Judge Chester correctly holds that section 10 of the Highway Law has no application to this case. This is true for two reasons: First, because that séction by its terms applies to a bridge entirely within the boundaries of a town; second, because the section applies only in case of a crisis or emergency, or sudden destruction or damage by the elements, and not to a case like this where the bridge has become unsafe merely from natural wear and use. (Livingston v. Stafford, 99 App. Div. 108; affd. on the opinions of the Trial Term and Appellate Division, 184 N. Y. 536.) This bridge in question had become temporarily unsafe' only because one needle beam out of about a score in number fell. This was readily replaced and the bridge continued to be used for about six months thereafter and until the new bridge was completed. With comparatively little expense it might have continued in. use much longer. At any -rate there is no claim made that there was a sudden exigency requiring expeditious or unusual methods, or that any circumstance existed which took this case out of the usual legal rules necessary to be observed in the construction of such a bridge.
I must protest, however, against the construction which is being placed upon the provisions of the Highway Law applicable to this situation. First, because I believe such' a construction clothes highway commissioners with extraordinary and even dangerous powers not contemplated by the Legislature and leads to inconsistent if not incongruous results, and, second, because such construction plainly ignores other legislation which was clearly intended to supplement the provisions of the Highway Law and to make a well-balanced and orderly system pertaining to the construction of highway bridges in and between towns.
It has been the policy of the law to restrict the powers of highway commissioners in respect to the amount of money to be expended. As was said in the case last cited: “ The- wholn trend of legislation has been towards restricting the powers of highway commissioners in the expenditure of money for highway purposes without the sanction of the taxpayers. * * * A construction of the statute which Would permit the highway commissioner to build a new bridge in place of one that he should determine unsafe because of wear and decay and old age, would be contrary to *180the intent of the law, and contrary to the policy of the law which permits taxpayers of á town to vote upon the imposition of burdens of this character. If this were not the true construction of the law ' it would give most extraordinary powers tó a highway commissioner and town board, and there "would scarcely be a bridge in any town which he and the town board conld not tear down and construct anew.” The above language had reference to the conduct of a commissioner within his own town. But it is now gravely proposed that in a matter involving the Welfare not merely of one but of two or more towns the bars should be thrown down, all restrictions removed, and highway commissioners, without let or hindrance, actuated by any caprice or erratic mentality, may fasten am unlimited indebtedness upon adjoining towns. According to the logic of the prevail- • ing opinion it is not necessary that’they should even have the consent pr co operation of their town boards, for although in the present case the town boards of- the two towns did assent to the action of the highway-commissioners snch action on their, part was a-mil-, lity, as no statute is referred to and none existed giving life or effi-. caey to their "action. - Furthermore, although commissioners-must act within certain well-defined limits and" restrictions in matters solely pertaining to their own towns, nevertheless it is now urged that in the larger-fields" of operations involving much greater expenditures they may have, a free hand. It is a matter of common knowledge that some of the largest, streams constitute the boundaries of towns and some of the most costly bridges span such streams. The present case may well be used as an illustration. Here, was a bridge 200 or 250 feet in length, exclusive of its approaches, and involving the expenditure of thousands of dollars. In reference to such a bridge it is claimed the commissioners may involve- their towns in expenditures without -limit, although in respect to the construction of an insignificant bridge within .the boundaries of a single town the same commissioners would-be hedged about by legislative checks within, an extremely narrow "compass.. It cannot be that the-Legislature intended such inconsistencies or that it has failed to provide a more rational or symmetrical system.
The statutes are not in such a hopeless and incomplete condition. There is no difficulty in answering the queries above suggested or *181in dispelling the confusion and inconsistencies which must otherwise exist if we approach the solution of the problem with the single purpose of ascertaining the true condition of the statutes and the legislative purpose as therein expressed regardless of the consequences to particular litigants. Undoubtedly if .a bridge crossing town boundaries can be constructed with funds which the highway commissioners of either or both towns may have in their hands and at their disposal, such commissioners have to that extent exclusive power in the premises the same as they would have under similar circumstances in respect to bridges wholly within their respective towns. That is what is meant and all that is meant by the provision in section 134 of the Highway Law that “ the commissioners of highways of all the towns or of one or more of such towns, the others refusing to act, may enter into a joint contract for making and repairing such bridges.” That is simply the power which is analogous to the power óf a commissioner to repair a bridge wholly within the limits of his town with funds in his possession.
We are not dealing, however, with a case where the commissioners have constructed á bridge with funds at their disposal. But the case presents a question of the method of procedure when the two towns are to be subjected to unlimited indebtedness. In' section 69 of the County Law, which was several times amended, but as it stood at the time this bridge was constructed in the year 1898, it was provided as follows : “The board (of supervisors) may, upon the application of any town liable or to be made liable to taxation, in whole or in part, for constructing, building, repairing or discontinuing any highway or bridge therein or upon its borders, pursuant to a vote of a majority of the electors of any such town, at an annual town meeting, or special town meeting, called for that purpose, or upon the written request of the commissioners of highways and town board of such town or towns, authorize sucli town or towns to construct, build, repair, or discontinue such highway or bridge, and to borrow such sums of money for and on the credit of such town or towns as may'be necessary for that purpose. * - * * If such highway or bridge shall be situated in two or more towns in the same county, the board shall apportion the expenses among such towns in such proportion as shall be just.” That section does not repeal or modify a single line of the Highway Law. It supplements *182that act and. should receive appropriate recognition instead of being- absolutely ignored. Other provisions. of the County Law authorize- assistance by the board of supervisors in its discretion in aid of towns unduly burdened by the expenses of bridges. (§§ 63, 64.) It thus appears that the. town board has no duty or function to perform in reference to authorizing, raising, auditing, or paying for the construction of such a bridge. Its duties begin and end when it joins with the commissioner of highways in a written request to the board of supervisors. All authority then springs from the latter board.. The town board was without jurisdiction in this case either in the first instance to-' authorize' this expenditure or in the last instance to audit and direct its payment. The authority should have come from the board of supervisors before the indebtedness was incurred. . ■ ■
Another view of the statutes leads to the same conclusion, that this indebtedness was not-legally authorized and that the town board is without jurisdiction to audit the claim. I doubt whether under the statutes existing at the time this bridge was constructed the towns were ipso facto equally liable for the expense of the construction. The expression “joint expense ’’does not mean “equal expense.” It is true that in the case of Lapham v. Rice (55 N. Y. 472), and perhaps in other cases it has been held that the expression “ joint expense” as'used-In the then existing statutes meant “’equal expense.” But in the quarter of a century that intervened between that decision and the construction of the bridge in question the highway laws experienced radical changes. As was said in the casé of People ex rel. Root v. Board of Supervisors (146 N. Y. 107, 113): “ The Highway. Law of 1890 consolidated and- revised the prior legislation of the State upon the. subject of. highways. It was not strictly a consolidation of the prior statutes. Hew provisions were engrafted on the antecedent law for the purpose of improving the highway system.” The court in Lapham v. Rice (supra) did not have before it for consideration the following statutory provisions Section 69 of the County Law, abové quoted,- contains this provision : “ If such highway or bridge shall be situated in two or more towns in the same county, the board shall' apportion the expenses among, such towns in such.'proportion as shall be just.” In á note to this section contained in Birdseye’s Third Edition of *183the lie vised Statutes (Vol. 1, p. 835), published in 1901, it is said : “In consolidating and simplifying the former provisions many changes have been made.” lieturning agaiii to the Highway Law we find in section 136 thereof that in case the commissioners refuse to rebuild the bridge either for want of funds or any other cause three freeholders may apply to the Supreme Court for an order requiring them to rebuild the same and that the court after an investigation “ shall make an order thereon as the justice of the case shall require ” and that if funds “ be needed by the commissioners to carry the order into effect, such court shall specify the amount of money required for that purpose, and how much thereof shall be raised in each town.” Section 137 then provides for a similar application to the Supreme Court by the commissioner of one town to compel co-operation by the commissioner of the other town proving refractory or obstinate. The expense thus directed and determined by the Supreme Court does not go to the town board for audit and allowance but under section 139 of the Highway Law the commissioner is required to attach to a copy of the court’s order an accurate account under oath of what he has done and deliver it to the supervisor of his town, and it' is then provided: “ The board of supervisors at their annual meeting, shall levy a tax upon each of such towns, when in the same county, and upon the appropriate town when in different counties, for its share of the cost of building, rebuilding or repairing such bridge, after deducting all payments actually made by the commissioners thereon; which tax, including prior payments, shall in no case exceed the amount specified in the order.” Section 142 of the Highway Law contains provisions whereby if the commissioners of highways of the adjoining towns after notice neglect .or refuse to repair or rebuild the bridge the same may be rebuilt or repaired by any person or corporation under certain, circumstances and the expense thereof “ shall be a charge on such adjoining towns, each being liable, for. its just proportion; and the person or corporation who has made such expenditure, or shall make such expenditures, may apply to' the Supreme Court at a Special Term for an order requiring such towns severally to reimburse such expenditures, which application shall be made by serving papers upon the commissioners of highways of each of such towns at least eight days; and the court may grant an order requiring *184each of the adjoining towns to pay its just proportion of the expenditure!, specifying the same; and the commissioners of highways in each of such towns shall forthwith .serve a copy "of such order upon the. supervisor of each of their towns, wlio shall" present the same to the board of supervisors a.t their next annual meeting. The board of supervisors shall' raise the amount charged upon each town by "the order, and cause the same to be collected and paid tó such persons or .corporation as incurred the expenditure.” The statutes thus referred to point to two conclusions: First, that town boards are not intrusted with the power to authorize,.-audit or direct payment of such expenditures, but that such power is carefully guarded and vested either with the board of supervisors or with the Supreme Court as the case may be to be determined and adjudged in advance of -the expenditures, and that the channel of payment is through"the board of supervisors to. raise the amount by charging it upon the respective towns and" that the town hoards are entirely without power. or responsibility in reference thereto. Second,: that the .expense is-not'an. equal charge upon-the towns but is to be'apportioned and determined in advance either by the board of supervisors or by the Supreme Court: And, of course, it is self evident that if the' expense is not an .equal - burden ..upon the. towns but is to be apportioned according to equitable circumstances the town boards have no power or jurisdiction in reference thereto.- - The record in this case shows the justice arid propriety of .such legislation. The town of Chester has much more taxable property than the town of Horieon, and in addition thereto makes far more, use of the bridge in question. Numerous cases exist where the rise, of á bridge by one town is insignificant in comparison with the use made; thereof by the adjoining town.
The views heretofore expressed have already received judicial sanction in the Case of Colby v. Town of Mt. Morris (100 N. Y. Supp. 362), which case was unanimously affirmed in the Appellate Division On the opinion in the court below (114 App. Div. 915), and by the Court of Appeals without opinion (191 N. Y. 510). The .decision about to be made herein in my opinion practically over, rules that case. It was there expressly held that the commissioners, if in funds, might build or repair the bridge, but if not, “then the authority rests entirely upon the board of supervisors to provide *185for the construction or repair of the bridge and authorize the town or towns to construct,, build or repair and borrow money for that purpose.” It was further stated: “ There is no provision of the statute for an audit by the joint action of the town boards of the respective towns of the expense of building a bridge over streams between towns. * * * The towns are jointly liable. Neither is. liable for the whole expense, and, therefore, the town board of one of the towns cannot audit a claim for the whole, nor can the town board' of one of the towns audit the part of the claim which it should pay. The action of the town board of one of the towns could not bind or be conclusive upon the other. In order to audit the claim against one of the towns, it would first be necessary to apportion the expense between the towns, which is a matter wholly without the authority and jurisdiction of the town board. * * * The statute provides that the towns shall be liable to pay their just and equitable share of the expense of construction. This provision of the statute must be read into the contract for the construction of the bridge; the legal effect which is that each town is liable only for its just and equitable proportion or share of the cost of construction, and this must necessarily be determined in an action brought to recover the contract price. * * * The contention of the town of Leicester is that each town should pay for the bridge in proportion to the equalized valuation as fixed and determined by ■ the board of supervisors, and the town of Mt. Morris that each town should pay one-half the cost of the bridge. It is urged in behalf of the town of Mt. Morris that, the towns having a joint contract as provided by section 134 of the Highway Law, each become liable to pay one-half of the contract price, a right which the board of supervisors could not annul; that ‘ joint expenses,’ used in the section of the Highway Law, means that the expense is to be equally divided. (Citing Lapham v. Rice, 55 N. Y. 472; Spier v. Com'r. of Highway, [Sup.] 3 N. Y. Supp. 438 ;* Day v. Day, 94 N. Y. 157.) These cases are net applicable, for the reason that the County Law now provides that, if the bridge be situated in two or more towns in the same county, the board of supervisors shall apportion the expense among such towns in such proportion as shall be just.” *186Three propositions were decided in" that case: First, that the ■.authority for the construction of a bridge where the commissioners were not in funds for that purpose rested entirely with' the board of supervisors. That proposition Would, of course, be subject to • the power of the court to grant the authority in cases falling within the statutes above quoted. Second, that the . expense, of such construction is not an equal liability upon the towns, .but must be apportioned between them. ■ Third, that the town board is .without jurisdiction either to authorize the expenditure or to audit the same after it has been duly authorized by the board of, supervisors. Those ‘ propositions were directly involved in the determination made- in that case. The question of the-equal liability of the towns, was one. of the questions litigated and determined, and if the town board had possessed jurisdiction of the claim the action could not -have been maintained directly against the town.'
W-hat has been said concerning the . statutes, of course, has no reference to- the present Highway Law. By chapter 330 of the Laws of 1908, the Highway Law was again radically amended and revised and is now contained in chapter 25 óf thé Consolidated Laws (Laws of 1909, chap. 30, as amd.).
The good faith' of t-he participants in this unlawful project is urged as-a reason why the town should pay- the unlawful claim. I challenge.'the good faith of the. officers responsible for the const-rum tion of this bridge. By a bare majority the town board, assuming a power which they did not possess, gave their assent. The action of public officers within the sphere of. their official duties is pirn sutned- to have been in good faith, but no such presumption clothes them- when they overstep their prerogatives and act without even the color of authority. The" supervisor of this town repeatedly and vainly protestéd against this expenditure while the worlc Was going on, on the ground of its Unlawfulness. The highway commissioner made a personal profit out of the affair. He converted Ins official action into a source of individual gain. Hi^-claim against this town for services in connection with the construction of this bridge awaits the- result of this action. When requested to cease such services, lie stated that-lie had been employed by the town of Chester and would look to that town for his-compensation if the'town of Horicon. declined payment. His official judgment was certainly stimulated, *187if not obscured, by the expectation of personal profit, and the decision of this court justifies such expectation. The evidence shows that this bridge could for the trifling expenditure of forty dollars have been placed in good repair for years to come. I cannot refrain in this connection even at the risk of prolixity from here quoting what was said by the court at Trial Term in its opinion in the case of Livingston v. Stafford (supra). My excuse for doing so is that such opinion received the indorsement of the court of last resort because the affirmance by that court was upon the opinion both of the Trial Term and Appellate Division. “ Town officers are not chosen always from the most intelligent, expert and honest class of men; neither are they always deaf to the solicitations of smooth bridge company agents, ceaselessly travelling the highways and mountain roads of- interior, thinly inhabited country towns, with eyes sharp to see extraordinary necessities where none exist, always in pursuit of handsome sales to easily persuaded officers, while never too selfish to imperil success. Many a town, poor in property and number of people, commonly has within its limits from twenty to fifty bridges, and doubtless slight defects and need for improvement can be seen in every one. Is it possible that highway commissioners and town boards, often non-taxpaying officers, because of such slight defects, have limitless power to replace such bridges with stone arches and steel span structures at enormous expense, to be paid by the year’s tax, when the taxpaying voters themselves are restrained in- power and cannot voluntarily tax or bond themselves and their town for such purposes except to a limited extent? I cannot believe-that the Legislature intended to confer such power and permit thereby the ruinous consequences which might follow.” (See N. Y. Ct. App. Cases and Briefs of Counsel [State Law Libr.], Vol. 3074, No. 3, pp. 24, 38 et seq.)
But what is the relevancy in a case of this kind of the question of good faith on the part of those responsible for this bridge? Why should there be even any reference to that question ? In the impartial endeavor to properly construe these statutes and to define the powers and limitations of public officers it is not of the slightest consequence that they may have acted in entire good faith, or that this relator having expended its money may lose its claim, no matter how meritorious, or that the officers of the town of Chester. *188acting with equal disregard .for law and their official oaths and responsibilities, have paid one-half of the unlawful claim, or that the.people of this town in common with the traveling public generally have received the benefit of this bridge. They could not .destroy it or well refuse to travel oyer it for it superseded the other structure: They are in the helpless condition of having had something forced'upon them which it is now said lias benefited them and for which they should, therefore, make compensation. The officers of a town are not its agents and ho question of estoppel arises. That .'argument was used in the recent case of Matter of Niland v. Bowron (193 N. Y. 180), where a highway commissioner had, as in this case, in excess of his power and without procuring the necessary authority from the board óf supervisors under said section 69 of the County Law, contracted for the construction of a highway, and the town board passed a resolution agreeing to pay .the same, but subsequently rejected the bill of the relator, and, as in this case,so there the argument was used that even if the action of the commissioner was illegal, it was ratified by the resolution of the town-board. The court said-in reply thereto: “The answer to this suggestión' is that the. town board was as powerless in the premises as the commissioner. The statute limits and defines the powers and duties of town boards quite as strictly as those of highway commissioners, and the acts of either in excess of statutory authority are e'qually void. .■ Prior to .the enactment of chapter 396, Laws 1902, which has no application heréj a town board had no power to let or approve contracts in relation to highways which called for thé expenditure of more money than was'raised by taxation , under section 53, except in the case of emergencies under section 10, or except as provided' by section 69 of the County Law (L. 1892, ch. 686). That section of the County Law, so far as material, provides that upon the application of a majority of the electors of a town-, or the highway commissioner and town-board, the board .of supervisors may authorize the construction of. a road and the- borrowing of money to pay therefor. This section was not complied with. The town board,, therefore, had in the first instance no power to enter into this contract, and if could not by its subsequent .action ratify á contract which neither it nor the highway commissioner had the. power tú make.”
*189It is suggested by Hr. Justice Kellogg that section 69 of the County Law is permissive only, and that its purpose is to permit the town to borrow money, and that inasmuch as the present claim is to be raised by- immediate taxation, it has no application. By the language of the act it is not restricted merely to authority for borrowing money, but also for construction, and this limited view of the statute seems to be directly contrary to the views expressed in Matter of Niland v. Bowron (supra), for in that case the effort was to require payment by immediate taxation, but the court held, as I understand the decision, that compliance with section 69 of the County Law was nevertheless essential unless the highway commissioner had in his hands the requisite funds for the proposed expenditure.
This town, in common with ■ other municipalities, should be protected against an effort by subtle and specious argument that it has been benefited to fasten upon it a liability which never had any legal inception. The town board which rejected this claim would •be derelict in its duty if it listened to such arguments. In its efforts to protect its town against, such a demand it should receive the commendation which it deserves.
.1, therefore, vote to sustain the determination of the town board now under review.
Determination of the defendants reversed on law and facts, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements to the relator, and the matter remitted to the town board with directions to audit and allow relator’s claim at the amount which is properly due thereon.
Matter of Spier (3 N. Y. Supp. 438).— [Rep.