The appellant claims that the entire assessment, which included' his own, is void. It is important, therefore, to bear in mind that' the individual relief sought by the relator is by striking out and destroying the whole assessment. To' this end the appellant, by' answer and by evidence which was offered upon .the trial and." rejected, sought to attack collaterally the entire assessment for jurisdictional defects, in not having been diligently and thoroughly prepared. Such evidence, under objection and exception, was ruled, out, and the single question upon this appeal is whether evidence-can be so introducéd to attack the assessment as a whole, collaterally,.' for jurisdictional defects when such attack is made by an individual, for the purpose of escaping the payment of his personal tax.
We say that this is the only question presented because with with respect fo the defense that the defendant did not possess in' 1897 property of the amount upon which he was assessed, it is conceded that due and proper opportunity was given to him to show to the authorities that he was not, in fact, liable for the tax imposed,' and thus enable them to remedy any grievance that he might have. *217This, however, from all that appears, he entirely failed to do. Nor , has he sought by any direct proceeding to review the determination of the assessors. Whatever injustice, therefore, may exist in the levy made against the defendant, it is one brought about by his own negligence and failure in not correcting a wrong assessment, and it. is too late for him now, and entirely incompetent in such an action as this, brought by the city to collect the sum assessed, to resist its-payment on the ground that he did not possess'personal property to-the extent for which he was assessed. In United States Trust Co. v. Mayor (144 N. Y. 488) it was said, “ They (the assessors) were acting-judicially in assessing the plaintiff, and their action had all the force: and effect of a judgment, which, while open to review by some-direct proceeding prescribed by the law, is secure against collateral attack.” And in People ex rel. Mutual Union Telegraph Co. v. Commissioners (99 N. Y. 254) the court said: “ The relator did not avail itself of the opportunity to apply for a correction of the assessment. * * * It would we think be an unwarrantable construction of the statute to permit a party complaining of an assessment to-lie by without availing himself of the opportunity to remedy liis - grievance by application to the tax commissioners * * * and, after the assessment had become confirmed by lapse of time, to-arrest the collection of the tax” by a proceeding to review its-imposition.
The real ground of the attack upon the assessment, however, and - the purpose of thé evidence sought to be introduced, was not to show that the defendant owned less personal property than that upon which he was taxed, but was to prove that the commissioners or-their deputies, to whom was intrusted the duty of making assessments, did not comply with the provisions of the statute (Sen Laws of 1882, chap. 410, § 814, et seg.) in ascertaining by diligent search dll the property and the names of all the persons taxable within the county; that they had not sufficiently inquired regarding the personal property of the defendant or its value and that the tax was arbitrarily imposed. There was no pretense that any different course was followed in making the assessment against the defendant than was followed in making the entire: assessment upon all those liable for personal property taxes for the' year 1897, and, therefore, as the greater includes the less and the-*218■evidence offered with respect to the making' up of the defendant’s individual assessment was similar to that which it was sought to introduce with respect to the entire assessment for personal taxes for the year 1897, we may at once proceed to the discussion of what is really the crucial question on this appeal, namely, whether the •evidence offered and excluded and which was intended to show that the assessors did not institute diligent inquiry to .ascertain all the persons and corporations and all the property liable to personal faxes for that year, was competent. Differently stated, we are asked fo determine whether the fact that all persons and property which under the law should have been taxed by the assessors were not .actually ascertained and taxed has any bearing upon the defendant’s liability for-the tax imposed upon him.
We do not understand that the defendant assails either the integrity of the taxing officers of the official performance of their duties by the commissioners or .their deputies, for we find in this record fhat the defendant. expressly states that the officer to whom .this work was confided of ascertaining the persons and corporations liable to personal taxation was a deputy of experience and character. 'The insistence is that in the time permitted for the ascertainment of the' persons liable to personal taxes it was physically and practically impossible for this deputy with such assistance as he had to make fhat diligent. search and inquiry which would, have disclosed all those liable to the tax. The point made, therefore, is not that those intrusted with the duty of ascertaining were either incompetent, inefficient or corrupt, but that the- commissioners failed and neglected to provide a sufficient force of men and thus put in motion the machinery that would have given them the knowledge which by law they were obliged to obtain. It would be ah anomaly, indeed, if one who has been legally taxed could defeat the paymént ■of the tax by assailing the assessing board because they did -not have more men at work and did not go to a greater expense in prosecuting more thoroughly the inquiry which devolved upon them by law. The fact being, then, that no complaint is made with respect to the efficiency of those intrusted with the duty of assessing the tax nor with respect to the diligence which they personally exercised, we •do not think it lies in the power of the defendant to substitute his judgment or that of any other witness for that of the commissioners *219as to the machinery which should be employed or the number of men who should be engaged in prosecuting the work of ascertaining the persons liable for personal taxation.
The end to which the testimony excluded was directed was to prove that the officer charged with the duty of ascertaining all those who were liable for personal taxes failed to perform such duty. Giving, therefore, to such testimony excluded its greatest force, its tendency would be to show either that the tax officials were not sufficiently diligent, did not employ a sufficient force, or purposely omitted from the rolls the names of persons who should have been taxed. If it be concluded, however, that the failure to include all those liable for taxation for any of the reasons assigned was not fatal to the tax imposed upon the defendant, then clearly the ruling which excluded the evidence is proper. In this connection it may be said that a person claiming to be aggrieved by the failure to properly tax persons liable to taxation was not without remedy because it was provided by section 821 of the Consolidation Act (Laws of 1882, chap. 410, as amd. by Laws óf 1885, chap. 311, which has been re-enacted in section 906 of the charter of Greater Hew York [Laws of 1897, chap. 378, as amd. by Laws of 1901, chap. 466]) that by certiorari he might bring up the question as to whether the tax imposed was. for any reason illegal or erroneous.
In Matter of City of Rochester v. Bloss (77 App. Div. 28) it was held (head note) that “ the remedy of a person assessed by the assessors of the city of Rochester for personal property, who is displeased with the action of the assessors in omitting from the assessment roll other persons taxable for personal property, is by certiorari proceedings. * * * He cannot raise that objection in a proceeding for the collection of the tax instituted against him under * * * the city charter.”
Assuming, however, that the question is here properly raised, it has repeatedly been held that the omission of property from the assessment rolls whether done by mistake or by design, is not fatal to an assessment. This principle was sustained in the case of Van Deventer v. Long Island City (139 N. Y. 133), an equitable action to have taxes upon plaintiff’s real estate declared void as illegally imposed because the assessors had intentionally omitted from the assessment rolls a large quantity of real estate and had resolved that *220no personal property within the city should be assessed; and, as correctly stated in the head note, it was held that “ assessors in' making assessments for the imposition of taxes for governmental purposes act judicially, and if, by mistake - or design, they omit any property liable to taxation from the assessment roll, the entire assessment is not thereby rendered invalid, and a person whose property has been assessed and taxed cannot because of such omission maintain an action to have his tax adjudged invalid.”
In that case, it is true, the question of the taxation of real estate was involved, but the reasoning to be applied in both cases is identical. Thus it was said in the opinion: “ The only complaint the plaintiff can have is that he was taxed too much because other property was omitted from the rolls, and that is a complaint which can nearly if not always be made in the case of all taxation for governmental purposes. It is doubtful if a village, town or city assessment roll is ever made from which some property is not omitted. If an assessment is void because some property is omitted, would it not; also be void in those numerous cases where assessors agree to assess; property at one-half, or some other fractional part of it's value ? It is quite apparent that if the plaintiff’s contention is well founded very few assessments could stand assaults and that the collection of revenues for governmental purposes would be very uncertain and that interminable litigation would attend its collection.”
What is thus said with respect to a tax levy upon real estate applies with greater force to^a tax such as this imposed upon personal property, and if a proper defense could be made to the collection of such a tax, that there were other persons who had not been duly assessed, this whole scheme of taxation would fall. It being conceded that the proper forms and procedure were adopted by the assessors, evidence tending to show that certain persons and property were omitted from the assessment rolls was entirely incompetent, because it would not relieve the defendant from liability and was. properly excluded. So, too, in Cooley on Taxation (2d ed. p. 164) it is said : “ There is no imperative requirement that taxation shall be equal. If there were, the operations of government must come to a. stop from the absolute impossibility of fulfilling it. The most?casual, attention to the nature and operation of taxes will put. this beyond, question. Yo single tax can be apportioned so as to be exactly *221just, and any combination of taxes is likely in individual cases to increase instead of diminishing the inequality. Theoretically, tax 'laws should be framed with a view to apportioning the burdens of government so that each person enjoying government protection shall be required to contribute so much as is his reasonable proportion, and no more. The tax law that comes nearest to accomplishing this is in theory the most perfect. But to accomplish this it may not be requisite to require the tax gatherer to call upon every individual and collect from him in person this reasonable proportion.” And this author further says (p. 216) : “ It has been decided in a number of cases that accidental omissions from taxation, of persons or property that should be taxed, occurring through the negligence or default of officers to whom the execution of the taxing laws is entrusted, would not have the effect to vitiate the whole tax. The reasons for this conclusion are summarized in one of the cases as follows: £ The execution of these laws is necessarily entrusted' to men and men are fallible, liable to frequent mistakes of fact and • errors of judgment. If such errors on ..the part of those who are attempting in good faith to perform their, duties should vitiate the whole tax, no tax could ever be collected. And, therefore, though they sometimes increase improperly the burden of those- paying taxes the rule which holds the tax not thereby avoided is absolutely essential to the continuation of the government.’ It seems difficult' to resist the force of this reasoning and it applies to the case of a mistake of law with the same cogency as to the case of a mistake of fact.”
Our attention, however, is directed to the case of May v. Traphagen (139 N. Y. 478), an action brought to recover possession of premises which plaintiff claimed by virtue of a tax sale, the. defendant’s contention being that the taxes for that year were not legally assessed and hence the sale was ineffectual. It appeared therein that the premises in question were included with another lot and upon the two a single valuation was placed and a gross tax assessed and until the rolls came into the collector’s hands no apportionment was made. It was held that there was a fundamental defect in the assessment and the rule was stated that all the proceedings prescribed by the law for the assessment of land for the purposes of taxation must be substantially if not strictly complied with and that the failure to *222separately state' the value- of the assessment on the premises amounted in law to a failure to impose any tax which the owner could be held fqr. The statement of that case, however, discloses the many points in which it is tó be distinguished from the preseht one. There the tax levy was attacked, not generally because of the omission of property, but because the specific premises in question were not separately assessed as required by the law. Here it is not asserted,' for instance, that the property of defendant and some other person have been wrongfully united and collectively assessed, nor that the various steps in the assessment of the tax were not followed by the assessors, save that they failed to include all persons and property in their assessment. It is conceded that the forms were complied with and we have here the affidavit of the proper-official that the annual record of the assessed valuation of personal estate contains a detailed statement of the taxable personal property of residents of said city for the year 1897. Ho attempt is made to overthrow the assessment thus made except by evidence directed to showing that the tax officers were not sufficiently diligent in ascertaining and in fact did not, in the assessment made, include all property and persons liable under the law to a personal property tax. The evidence offered, therefore, was not such as would destroy the- validity of the entire assessment nor relieve the defendant from liability for the tax imposed upon him, and in an action such as this, brought for the collection of the tax, was incompetent and properly excluded by the court.
It follows in our opinion that this judgment .in plaintiff’s favor-should be affirmed, with costs.
Yak Brunt, P. J., Ingraham, Hatch and Laughlin, JJ., concurred.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.