The Onondaga Dynamo Company was incorporated in 1895 with a capital stock of $25,000. James W. Eager was its president, and prior to 1897 became the owner of all its capital stock and managed its affairs.
The defendants are in the mercantile business in Syracuse, and in October, 1900, Eager sold to them a dynamo at the.agreed price of $150. There was a written proposition of sale made by the dynamo company which was accepted in writing by the defendants. By this agreement the defendants were to pay $150 for the dynamo within thirty days after delivery. Eager and the defendants testified that there was a side oral agreement whereby the purchase price was to be paid by goods which Eager individually was to obtain from the store of the defendants. The balance alleged to be unpaid for this dynamo and a small sum for work and material comprise the claim on which the judgment was rendered. The defendants assert that the demand was paid by the goods which were furnished Eager. That he had the goods shortly after the dynamo was furnished, and that they were for his individual benefit are not controverted. That a settlement in recognition of this payment by goods was had in March, 1901, is also testified to by Eager and Edwards and is not disputed, although the receipt was not in fact signed by Eager and delivered over until October, 1902.
The dynamo company made a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors October 18, 1902. At a public sale of its accounts by the assignee, one Irish purchased the demand in suit and subsequently transferred it to the plaintiff.
We think the evidence shows clearly that the dynamo company was insolvent at the time of the alleged sale to the defendants. The company, with a capital stock of only $25,000, had owed for several years a continuing but varying indebtedness to the Hew York State Banking Company averaging about $35,000, and in 1900 it reached from $38,000 to $40,000. It had other outstanding obligations, so that its indebtedness at the time of its assignment was $80,000, and it paid only six per cent to its creditors. Eager *513testified that the corporation was solvent, but that it was insolvent at the time of the sale of the 4ynamo t° the defendants is an irresistible conclusion. Eager had drawn back the funds of the corporation until he was in its debt at the time of its assignment in the sum of over $15,000. He was also indebted to it at the time of the transaction involved. To summarize, the company with a capital stock of only $25,000 owed one bank $35,000, besides a large floating indebtedness. Without any change in its management or mode of doing business it failed within two years for $80,000, paying only six cents on the dollar to its creditors. During that time it must have been kept in business by the leniency of the banking company, which itself succumbed to the strain and failed.
Eager’s statement, which is a mere conclusion of law, cannot gainsay the inevitable deduction from these facts.
The corporation then was insolvent at the time of the sale of the dynamo to the defendants. They purchased, knowing they were dealing with a corporation. The effect of their oral arrangement was to buy the property of a bankrupt corporation and to pay the purchase price therefor by transferring property to its manager individually. The assets of a dying corporation cannot be frittered away by any such process. (Morawetz Priv. Corp. [2d ed.] §§ 517, 523.) They are to be held by the officers of the insolvent corporation as a trust fund for the benefit of its creditors, and they cannot be appropriated for the personal benefit of the directors. (Joseph v. Raff, 82 App. Div. 47.)
It may be' that if the stockholders of the defunct corporation were endeavoring to enforce this claim they would be estopped by their transfer of stock to Eager and by their assenting to his unrestricted management of the affairs of the corporation. A different situation is presented when the general assignee of the corporation is endeavoring to reach its assets for the benefit of its creditors. This assignee became the trustee for the benefit of the creditors of the corporation. (R. S. pt. 2, chap. 5, tit. 1, art. 8, § 1; 2 R. S. [9th ed.] 1861, § 1; Pittsburg Carbon Co. v. McMillin, 119 N. Y. 46; Matter of Tousey, 2 App. Div. 569; Hurd v. N. Y. & C. Steam Laundry Co., 167 N. Y. 89, 94, 95; Cole v. Millerton Iron Co., 133 id. 164.) His powers are superior to those of the stock*514holders or the corporation itself, for he is not bound by the acts of any director or officer who has used for his personal benefit the assets of the corporation while insolvent. The principle of estoppel does not arise to cut short his authority.
The fact that plaintiff purchased with notice is of no significance. If he had notice to the fullest measure he was apprised that the defendants had arranged with the active manager of the corporation to purchase its property and to pay therefor by permitting the manager individually to trade out the debt at their store. This sort of a transaction cannot be sustained when it develops that the corporation was insolvent at the time of the alleged sale and the attacking party is the assignee representing the creditors, or one who stands on his title.
' The point is taken that the complaint does not contain any allegation of the insolvency of the corporation.
The plaintiff sued for goods sold and delivered, which was the only action maintainable by him. The answer sets up an agreement whereby Eager was to be permitted to trade out the amount of the purchase price at the store of the defendants, which was done.
To destroy the effect of this defense, it was competent to show that the corporation was insolvent at the time the agreement was made. We think no reply, in any event, would be necessary to this defense, as it is distinctly a defense, but it certainly could not be interposed in the Municipal Court of the city of Syracuse where the pleadings are the same as in a Justice’s Court (Laws of 1892, chap. 842, § 14, as amd. by Laws of 1898, chap. 530), and a reply is not one of them. (Code Civ. Proc. § 2935.)
On the trial Eager testified that the corporation was solvent. Thereupon he was examined on behalf of the plaintiff at great length on this subject, and facts were developed which established that the corporation was insolvent. The question of the insufficiency of the complaint was not suggested and we cannot conceive how it could have been successfully raised.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Hiscook, J., concurred; Stover, J., concurred in result only; McLbnnah, P. J., dissented in a memorandum in which Williams, J,8 concurred.