The action is to recover on a loan of $3,600, alleged to have been made by the plaintiff to the defendant’s intestate on March 6,1906,. and represented by a promissory note renewed every six months. The first note and each renewal purport to be made by the Water-town Sand Brick Company, as maker, and to be indorsed by A. E. York, the said defendant’s intestate; and it is the claim of the appellant that the loan was made to the brick company, as the notes indicate. It is incumbent upon the plaintiff, therefore, to establish by a fair preponderance of evidence at least, that the instrument itself does not express the real liability of the parties, but that York was the maker and the one primarily liable to the plaintiff for its payment. It. seems to me she has not met this burden.
The plaintiff is a married woman, and the business pertaining to the giving of the notes and the payment of the interest was carried on in her behalf by her husband. The whole evidence upon which the liability of York is established, in spite of the notes themselves and the other documentary proof and th'fe method in which the business was transacted, comes from the husband. York is dead and his version of the transaction cannot be had. In view of that fact the unsupported evidence of this man Graham in hostility to the other undisputed evidence should be scrutinized with considerable care before this defendant is made to pay the sum of over $4,000, which he is not liable to pay if the contract of indorsement was the one entered into by A. E. York. (Scheu v. Blum, 119 App. Div. 825 ; Rosseau v. Rouss, 180 N. Y. 116.)
While Graham does not come under the ban of section 829 of the Code of Civil Procedure, he is vitally interested in maintaining this judgment, for it rests upon his testimony. He testified that in March, 1906, his wife had $3,600 to loan and York said he would take it, giving her good security, and later explained that he meant the bonds of the Watertown Sand Brick Company, which bonds she declined to accept. He then stated that he was “ perfectly good for this amount, $3,600,” and was worth $40,000, and that he would also have Simonds and Aldrich sign the note. On the same day he called at the office of York, which was the office of the brick company of which he was president, and accepted a note due in six months for $3,600 given by the brick company and indorsed by *641Simonds and Aldrich and York, and Graham delivered to York the check which his wife had for $3,600. Graham read the note, saw it was given by the brick company as maker and bore the indorsements already stated. ¡No deception was practiced and no attempt made to conceal the true character of the note. The check delivered to York was placed in the bank to the credit of the brick company. The evidence is clear that York received no part of the avails of the loan. They all went to the benefit of the brick company and were used in paying its obligations. As the notes fell due from time to time the interest was paid and renewal notes given. The interest each time was paid at the office of the brick company by its checks generally signed by its treasurer and charged to its account at the bank, and upon each renewal note York was an indorser. The last note was given September 6, 1907, to the order of the plaintiff due in six months, executed by the brick company as maker and indorsed by Boot, York and Simonds and Aldrich. York died ¡November 27, 1907, before the note became due.
All the other notes of the series were renewed at the brick company office either before or on the day of maturity, so that not one was ever presented to the bank where it was made payable. The last note was never presented for payment at the place of payment and was never protested for non-payment, and there is no claim that the defendant is liable by reason of the contract of indorsement of York, Sr. The sole claim is that it was his note; that he was the debtor primarily liable to the plaintiff.
In the spring of 1908 the Watertown Sand Brick Company was adjudged a bankrupt and the plaintiff presented to the trustee in bankruptcy a claim duly verified by her setting forth that she had loaned this sum of $3,600 to the brick company, and upon the strength of this claim her husband, in pursuance of a formal power of attorney executed by her, participated in the meetings of the creditors of the bankrupt estate, and voted for a trustee thereat. Subsequently, and in July, 1908, she presented a verified claim to the defendant charging that York was liable as indorser on the note, which claim was promptly rejected. More than a year elapsed when she presented another verified demand to the defendant administrator claiming that York had borrowed this money personally and *642was the primary debtor. In order to evade this series of facts and circumstances unmistakably recognizing and establishing that the money was loaned to the. brick company and that Anson E. York was an accommodation indorser on these notes, Frank Graham tes- ■ tified to conversations that he had with York, none of which could be gainsaid, for no one was claimed to be present when they occurred . except the two men, one of whom is now dead.
Graham testified that when one of the notes matured in 'March, 1907, York told him he would like to sell him a farm which he, York, owned, to pay this note, and Graham said he was “ land poor now.” If this conversation ever took place, it does not make tq any extent for the plaintiff. York was liable as indorser. He, of course, expected that his liability would be kept alive by presentation, demand and protest in case any note was not renewed or paid. He was interested in the brick company of which he was president, and if he could sell the farm he might have been willing to hold the note against the company.
Again, in March, 1907, Graham asked for a payment of $500 on the note and York did not wish to "make the payment, for he intended to build an addition to the plant of the company. There is nothing in this conversation to indicate that York recognized or that Graham understood that the liability of any one on the note was different from what the note itself denoted. Certainly, it gave no clue to the suggestion that York was admitting he was the primary debtor to' the plaintiff for this loan of $3,600.
As to the conversation when the loan was made in March, 1906, it is quite evident that York was borrowing the money for the brick company. He was willing toqbecome ¡Personally liable for the payment of the note. He knew that the plaintiff would rely upon his suretyship. He stated what he was worth, but he fixed definitely the character of his liability by indorsing the nóte. He did this openly and without any intent to cheat or mislead Graham, and each renewal, with the payment of interest by the check of the brick company and the new note every six months upon which the company was maker and York .indorser, demonstrate that Graham knew that the note expressed the true relation of the parties upon it.
This first conversation was had in the presence of the plaintiff, and, apparently, although it does not appear definitely, in the pres*643ence of Graham’s father and stepmother. Hot one of these parties testified. The terms of this initial arrangement are dependent wholly upon the testimony of Graham.
Graham, on his direct examination, testified that he had a talk with the administrator in December, 1907, relative to the note then outstanding. On cross-examination he was asked when he first made the claim that Anson York “ was the principal debtor,” and answered that it was in December, 1907. He gave no such testimony on his direct examination. If correct, however, it is unimportant. It is a statement to the administrator and the note was not yet due, and the administrator would of course expect that the note would be protested for non-payment and the. estate would, therefore, be liable for its payment. The administrator' knew nothing of the original transaction, and could neither dispute nor affirm the correctness of this story. Just why Graham was then making that kind of a claim does not appear, for the estate was not denying the genuineness of the note.
Later on Graham was seeking to charge the brick company as maker and the estate as indorser, all of which is incompatible with the claim which is now made the basis of the cause of action.
The only question of fact submitted to the jury was whether the loan was made for the benefit of York. The verdict on this proposition, it seems to me, is contrary to the weight of the evidence, if there is any evidence at all to sustain it.
Two cases are cited in support of the rule that parol proof may be given for the purpose of showing that an indorser on a promissory note is in fact the principal debtor. I have no quarrel with that proposition, although it does not receive the unanimous support of the courts and is allowed to prevail only when the facts are clear and definite.
In the leading case cited ( Witherow v. Slaybach, 158 N. Y. 649) a corporation was an indorser on the note, and the consideration of the debt was material furnished and labor done in the construction of a steel plant on its land and as a part of its property. The proof showed unmistakably that the note was for the benefit of the indorser, and that the apparent maker was a mere surety. I think the case has no application.
The defense interposed is not a technical one. The liability by *644indorsement on this note was far different than if York was the primary debtor. Had the note been protested for. non-payment the defendant, if he paid the debt, could have exacted contribution from the other indorsers. If the note was for York’s benefit the administrator cannot compel the accommodation indorsers to pay any part of it. In order to protect the estate he represents it was the duty of the administrator to defend the enforcement of a claim which was unfounded, if the previous acts of the plaintiff and the notes themselves and the other corroborating proof were correct.
■ I think the judgment and order should be reversed.
All concurred, except Kruse and Bobsoh, JJ., who dissented in an opinion by Kruse, J.