On the 11th day of March, 1904, the plaintiff was appointed receiver of the Atlas Mutual Insurance Company, a mutual fire association organized in pursuance of the laws of the State of Massachusetts, with its principal place of business in Boston in that State. The defendant resides in the city of Buffalo, in the State.of Kew York; and in September, 1903, the insurance company issued to him two fire insurance policies. The premium on one policy was $555, and the other $2,620. Each policy contained an “ agreement by the *11insured as a condition of this policy that the said insured or their legal representatives shall pay in addition to said cash premium all such sums as may be assessed by the directors of said company, pursuant to the laws of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, but in no event shall said assessment or assessments exceed a sum equal to the amount of said cash premium.”
This action is commenced by the receiver to recover of the defendant assessments claimed to have been made in compliance with the contract provision quoted, and the regularity of the proceedings terminating in the assessment is assailed. The record on appeal does not purport to contain all the evidence given upon the trial. It is made in form a bill of exceptions, containing a synopsis of each of the exhibits received in evidence and which pertain mainly to the proceedings culminating in the assessments against the stockholders. These exhibits and the findings of the court, which in the main include in detail the various steps taken, with very little oral proof, comprise the case on appeal.
The proceedings were instituted in pursuance of certain statutes of the State of Massachusetts. The Revised Laws, chapter 118, sections 47 and 48, are as follows: “ Section 47. If a mutual fire insurance company is not possessed of cash funds above its reinsurance reserve, sufficient for the payment of incurred losses and expenses, it shall make an assessment for the amount needed to pay such losses and expenses upon its members liable to assessment therefor, in proportion to their several liability. * * * Section 48. If by reason of depreciation or loss of its funds or otherwise, the cash assets of such a company, after providing for its other debts, are'less than the required premium reserve upon its policies, it shall make good the deficiency by assessment in the mode provided in the preceding section.”
Section 49 provides that if the directors of the company determine that a necessity exists for a call or assessment upon the members, application may be made “to the Supreme Judicial Court for any county, by a petition in the nature of a bill in equity, praying the court to examine such assessment or call, the necessity therefor, and all matters connected therewith, and to confirm, amend or annul the assessment or call or to order that the same be made as law and justice may require.”
*12A healing is had before the auditor appointed by the court, and upon his report the court acts, making such a decree as “justice and equity require,” and the decree is final' “and conclusive upon the company, and all persons liable to the assessment or call, as to the necessity of the same, the authority of the company to make or collect the same, the amount thereof, and all formalities connected therewith. An assessment or call altered or amended by vote of directors and decree of the court thereon, shall be binding upon all parties who would have been liable under it as originally made, and in all legal proceedings shall be held to be such original assessment or call.”
The findings show that while the defendant was insured in the company “ losses occurred in the lawful business of the said company, and by reason of depreciation and loss of its funds the cash assets of the said company, after providing for its other debts, became less than the required premium reserve upon its policies.” That “ by reason of such depreciation and loss it became necessaz-y to levy a mutual assessznent upon the meznbez-s of the company to provide for and pay the sazne izi accoz-dance with the laws of the Coznmonwealth of Massachusetts.” The plaintiff was appointed receiver of the company March 11, 1904, by said Supreme Court, and made application in Deceznber following to that court for an order or decree directizzg the assessment to be made upon the members. The defendant had notice by mail of this proceeding, “ and of all proceedings therenndez-,” including the hearing on the report of the auditor. In pursuance of the decree an assessment was ordered by the directors of the coznpany “ of $13,500 upon the former and present membez-s of the company liable thereto, the same being necessary for the payment of izzcurred losses and expenses of collecting, and of receivez-ship, the company beizig insolvent.”
The assessment was, on May twelfth thereafter, duly ratified by the Supz-ezne Court, but no zzotice of the application was sez-ved upon the defendant, nor was there any appearance upon his part in any of the proceedings. Schedules were znade in said decree apportioning said assessznezit among the zneznbers of the said company, and the defendant’s aliquot pz-oportion, as fixed by the decree, was $1,342.92, and which he refused to pay ozi deznand.
The record is not clear as to the exact amount of the liabilities of *13the company. The resolution of the directors passed February 11, 1905, declares that the assessment of $73,500 is “ necessary for the payment of accrued losses and expenses,” including those of the receivership; and this resolution was confirmed by the court and the assessment made on that basis. The amount to be raised was to be “levied with rests at the time of each substantial fire loss,” and aggregates $28,750.61. Then follows this clause in the resolution: “ And that there be added by way of overlay to the amount so levied upon each particular policy such a percentage of every such amount as will bring the aggregate of the amounts levied on all such policies including said overlay up to the sum of seventy-three thousand five hundred dollars ($73,500) the amount of the assessment herein voted and ordered.”
An additional petition in the proceeding sets forth the amount of the assets of the company, and states that the “aggregate possible liabilities of the company, not including the expenses of receivership, are $75,583.50.” The evidence taken before the auditor is not in the record, but the synopsis of his report is that it was necessary to raise by assessment $36,751.61, and that there were creditors in Hew York State to the amount of $25,050.32; and it appears there were large sums due from assessments upon policyholders residing in that State.
The purpose of the statutes of the State of Massachusetts authorizing assessments against the members of these mutual companies was to provide a summary, speedy method of providing a fund to meet losses as they occurred. What seems to be a low premium was fixed by the Atlas Company, but there was an additional liability not in excess of the cash premium provided for in the policy. The policyholders were widely scattered for the business of the company was carried on in many of the States, and ¡personal notice was not required to be served upon them, but notice by mail was deemed to be sufficient. This notice apparently was not required in each stage of the proceeding. The defendant had notice by mail of the original petition to the court and of the other steps in that distinct part of the proceeding, but did not appear and no notice of the subsequent proceedings was given him. Had he appeared, I assume he would have been entitled to notice of every step leading up to the final decree. In every action or proceeding in court where one inter*14ested has been duly notified at the outset and neglects to appear he cannot be expected to receive further notice unless some statute requires it. It would not be feasible in making assessments of this kind against a large number of policyholders, widely scattered, to notify each policyholder personally, and notice by mail is all that need be required. (Stevens v. Hein, 37 App. Div. 542.)
There was also a by-law of the company in force since October, 1902, reading as follows: “ Whenever the company is not possessed of cash funds above its reinsurance reserve sufficient for the payment of incurred losses and expenses, the directors shall make an assessment for the amount needed to pay such losses and expenses upon the members liable to assessment therefor in proportion to their several liabilities, provided the assessment or assessments upon any member shall not exceed the amount of the policy liability of such member, which shall be a sum equal to, but in no event shall the total assessment or assessments exceed the cash premium charged upon each policy.”
The object of this by-law was to vest the authority in the directors, without any notice whatever, to impose these assessments. Had there been no receivership the directors, by virtue of. this by-law, without any application to the court, would have been authorized to make any assessment upon the members needed to pay losses and expenses within the “ cash premium charged upon each policy.”
It is claimed that common-law' proof was essential to enable the plaintiff to establish his cause of action against the defendant, and that the exemplified record of the proceedings in the Massachusetts court was no evidence of the necessity or validity of the assessment levied. The rights and liability of the members of the Atlas Association were primarily fixed by contract. Each member agreed to pay whatever sum or sums might be assessed by the company, not in excess of the cash premium. These assessments were to be made in pursuance of the laws of the State of Massachusetts so that the statutes regulating these assessments became a part of the contract. The statute provided a method of procedure, where application to the court was necessary, which has been followed in this case. An action was commenced charging that the company was insolvent and a receiver was appointed by the decree or judg*15meat of the court. The receiver applied upon petition setting forth, the necessity for the levy of assessments to pay existing losses, and after a hearing the necessity was judicially determined, and the directors, carrying out the orders of the court, made the assessments. The defendant had notice by mail of- the initiation of the proceeding by the receiver and of the hearing before the auditor’. As already suggested, it would be impracticable to serve personally on all the policyholders who were in many States, and except for the fact that service by mail is required by the Massachusetts statute no service at all would seem to be necessary on the individual members of the association. (Hawkins v. Glenn, 131 U. S. 319, 329; Glenn v. Liggett, 135 id. 533, 543 et seq.)
The corporation is the party and the members have entered into an agreement to be bound by the action of the directors in the matter of levying assessments when they act conformably to the laws of the State of Massachusetts. Passing that, however, when the defendarrt was advised that the receiver intended to apply to the court for leave to levy assessments upon the members of the association and was further notified that a hearing upon this application was to be had before the auditor appointed by the court, it was his privilege to appear and resist the application and present proof showing no necessity existed for the levy. ITe could not keep silent and then assail the proceeding when the levy is made upon him simply by charging that no process of the court was served upon him. Ho tice by the receiver and subsequently by the auditor should have attracted his attention.
Hor do I think common-law evidence was essential in this case. I am aware that in Converse v. Stewart (105 App. Div. 478) the court held otherwise. In that case the defendant had no notice whatever of the assessment imposed, and the facts are entirely different from those found in the case we are reviewing.
In Howarth v. Angle (162 N. Y. 179) there is a statement that the defendant may controvert the validity of the assessment, but in that case common law evidence was received.
The proceedings in the present case were the result of an agreement to which the defendant subscribed, whereby he agreed to pay “ all such sums as may be assessed by the directors of said company, pursuant to the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,” *16up to the amount of his cash premium. The assessments in question were assessed by the directors. True, the assessments were made in obedience to a decree of the court. The decree was based upon the auditor’s report, which the court deemed sufficient warrant for its judgment. The court, without remitting the matter to the directors, might have acted in their stead. In appointing the receiver the court assumed control of the affairs of the insolvent corporation and exercised the functions of the directors. (Great Western Tel. Co. v. Purdy, 162 U. S. 329, 336.)
In that case it was held"the effect of an assessment, whether made by the directors or the court, was “ conclusive evidence of the necessity for making such an assessment, and to that extent bound every stockholder without personal notice to him.” The decree there did not purport to be a judgment against any individual stockholder, and, consequently, the defendant, a stockholder, might interpose any defense peculiar to him, and the Statute of Limitations was held good on his plea. Comity between the States requires that the decree or judgment of the State of Massachusetts be given due effect. (Howarth v. Angle, 162 N. Y. 179; affg., 39 App. Div. 151.)
That is a constitutional mandate (IT. S. Const, art. 4, § 1); and Congress in the exercise of the authority bestowed upon it by that section has enacted that “ the said records and judicial proceedings, so authenticated, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the United States, as they have by law or usage in the courts of the State from which they are taken.” (U. S. K. S. § 905, revising 1 U. S. Stat. at Large, 122, chap. 11, Act of May 26,1790.)
After all, whether the decree has all the verity of a judgment is not of the utmost importance. The defendant by his contract agreed to be subjected to the maximum liability of his premium for losses incurred in compliance with the laws of the State where the company was organized. The mode of procedure prescribed by those laws has been observed, and the assessments levied upon the defendant, with other stockholders, to pay the obligations of the company. ■ The receiver is simply endeavoring to enforce an assessment which the défendant voluntarily assumed as a condition of the issuance of the policy to him.
*17It is also urged that there is no justification for so large an assessment, as the indebtedness of the company was not shown to equal the amount assessed.. The proofs are not before us. There were many policyholders in different States and the levy was made upon all. Some would be irresponsible; the expense of enforcing payment would probably be heavy and all these matters we may assume were considered in making the assessment at the amount stated. The full sum ordered would not be realized for the payment of the debts of the company. If each policyholder is to be permitted to impeach the amount of the levy made it would cease to be ratable and the adjudications would vary in the several actions.
The one purpose of the whole proceeding was to ascertain and determine as to the necessity of an assessment. The court passed upon that proposition and its adjudication is conclusive. It is also prima facie evidence at least of the amount of the assessment to be levied. The record denotes that it was ratably levied upon the stockholders and the sums chargeable against the defendant are contained in the decree. We are not obliged to go beyond these holdings in order to sustain the judgment. The defendant did not seek to offer any evidence impugning the validity of the assessment, but he contented himself with relying upon the alleged weakness of the plaintiff’s case except as to an affirmative defense to which I will advert later.
It is also to be observed that it is stipulated in the record that evidence was given to support certain findings which are enumerated. The evidence is not in the record, so whether it was by tlie testimony of witnesses or by stipulation of the parties, we are not advised. In the findings, not included in this specific admission, the exemplified record sustains them, and for aught we know they may rest upon abundant other evidence. We are not to assume the contrary.
The policy contained a clause that it should be canceled at any time at the request of the assured, and if canceled, “ the premium having been actually paid, the unearned portion shall be returned ” to him. After the adjudication of insolvency and the appointment of the plaintiff as receiver the defendant attempted to avail himself of this privilege. He had not paid the premium, but subsequently the court permitted the receiver to settle with him by *18paying the earned premium to the date of the judgment of insolvency which the defendant paid. The judgment explicitly provided that the compromise should not include 11 any claim for any possible future assessment.” The defendant had no notice of the entry of this decree, but the settlement did not purport to relieve him from liability to contribute toward the payment of losses according to the stipulations of his policy. The right to cancel in any event could not be available to the assured after the association had become insolvent; if so, every policyholder might cause his policy to be canceled and leave the creditors unpaid.
Again, he claims, if liable at all, the assessment must be imposed upon the sum actually paid by him, instead of the' cash premium provided for in the policy. The amount is fixed by the contract, and the settlement of the other controversy does not assume to modify the provision.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concurred.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.