Henry Ungrich died leaving a will by which he gave to his executors and trustees all of his property, ivhich consisted largely of real estate, in trust, to sell at their discretion and convert into cash and pay the one-half part to his son defendant Henry, Jr., to whom it was given absolutely, and to hold the other half for the use of the plaintiff Martin Louis, his only other child, during his life, and on his death to pay "the principal to Henry, Jr., if living, or his issue, or in default to certain designated persons. Until a sale of the real property was made one-half the net income was to be paid to the plaintiff. The son Henry and a nephew, the defendant Martin, were named as executors and trustees, and they rendered quarterly statements to the plaintiff of the income from the real property and disbursements connected therewith and paid him one-lialf the net rentals for something over a year. . Discussion was had between the plaintiff and the defendants respecting a sale of all the real property and resulted in a deed of conveyance from the trustees to one Davenport for an expressed consideration of $157,000 who gave *26back purchase-money mortgages on the various parcels aggregating $78,500, being one-half the purchase price with interest at four per cent, and immediately executed a conveyance subject to these mortgages. to the defendant Henry. The purpose of the transfer to . Davenport was to get title in Henry, who had agreed to purchase at the amount specified. A settlement as to the personal property was arranged at the same time or shortly thereafter, and for four years the plaintiff accepted the interest from the mortgages without complaint. Meantime Henry, after making certain improvements, had sold some .of the parcels at a loss, and one, known as the Lenox avenue property, at a very large profit,, so that in the aggregate he received upwards of $100,000 more than he paid for the property. Upon learning of this outcome of the transaction the plaintiff brought this action to declare the conveyance to Henry unlawful, and in contravention of his duty as trustee, and to impose a trust in favor of plaintiff upon one-half the'profits obtained by him, and for the removal of the defendants as trustees and the substitution of another in their place. The trial, resulted in a judgment to that effect, the learned trial court finding that the plaintiff was induced to agree to the transfer as he did, through the concealment by Henry of the true value of the property which he found to be much greater than the'consideration paid, and because of solicitation and importunity and unfair advantage taken by him without knowledge on the part of the plaintiff as to his rights.
Wé are of the opinion that the findings are clearly against the weight of evidence and that the judgment must be reversed.
The testimony oh the part of the defendants, which the plaintiff does not seriously if at all contradict, discloses that very shortly after his father’s death and upon receiving statements as to rents from the real property and disbursements connected therewith, the plaintiff complained of the uncertainty of his income and the amounts expended upon the property, and his own letters as early as June, 1901, show that he was contemplating a sale of all the real property, and desired a specific description so that he might draw correct diagrams for the use of appraisers. Such descriptions .were furnished him, and he shortly wrote from the mountains where he was spending his vacation that he had done nothing yet with respect to having an appraisal, but there was time *27enough, and he follows this communication by letters in January saying that he wanted the defendant Henry to meet him with respect to an offer for all the property of between $140,000 and $150,000, with only $7,500 cash paid, balance in mortgage, which he personally thought too low, and for a specific statement as to two of the parcels because some man wanted to buy them as an investment. The defendant Henry expressed a desire to buy one of the parcels and frequently said he wanted the matter settled up either by a sale to himself or at auction or to some third party. 'All these communications and conferences resulted in the plaintiff and the two defendants meeting in the office .of the attorney for the estate, in February, 1902, and the plaintiff announcing that because of the uncertainty as to his income and the expense incident to holding the real property he wanted it sold. The attorney informed them that the trustees must sell it at a fair market price and suggested that each one separately get an appraisal, telling the plaintiff to get some one to appraise it so that the trustees would receive a proper amount. Finally, according to the testimony of the attorney, they all agreed that he should procure an appraisal by Mr. Philip H. Smyth, a real estate man familiar with values in the locality of the property and who was unknown to and not connected with any of the parties. This was thereafter done and he made separate appraisals which aggregated $152,000. On May ninth following, all parties met again in the office of the attorney, having the appraisal present, and discussed the price and who should buy. Purchase by Henry was discussed and the attorney informed the defendants that they could not sell it to one of themselves, and the plaintiff remarked, in substance, that if he was satisfied he did not see who could object. The defendant Martin Ungrich said that if the two brothers, the plaintiff and the defendant Henry, Jr., were satisfied he did not see why he should object to Henry buying, but insisted that the price should be $5,000 more than the appraisal, making it $157,000, and that the interest on the mortgage should be more than four per cent, and that if Henry bought any he should buy all and not select the best, and that personally he thought the property should be held. The defendant Henry insisted that by reason of the income from the property he would not pay more than four per cent on the mortgages and that his appraisal was less than *28the price proposed to he given. It was finally agreed that for the purpose of transferring the property to Henry a deed should be given by the trustees to a clerk in the attorney’s office, who should give back mortgages bearing four per cent, distributed over the various parcels, for half the amount, and a Contract to that effect on the sixteenth of May was drawn up and signed in duplicate. After this contract had been read the plaintiff was asked if it was satisfactory to him, and on his'saying it was the attorney said he would write on it “ contract approved! by me” for plaintiff, to sign-; and the attorney wrote the words on the one contract and the plaintiff wrote the words on the duplicate and the plaintiff signed them both. At the same time it was agreed that the rents should be figured to June first. In addition to this approval of the contract a formal paper which • the plaintiff' signed, was drawn, reciting that the defendant Henry proposed to purchase all the real property for. the consideration of $157,000, and stating that the sale to him Was made at plaintiff’s request, and With his, consent, and approval and full knowledge,, which sale plaintiff ratified and confirmed, and this paper Was signed and acknowledged by plaintiff on the 22d day'of May, 1902, on the same day of the giving of the deed to- Davenport and of his conveyances to the defendant Henry. . On the 24th day of April, 1903, about one year thereafter, the plaintiff, and his. wife executed to the defendant Henry at his request, because title •was questioned by a proposed purchaser,, three separate deeds of conveyance covering all the- real property in controversy. After tlie 22d of May, 1902, when the title sought to» be impeached was transferred, accountings in» Surrogate’s Court were had by the executors, of which:the plaintiff had notice, which showed the sale of -the property, the amount received and the amount held in trust. Defendant Henry made improvements on one parcel, and the plaintiff. brought' action .to recover for services performed by him in preparing plans therefor and recovered judgment, which was paid.
Plaintiff’s real estate experts testified that in May, 1902, the real property in question» was of greater value than $157,000, and that, that price was inadequate. From the situation disclosed by the record, however, it is manifest that if the defendants had sold the property in good faith to a third -party for that sum they could not have been held liable for not obtaining a greater amount or selling *29the property prematurely. The subway railroad was in process of construction in the city of New York at the time of the conveyance, and how much its operation would increase the value of property was problematical. Besides, it is apparent that the defendant Henry obtained an extraordinary price because he chanced to find a purchaser who particularly desired the one piece of property. The finding of the learned tidal court that the price was inadequate is not supported by the facts and circumstances.
Of course it is true as a bald proposition that a trustee cannot deal to his personal advantage with the property of 1ns trust. It is likewise true that a cestui que trust cannot allege an act upon the part of his trustee to be a breach of trust which has been done under his sanction or procurement or concurrence. (Butterfield v. Cowing, 112 N. Y. 486; Vohmann v. Michel, 185 id. 420.) At the time of the transactions of which the plaintiff complains he was of full age, an architect by profession, employed at least part of the time by one of the leading architects of, the city of New York, in apparent good health and in the possession of his mental faculties. While his habits had been irregular to such an extent that he had given his father much trouble, his letters indicate that he had reformed, and in them he takes occasion to upbraid his brother, the defendant, for wrongfully criticising his. conduct, and the testimony is explicit that he was not under the influence of liquor at any of the times when negotiations were had or the various papers executed.
No misrepresentation as to rents which the property produced is claimed to have been made, or of anything in connection with the property except its value. Being an architect he must have known something of building and building sites, and in the face of the overwhelming evidence contained in the record it is idle for him to claim that he did not understand the effect of the papers which he was executing, and that he did not sanction and approve of the transfer of the property to his brother who was one of the trustees under the will of his father.
It was not necessary in view of the facts disclosed for the defendants to prove a ratification, as though all that was done had been done without his knowledge and assent, as the learned trial court appears to have assumed. The rule that to fasten ratification upo*30n a cestui que trust Ire must not only have been made acquainted with all the facts but apprised also of the law, and how such facts would be dealt with by a court of equity, has no application to the situation presented.
The plaintiff having sanctioned and assented to the transaction and concurred in the transfer of the property to his brother, and having understood all the facts and no deception having been practiced upon him, he is hound by such sanction and cannot repudiate it notwithstanding the defendant Henry may have been guilty of a technical violation of his trust and may by .good fortune have largely benefited by the purchase.
Complaint is made with respect to the management of some of the personalty in the defendant’s hands. Nothing is shown in that regard sufficient to-cause the removal of the trustees or to invoke an accounting in the Supreme Court. Whatever differences existed appear to have been settled; but if not, the proper forum to adjust whatever may remain is the Surrogate’s Court on a regular accounting by the trustees.
Oar conclusion iff that the judgment must he reversed upon the law and the - facts and a new trial granted-, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.
Ingraham, McLaughlin, Laughlin and Scott, JJ., concurred.
Judgment reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellants to abide event. " '