1. The common law rule in this state was that all choses in action payable to husband and wife jointly went to the survivor (Borst v. Spelman, 4 N. Y. 288; Sanford v. Sanford, 45 id. 723). It was based on the common law unity of husband and wife, in analogy to the rule of tenancy by the entireties in respect of real property. By saying in Sanford v. Sanford (the words used in Borst v. Spelman are moré discriminating) that' “ Taking this notei in the name of himself and wife shows that the husband intended thereby to give it to her, in case she survived him, and a delivery to her was unnecessary to perfect the gift ”,. the court did not. mean to change the strict rule of the. requirements of a gift, including delivery in case of a gift causa mortis as well as inter vivos (Grymes v. Hone, 49 N. Y. 17; Champney v. Blanchard, 39 id. 111), but only to say that the husband intended by.taking the note in both names to ■let it go to his wife by the. mile of survivorship, or by analogy thereto, if she should survive him, and in that way. give it to her. But since the rule of survivorship no longer exists, a husband could not now benefit-liis wife — or make, a “gift” to lief, if we may. depart.from the accurate use of that word — in this way; he could not in effect make a gift to her by aid or after the manner of the operation of such rulé, for it no longer operates. And it cannot be gainsaid that, that rule no longer exists in this state since the passage of the statutes giving married women the same individual status and capacity in respect of owning property as though they were sole, or at all events under their final interpretation by the decisions. It is true that-it has been held that the said statutes did not do away ■with the common law right of survivorship of husband or wife in tenancies by the entireties of real estate (Bertles v. Nunan, 92 N. Y. 152), but the contrary-has been since settled in regard to choses in action. (Matter of Albrecht, 136 N. Y. 91; Hiles v. Fisher, 144 id. 306). In the Albrecht case- it is said: “ There is no room heré for the application of. the doctrine which prevails 'where husband and wife take an estate, in property as tenants by the entirety. That relation can only exist ¡where there is a conveyance of a vested interest in or title to real property ”. . And again: “The law flow regards them as standing upon the same .plane of equality as if they were strangers to each other A It follows that, choses in action *851payable to husband and wife jointly do not now go to the survivor. The identity of each in such a case is as distinct as between any other persons. They .now own jointly and severally, each owns one half, instead of both owning as one and the survivor therefore taking all. And from this it follows that the-husband and wife each owned one half of the savings bank deposit in question if they owned it jointly and severally, instead of the husband owning it for life with full power of disposition, as was the common law, and upon one of them dying the other'taking it by survivorship.
2. But as the money was the husband’s, title to it could have got in the wife in only one way, viz., by gift of the husband to her, and such a gift is therefore claimed by the plaintiff. As there is no claim of a gift of one-half of it, the fund has to be dealt with as a whole.. The claim is, first, that the bare fact of the husband depositing his money in the savings bank in the name of himself and his wife makes out such a gift, and, second, that if that be not so, then such gift is proved by the oral declarations of the husband afterwards.
a. The decision in Matter of Bolin (136 N. Y. 177) is decisive against the -first claim. There a mother deposited her money in a' savings bank in the names of herself and daughter as follows: “Julia" Cody or daughter, Bridget Bólin”. The mother having died, it was held that this was not proof of a gift, and that there was no gift; that inasmuch as it might have been done for a purpose of convenience only, i. e., tcj enable either to draw money as occasion might require, it was at best only equivocal on the question of the mother’s intention, whereas evidence of a gift must be “ inconsistent with any other intention or purpose ” to suffice. The same principle is laid down on the different question of voluntary trusts in Matter of Totten (179 N. Y. 112). In the Bolin case the daughter had possession of the bank book during the mother’s life, but of this the court still says: “ There were no words of gift, and the receipt and holding of the pass' book were consistent with a mere custody or agency. The law never presumes a gift. To constitute a valid gift there must have been the intent to give, and a delivery of the thing. The evidence must show that the donor intended to divest herself of the possession of her property, and it should be inconsistent with any other intention or purpose.”
*852This decision is in point and controls tire present case. Sere the husband kept the pass book. The mere fact of changing the account from his name to the name of himself and his wife is not proof of a gift, any more than if he had used his daughter’s name. The identity of a wife is now equal to that of a daughter. It is just as much evidence-of and consistent with a mere purpose of convenience in the one case as it would be in the other, viz., to enable each to draw from the account; for that was the legal effect of putting the account in the names of both husband and wife, as an obligation to two or more jointly, or jointly and severally, may . be received and discharged by either or any of them, as the familiar rule is; and besides the proof is that the bank had a rule to the same effect. Indeed, it is more suggestive of a purpose of convenience in the case of a wife; for whom would a husband be more likely'to associate with himself for such'a convenience'than his wife? Are we to say that the principle of the Court of Appeals decision in. the Bolin case is not applicable and binding in this case, i. e., that there can bé no presumption that a husband associates his wife with him in a-savings banlc account for convenience in the drawing of the money, but that such presumption exists if he so associate his daughter or his son ? Why is a wife excluded from such presumption ? When she was unified with her husband she had to be, but why now ?
b. Mor does the fact that “ and ” was used instead of “ or ” —i. e., that the account was in the name^ of the husband and wife, instead of husband or wife — distinguish the present case from the Bolincase. The use of either word has only the same legal effect in the absence of the right of survivorship, viz., that either may draw the money, and the decision in the Bolin case is that this arrangement by the one to whom the money belongs is not evidence of a gift of the fund by him. There must be more. Firsts an intention to. make the gift must be expressed unequivocally, and second, there-must be a delivery. It is not necessary to cite cases for the strictness of'the rule in respect of the essentials of a gift. ,It has been too often expressed, and is sufficiently reiterated in the Bolin case, and also by ourselVes in Wetherow v. Lord (41 App. Div. 413).
c. Mor does it make a distinction that the alleged gift in this case was from husband to wife. There is no relaxation in respect of a *853gift from, spouse to spouse of the strict rule of the requisites of a gift and the clear proof by which it must be established (Neufville v. Thomson, 3 Edw. Ch. 92; Shuttleworth v. Winter, 55 N. Y. 624; Young v. Young, 80 id. 422). In fine, there being no right of survivorship, there is nothing here but the strict question of a gift. When the reason of a rule fails the rule fails; otherwise the law would become archaic at many points..
d. And if the decisions in Borst v. Spelman and Sanford v. Sanford were not obsolete but still authoritative, our case would not be different. They could apply only to cases of promissory notes, and the like, made payable by the husband’s direction to both himself and wife, as his act would be unequivocal of his intention that she should own one 'half, in any event, if not the whole by survivorship (if that were any longer possible); but the act of depositing his money in a savings bank in both names is not Unequivocal of such intention, but equivocal and therefore not probative of it, as must now be deemed settled in this state.
3. The other evidénce of intention consists of declarations of the husband testified to after a lapse of twenty-three years at least, for he died in 1884, and probably much longer, and made years after the deposit was changed to both names. To a leading question by plaintiff’s counsel whether she ever heard the husband “ say anything about who he wanted the bank account to go to ”, an aged woman witness answered, “ To his wife ”. This is no declaration of a past gift, although it may express a testamentary intention. On cross examination the memory of the witness grows uncertain and unreliable. Moreover her evidence was indefinite, for there was also a similar account in another bank, and it does not appear which was spoken of. Another witness, a clergyman, testified that the husband told him “ he had made his will and that the property, that is the house, that should go to his brother William, and the money was for his wife Hester”. Nor is this any declaration of a past gift, but rather about his will. .And his will contradicts this evidence, for it leaves all of his property, personal and real, to his wife for life, remainder to his brother William.' Nothing short of definite declarations of the gift would suffice to show the intention, and that is all that the evidence can be considered on, for it does not purport to show a delivery. And such declarations are viewed *854with suspicion by the courts, and have to be clear and definite, and established by evidence which is trustworthy, clear and convincing (Hamlin v. Stevens, 177 N. Y. 39; Rosseau v. Rouss, 180 id. 116; Braun v. Ochs, 77 App. Div. 20; Lucas v. Boss, 110 id. 220).
4. But it is not necessary to impure so closely into the evidence of declarations in .this case, not only because of a complete , absence of evidence of a delivery and of the divesting of the husband of his possession and title and vesting the same in the wife thereby, which is an essential requisite of a gift, but because of affirmative proof that the husband did not deliver the bank book but kept it himself and continued to use the fund (Matter of Crawford, 113 N. Y. 560).
The case Matter of Totten (179 N. Y. 112) has no bearing on the principal question in this case. There was no question of a gift there, but of a voluntary trust, and the rule of the requisites to make out a gift have no application to a trust (Matter of Crawford, supra; Young v. Young, 80 N. Y. 422). Indeed, the trustee is the one to keep possession of the trust fund and of the bank book or other evidence of it. ISTo delivery to the beneficiary takes place.
Consideration of such cases as McElroy v. Albany Savings Bank (8 App. Div. 46), McElroy v. National Savings Bank (Id. 192), Matter of Meehan (59 id. 156), De Puy v. Stevens (37 id. 289) and Platt v. Grubb (41 Hun. 447) has not been omitted. Once it is perceived that the common law rule of the survivor taking in the case of husband and wife no longer exists, and that a gift has to be proven in the case of husband and wife the same as in that" of parent and child, and in all cases, the remarks to be found here and there of a distinction in a case of husband and wife, cease to have any weight, and should not mislead.
While cases are cited for the majority opinion, it must be observed that they do not meet the question before us,, viz., whether the act- of 'a husband in associating his wife with him in a deposit of his money in a savings bank is or can be a completed gift to her by him of such deposit, or even uneguivocal evidence of an intention to make such a gift. There is no case which is authority for that proposition.
The judgment should be reversed.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.