y. 180, and People ex rel. Percival v. Cram, 164 id. 166, which apply this provision to appointments by other departments of the city.)
'There is anothér dnd fatal objection to the relator’s right to the writ of certiorari. Section 2120 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that a writ of certiorari to review the determination of a body of officer can be issued only where the right to the writ or the issue thereof is expressly conferred by statute, or where the writ may be issued at common law and such right has not been taken away by. statu té.' i
(No statutory provision exists for the issue of the writ to review the act of the defendants in removing the relator, and hence we are left to the question whether the- writ could issue at common law. Upon this questioh we have abundant authority. In People ex rel. Kennedy v. Brady (166 N. Y. 44) the court said (p. 47) that at common law' “ official ■ acts, executive, legislative, administrative or ministerial in their nature or character, were never subject to review by-certiorari. The- writ could be issued only for. the purpose of reviewing some judicial act.” In that case- the relator was a messenger in the department" of buildings of the city of blew York, holding a position subject to competitive examination under the Civil Service Law- (Laws of 1898, chap. 186, amdg. Laws of 1883, chap. 354, §§ 8, 13). That statute provided that if such a person was removed, the - reasons must be stated in writing and filed' with the head of the department, and that the person so removed should have an opportunity to make an explanation. The commissioner made ah order dismissing the messénger and filed a written statement' of the reasons therefor,'and. gave the relator an opportunity to make an explanation. The court held (p. 47) : "The sole question,', therefore, is whether the official act of the defendant'in removing the felator was" a judicial act in .nature, or character. • Unless , it was, the court below had ño powér 'to, f • • review it upon certiorari;. The relator: was entitled to an opportunity to make .an.' explanation, and this he had. He was entitled to have: the reasons for ■ his' removal expressed in .writing and-filed' in the.:department, arid .this- provision,of-the statute.-toas,'complied with. He was' not entitled to be sworn Or' to introduce wit*277nesses with respect to the truth or merits of the reasons which were assigned for his removal He was not entitled to a trial or a judicial hearing, and, manifestly, there was no.trial or judicial hearing before the commissioner. The statute simply provides that in such cases removals, when made, shall be accompanied with certain formalities, and, if these formalities are not > complied with, the party removed has a right to complain,'and the action of the commissioner in such cases may be corrected, since there is no jurisdiction, and, consequently, it is an error of law to make the remoyal without complying with the statute. But there is no statute and po. rule of law that gives the right to the relator to review the merits of the case upon the facts, since the power of removal is conferred upon the commissioner in the broadest terms, subject to no limitation whatever, except that embodied in the statute which requires the reasons to be stated in writing and filed, and an opportunity for an explanation given. That is the law on the subject which was laid down by this court in the case of People ex rel. Keech v. Thompson (94 N. Y. 451).” It was further held that the commissioner could make the removal upon facts within his own knowledge, but that the grounds of removal must be substantial, not frivolous, and that the “ sufficiency of the relator’s explanation was a question for the commissioner alone to determine, and the courts have no power to interfere with his discretion irnthat regard ” (p. 49), If it were necessary to cite other authority, ' we might refer tq People ex rel. Scheel v. Guilfoyle (65 App. Div. 498), where it was held that the fact that the commissioner had granted the inspectoi; a hearing upon charges preferred against him when he was not bound to do so, did not make the proceeding a judicial one, or cdnfer upon the relator any right to a writ of certiorari.. (See, also, to the same effect, People ex rel. Purcell v. Simonson, 66 App. Div. 18.)
I am, therefore, of the ¿pinion that we have no power on certiorari to review the proceedings for the removal of the relator and that the writ should be dismissed.
Determination annulled, with ten dollars costs and;, disbursements.
Sic.