The court below has held that the laying of the new concrete walk in the place of the plank sidewalk was a repair of the walk. If so, the assessment is regular, and the question up for review mainly involves the construction of section 288 of the city charter (Laws .of 1891, chap. 105, as amd. by Laws of 1901, chap. 228). That section provides: “ It shall be the duty of the owner or occupant of any premises in the city, whenever such work shall be ordered by a resolution of the common council, to lay water, sewer and gas service pipes from the main pipes in the street in front of such premises to such point beyond the curb line as the commissioner of public works may determine. It shall also be the duty of such owner or occupant to lay and relay sidewalks in front of such premises whenever the same shall be so as aforesaid ordered, and to at all times keep and maintain the sidewalk in front of such premises in good order and repair, and to remove snow and ice therefrom within the time and as required by the city ordinances, The commissioner of public works shall notify the owner or occupant of any premises in front qf which any such work, excepting the removal of snow and ice, and repair of sidewalks, shall be required to be done, that if the same is not done by the owner or occupant within ten days the same shall be doné by the city and the expense thereof will be assessed upon such premises.”
There is the further provision that if “ such work shall not be done within the time specified in such notice,” and in case the owner shall fail to keep the sidewalk in front of the premises “ in good order and repair,” the commissioner of public works “may cause such work to be done” and the expense is made a lien on the premises, and the making of the.assessment roll for such expense is also authorized in the same section.
*468The manner of designating the kind of work for which the particular tax is levied is prescribed, in said section as: follows : “ Assessment-roll for water, sewer and gas connections, constructing,'repairing, and cleaning sidewalks, and removing street obstructions.”
The assessment roll on which the tax of plaintiff appeared followed the form designated and contained three columns: (1) “ Repairs of Sidewalks; ” (2) “ Construction of Sidewalks; ” (3) “ Reconstruction of Sidewalks,” and the-assessment in controversy was under column 2, “ Construction of Sidewalks.” The scheme of the charter provisions is to distinguish between various sidewalk improvements. If a sidewalk has once been laid and becomes out of repair the commissioner of public works may cause the same to be repaired without notice, although the practice seems to have prevailed even in case of that improvement to serve the notice on the owner or occupant of the premises advising him that if the repair is not made within ten days the work will be done at his expense. 3STo resolution of the common council is essential for this repair work. The city may be liable for injuries caused by defective walks and the necessity of the situation requires that the body or person in immediate charge of the walks should possess the power to act promptly and upon his own motion where they are in need of repair. In such case it seems plain that no change of materials is to be made and no regrading or change of the surface line is contemplated. The existence of the walk implies the previous location of the grade line of the street and no change in that is permissible except by direction of the common council as will hereafter appear.
If, however, a walk is to be laid or relaid or a new walk constructed as-a substitute for an existing walk, the common council must direct that to be done, and ten days’ notice of such change must be served on the owner or occupant, and the commissioner of public works cannot act until the time has expired. The owner must “ lay and relay sidewalks * * * whenever the same shall be * * * ordered” by the common council. This distinction between the mere repair of a walk out of condition, and the. construction of a new walk is carried through the entire section, even in the provision as to the making of the assessment roll as already indicated. The system thus devised is wholesome and effective. The city is endowed with plenary authority in control of the streets and of the *469sidewalks. In order to- facilitate speedy repair of a walk the commissioner representing, the city can remedy the defects immediately and the expense therefor is a lien upon the premises. The owner must submit to this penalty for his remissness for allowing his walk to get out of repair. If, however, the common council desire a new walk, if that body deem it advisable to replace a plank walk with a concrete, stone or brick walk, the owner is entitled to notice of such a purpose. This requirement is no burden upon the city. The notice is only for ten days, and the right to prescribe the kind of walk, whether of the same or different materials, and the width of the same, is vested in the common council. The owner or occupant, however, has notice of the duty to be imposed upon him. A lot owner, upon whom a notice to repair has been served, may be entirely willing to have the repairs made by the city officials, and then no question can be raised as to the work conforming to the notice. If, however, he is to be burdened with the expense of a new, vastly enlarged and far more expensive walk, he should receive notice of that radical change.
In the present case the owner, in pursuance to a notice to repair a plank walk five feet in width, the cost of which would probably have been trifling, has been subjected to the expense of a concrete walk seventeen and .one-half feet in width and across his lot of thirty feet. The just distinction in the statute has been entirely ignored.
Section 393 of the charter, in directing the general division of the streets, provides that they “ shall be suitably divided into carriageways and sidewalks.” It is also provided in the ordinances of the city (Chap, IV, §§ 8, 9) that the owner or occupant may be required “ to grade and level the sidewalk in front of said promises between the street line and the curb line,” and in case of his failure “to grade and level the sidewalk” for the period of ten days after notice, the commissioner of public-works may cause the same to be done at his expense. The claim, is' that the sidewalk is the dirt space between the curb and the exterior street line. Extending the argument, it is claimed as a deduction from this premise, and in elucidation of section 288 referred to, “ that the laying and relaying of sidewalks mentioned in that section mean work on a sidewalk in its creation or establishment which an abutting owner is bound to do, or the same kind of work after an alteration or change in the *470street. * * * I think it may be fairly said, for the purposes of this case at any rate, that the laying or relaying of a sidewalk within the meaning of section 288 is the same thing as grading or regrading is within the meaning of section 8 of Chapter IY of the Ordinances. In each case the reference is to original' work on a sidewalk and not a repair of it, after it has been once laid or relaid.”
It is doubtless true that in the two general divisions of the street the sidewalk includes the entire space between the curb and the street boundary. The whole space may be used for the walk in the discretion of the common council. When a grade has been established and a walk for the actual use of pedestrians has been laid, that “ visible-used ” walk comprises the sidewalk to which the charter provisions and ordinances are limited. The cleaning o.f the sidewalk from snow and ice and its repair have reference to this laid walk, not to the space outside of it. The space . between each curb and the nearest street line in Broadway, on which the plaintiff’s lot fronts, is twenty-eight and one-half feet. ISTotice to the plaintiff to clean the sidewalk from snow and ice does not mean that he is to . clear off this entire space. Section 14 of chapter 4 of the city ordinances reads as follows: “ It shall be the duty of every owner or occupant of any' premises fronting on any public street or alley to remove before 9 o’clock in the morning all snow and ice which may have fallen upon the sidewalk in front of said premises. In case said sidewalk is not planked, flagged or paved its full width, it shall be necessary to remove such snow or ice only from a space of three feet in width.”
When notice to repair the existing walk was served upon the plaintiff it had reference to the five-foot plank walk,, not to the whole space to the curb line. If the respondent’s contention is correct, the commissioner of public works, in compliance with this notice to repair the existing five-foot plank walk, might have made the walk on this thirty-foot space of the width. óf twenty-eight and one-half feet, or to the curb line; or if notice to repair was unnecessary, he might have imposed that burdén upon the plaintiff’s premises without any notice whatever.
• The city authorities, in levying the tax of the plaintiff, recognized the distinction between repairing and construction, and the form of the roll in general use maintains this difference, which is some indi*471cation of a practical construction of the statute in harmony with that which we are now seeking to give to it.
In construing a statute of this kind the power of the common council or of the commissioner of public works should not be hampered by restrictions interfering with its full efficiency in the management of the streets by the municipality. On the other hand, the right of an individual lot owner to be advised of any extensive tax burden to be assessed upon his premises should always be fairly conserved. Where the common council in its wisdom determines that a lot owner must relay his sidewalk of entirely different and much more costly materials and of a far greater width than the one in use he should be apprised of such determination. The commissioner of public works has authority to repair the sidewalks. He cannot relay or reconstruct without a resolution of the common council. The distinction should not be abrogated. Otherwise the commissioner of his own volition may repair, lay, relay and construct the sidewalks in front of the premises of each lot owner' without any notice. He may elect to require each lot owner, or some of them, to extend their walks to the curb, although the distance may be thirty feet and such extension may not be necessary. The owner would be absolutely powerless and have no opportunity to be heard. While if he has a notice of ten days an opportunity is afforded him if the imposition.seems to him to be unjust to appear before the legislative body and present his objections to the contemplated improvement. It seems to me clear that it was not. designed by section 288 to vest in the commissioner of public works any such enlarged power as is here claimed for that official.
The assessment was not imposed conformably to the statute and should, therefore, be annulled. (Folmsbee v. City of Amsterdam, 142 N. Y. 118, 126.)
The judgment should be reversed.
All concurred, Kbuse, J., in result only in a separate memorandum, except McLennan, P. J., who dissented.