The relator, a police sergeant, on the 18th of November, 1901, was assigned to duty as a captain in command of the Fifteenth precinct in the city of New York, and he continued therein until the twenty-fourth of April following when he was removed therefrom and tried upon charges which had been preferred against him.
The charges were six in number: (1) Neglect of and omission to perform duty; (2) making false reports to his superior officers; (3) neglect and disobedience of orders and of the rules and regulations of the police department; (4) conduct unbecoming an officer and conduct injurious to the welfare of the service and subversive of discipline of the police department and force; (5) conduct unbecoming an officer, and (6) breach of discipline.
He was found guilty only of the first four charges, the specifications of which alleged, in substance, that he had failed to perform his duty as such acting captain in the Fifteenth precinct by neglecting and omitting to close and suppress, or making false reports of upwards of thirty houses of prostitution, the street numbers of which were given, and had failed to detect violations of the Liquor Tax Law at eleven places, the street numbers of which were' also given. As to these specifications, the commissioner found that the relator had neglected and omitted to perform his duty in suppressing or closing twenty-two houses of prostitution out of those specified, and had failed to detect violations of the Liquor Tax Law in ten out- of eleven of those named. The findings of the commissioner that the houses of prostitution named did in fact exist, or that there had been violations of the Liquor Tax Law in the manner specified, do not seem to be seriously contested. ' What is claimed is : (1) That the relator, being a police sergeant, could not be held responsible for failure to adequately perform the duties of a police captain; and (2) if he could, the evidence did not justify a conclusion that there had been any dereliction of duty upon the part of the relator, inasmuch as it was not possible for him to close such houses or prevent such violations of the law with the force at his command.
There is no force in the first contention. There is nothing in the rules and regulations of the police department which prevents or prohibits a police sergeant being assigned and required to perform *498the duties of a captain; on the contrary, rule 6 provides that in cases of vacancy or in the absence of the captain by reason of illness or absence from duty, or by permission of the police commissioner, - the duties required of him shall be performed by one of the sergeants of the precinct, selected -for that' purpose • the sergeant so selected shall be designated as sergeant in command and shall, in the absence' of such captain, possess and exercise all the powers of a captain and shall enforce the orders, rules and regulations established for the government of the precinct. The relator was regularly assigned to the Fifteenth precinct as the sergeant in command, and as such in the absence of the captain, possessed and exercised all the powers of a captain. He assumed to act and, therefore, was as much responsible for a dereliction of duty as though he were, in fact, a police captain. It is not difficult to see that if the relator could be excused for failure to perform duty on the ground claimed, there would be no efficiency in the police department, inasmuch as laws could be violated at will, without anybody in it being held responsible for the' same.
Nor is there, force in the second contention. The' record is a voluminous one. It contains upwards of 3,000 printed pages, and. it would serve no usef ul purpose to detail the evidence, disgusting as it • is, relating to each one of the houses or to the violations of the Liquor ■Tax Lawn It is sufficient to say that the evidence adduced at the trial is so convincing that it is difficult to see how the commissioner could have reached any conclusion other than the one which he did. Many of these house's were of such a notorious character that the relator must have known of their existence; in fact, I do not understand that he denies that he had such knowledge, at least, as to some of them, or that liquors were being sold therein in violation of law and he had at his command a. force sufficient to have closed the houses and prevented "violations of law had he honestly and in good' faith attempted, to do so. That he did not make such- attempt is.clearly and conclusively establishód, and it is only necessary to refer to one or two of the houses to show that fact. That there was feeling between' the. relatof and Inspector Cross may be-conceded, but this did" not prevent tlié relator discharging his duty, nor wasdt.a¡nyi.excnse for his failure to do what he knew under the rules and regulations of the police department and the. laws, of the State *499he was obligated to do, viz., prevent, so far as possible, the commission of crime. He knew, because he was informed by Patrolman Bock, one of his officers in citizens’ clothes, that 230 East Ninth street was a house of prostitution, and that one Bertha Hitz was in . charge. Officer Bock testified that he visited this place several times and on each occasion he asked Bertha Hitz if she had “ any girls upstairs ” and her invariable reply would be no, that she only ■ had two and if she “ could only.get rid of the place she would get out.” Notwithstanding this, Bertha Hitz was not arrested nor does any effort seem to have been made to prevent her from violating the law. The relator also knew that the rear house of No. 27 Second street was a notorious resort and yet he never reported it,.. and his only excuse was that the inspector knew more about it than he did. One cannot-read the relator’s cross-examination in relation to this house and his subsequent acts in connection with the arrest, of Blanche Vernon, the proprietress or person in charge of it, with-. out reaching the conclusion that such house was permitted to exist by the relator’s inactivity, if not his connivance. The place was raided by the police oh the morning of March 17,1902, and Blanche Vernon arrested. When the raid was made the relator stood on the opposite side of the street, notwithstanding which fact he had his name entered in the blotter as the officer who made the arrest. The warrant upon which Blanche Vernon was arrested was obtained on Saturday, the fifteenth of March, apd yet was not executed until the following Monday morning, despite the fact that the best time to execute a- warrant against a place of this description, according to the testimony, was on Saturday night or Sunday morning. Not, only this, but when the officers entered the house to execute the warrant, the only persons found therein were several women attired ■ in street dresses, and with the exception of a hat and coat, ready to . proceed at once to the. station house. The conclusion is irresistible that information as to the existence of the warrant' and the time. when'it would be executed had been conveyed by some one to Blanche Vernon. When she arrived at the station house her bondshnan was on hand and in this connection it is of interest to note that' the relator accepted the bondsman offered by her, and' that person was one of the reputed owners of No. 27 Second street.
Other instances might be given of the relator’s inactivity equally . *500as strong as the two cases cited. At the trial, the relator* evidently appreciating the force of the evidence offered showing his inactivity as to the houses of prostitution mentioned, sought to prove that their existence was due in a large measure to the fact that the force of twelve officers in citizens’ clothes which he had at.the time lie went into the precinct was, on or about the first of February, reduced to six, and in this connection he testified, that all of the houses mentioned in the specifications were, on • the first' of February, closed, with the exception of four, but that twenty-eight of them opened up on the very day that the reduction in his' force took place. It cannot be that places of the character, described could spring into • existence in an hour or a day. They had existed prior to the time the reduction took place. They Were of long standing. The character and number of people that resorted to some of them indicate this as well as the practices therein permitted, The relator’s testimony upon this subject is incredible and unworthy of belief.
The efficiency of the police force is the only thing which can pre-' vent in a great city like New York the existence of vice and the commission of ’crime. It is the protection which the citizen has as 'to his person and property, and there cannot be an efficient police force if an officer discharging the duties which thé relator assumed to discharge is unable, by reason of incompetency or unwilling by reason of. being in league with violators of the law, to prevent the commission of crime to the extent that the same was committed in the Fifteéntli'precinct while he was in charge. The. court would be derelict in its duty if it did not, in so far as it lies in its power, place its "stamp of disapproval upon the acts of an officer who, by his inactivity•—-to use no stronger termpermits crime to flourish as it did in this precinct.
The relator had a fair trial, the evidence sustains the findings of the commissioner, and for that reason I think his order dismissing the relator-should be affirmed and the writ quashed, with fifty ' dollars costs and disbursements. •.
O’Brien, Hatch and Laughlin, JJ., concurred; Patterson, J., concurred in result.
'Writ quashed and proceedings affirmed, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.