The Brunswick Site Company leased a. room in a large building to one Sweet, who later sublet the same, subdivided by partitions,to various parties.' Before the expiration of the term Sweet sold the partitions to the plaintiffs, who bring this action in conversion against the landlord of the building. Sweet asserts that his wife as a sub-tenant erected and owned- the partitions, but they were put up pursuant to the lease and it governs. It does not appear by what tenure the defendant holds, but presumably traces its title through the lessor. The property consisted of a long. partition, from which shorter ones were carried to the wall. They were bolted . or screwed to several plugs set in the concrete floor, and a. number of fastenings set in or attached by screws or bolts to the wall. There were some fifty-eight lineal feet of the partition, the height was seven feet, the material oak, and there were glass panels and door.. Sweet had permission from the lessor’s secretary to put them in, and this was.necessary, as the lease provides: “Third. That the party of the second part [Sweet] will not make any alterations, changes, additions to or improvements in said premises, or any part thereof, without the written consent of the party of the first part, * * * and the party of the.second part covenants and agrees, that the party of the second part will quit and surrender said premises at the end of said term, or upon the prior termination of this lease, in as -good condition as the reasonable use thereof will permit. All alterations, additions or improvements which may be made by *108either of the parties hereto upon the premises hereby demised'shall be and remain the property of the party of the .'first part, and shall remain upon and be surrendered with the premises as a part thereof,, at the termination of this lease, without disturbance, molestation or injury.” The defendant claims title by virtue of this stipulation. If the partitions were trade fixtures, then the defendant could not resist, their, removal, unless- the parties had by agreement changed the nature of the property. . (Durkee v. Powell, 75 App. Div. 176.) Similar stipulations in leases have been considered, In French v. Mayor, etc. (29 Barb. 363), there was a co venant that the lessees would surrender the premises “ and all the improvements that may have been placed thereon by.the said ” .lessees,and which improvements are to belong to the said parties of the first part' [lessors], and all of which are to be surrendered up in as good state and condition,” etc. The building leased was Castle Carden. It is stated in the opinion" that it was manifestly contemplated' that extensive improvements* changes or alterations should be made by the- lessees, at their expense, to adapt the demised premises, and that the lessors consented to such alterations ■ and improvements on condition that at' the expiration of the lease they were to become the -lessors’ property. The opinion also states that. “ improvements,” as the word was used, “ embrace, every addition, alteration* erection or annexation made by the lessees during the demised term, to render the' premises more' available and profitable, or useful or convenient to them ; ” and that it is “ a more comprehensive word than ‘ fixtures,’ and necessarily includes it, and such additions as the law might not regard as fixtures:”" And it is added: “It-would. be’difficult, to select a more comprehensive word ; and where the-parties say that all. improvements’which may be- placed on the premises .shall belong ■to the lessors, it is difficult to say what, -if anything, would be excluded. * * * It is difficult' to see* upon the. principles herex enunciated, that any of the articles enumerated in the complaint in this action are not. embraced in the covenants of, the plaintiffá' to surrender them. If any of them are not, then - the' plaintiffs wifi be entitled to' recover for such, and such only.” The articles enumerated in the complaint-were the lighting outfit,-doors, floor, stage, benches, stage equipment, sheds, fences,.etc. .
In Jacob v. Kellogg (56 Misc. Rep. 661) the lease provided, that *109the tenant should make all repairs at his own expense and deliver up the premises at the end of the term in good order and condition, ánd it was considered that a steam-heating plant lost its character as personal property from the manner of its permanent annexation to the realty, and the serious injury which its removal would cause, and its peculiar adaptation to the use of the freehold.
In Center v. Everard (19 Misc. Rep. 156) there was a stipulation in the lease similar to the one in the case at bar, and it was decided that it covered “paneled mahogany ceiling, new wainscoting, baseboards, marble platforms and slabs in the water closet, all connected with the bar fixtures so as to constitute one piece.” Li the opinion it is stated that “Alterations and improvements by the tenants were contemplated, and it was deemed that they should 6 be deemed permanently annexed to the freehold and to become the property of the owners of the demised premises,’ and that the express contract of the parties was intended to cover fixtures which ordinarily might not be deemed permanent or annexed to the freehold.
In Biyalke & Eckert Co. v. Knabe & Co. Mfg. Co. (65 Misc. Rep. 29) the tenant sought to remove fifty-five féet of glass and mahogany partitions. The opinion states that the plaintiff agreed “ that no nails, hooks or screws should be driven in any part of the walls or woodwork of said leased premises, or any alterations made, without defendant’s permission in writing, and also that it was particularly agreed- that all alterations or improvements or additions put in by plaintiff, except movable office furniture, should become the property of defendant,” and it was decided that a judgment for the tenant was erroneoús.
But in United Booking Offices v. Pittsburgh Life & Trust Co. (65 Misc. Rep. 31) the court distinguished the case last cited and decided that sectional partitions lightly nailed to the floor and wall in substitution for permanent partitions by the tenant, under an agreement to replace the partitions removed at the end of the term, were practically trade fixtures and movable office furniture, rather than alterations, additions or improvements. The tenant restored the permanent partitions, and removed the: sectional partitions, and the court held it had a right to do so. In the earlier case (Bigalke & Eckert Co. v. Knabe & Co. Mfg. Co., supra) the *110partitions, were regarded as not “movable office furniture,” on account of the substantial manner of their installation. •
■' In Metropolitan Concert Co. v. Sperry (9 1ST. Y. St. Repf. 342; affd., 120 IT. Y. 62Ó). chairs secured to the floor by screws in a theater, did not, as considered, fall under the terms “ additions, alterations and improvements,” which terms referred to certain structural enlargements, -and herein the case is similar to that of French v. Mayor, etc. {supra)-.
In Webber v. Franklin Brewing Co. (123 App. Div. 465) the •landlord sought to recover for equipment, radiators and chandeliers installed by the tenant and so affixed as to be readily detached, but the court considered them trade fixtures and that the words “ all improvements and alterations which may be put, placed or made in or upoh said premises shall belong to and become the property, of the party of the first part (landlord) when so made, and treated as fixtures annexed to the freehold,” did not cover the trade fixtures in question but referred to extensive alterations and repairs to' the. building which the tenant agreed to make. There is nothing in the present case that permits such reference ' of the provisions to improvements to be- made by the tenant. •
Smusch v. Kohn (22 Misc. Rep. 344) involved an. “ ornamental ■mahogany partition, containing three bevel glasses and a' colored glass on the door,” which were claimed by the landlord- by virtue of their nature, and a. clause similar to the one in question. But Mr. Justice MoAdam, whose knowledge of this subject was full and accurate, considered that-the partition was not a fixture, and that the lease contemplated changes and additions to the freehold “ and. not the mere introduction of movable chattel's .brought in by the tenant for his personal use and the convenience of -his'trade.” But this decision leaves open the question, as to what, in a' given case, i§ an addition to the freehold, so as to give the stipulation operation. If the addition to the freehold is such that the article becomes a part of the realty, then there is no room for its application.'
The property in question, in its nature and .annexation, does not indicate an intention that it shall become a part of the realty. Nevertheless, if it is an addition, improvement or change, it becomes the property .of the landlord, whatever -its independent physical adaptation or legal status. It was an alteration.of:the room from *111one unpartitioned to one partitioned, and added partitions where none existed. It is true that the partitions could be readily removed from the fastenings sunk into the floor or wall, but the attachments themselves were physical changes in the premises, and although comparatively small in dimensions, their removal would leave the walls and floor defaced. The mutilations could have been obliterated at no great expense, yet the lease is not to be interpreted by the importance of the alterations or the extent of the damage that they would cause. I think it has not been the judicial thought that such an agreement can have' reference only to substantial changes in the building, with reference to parts that are of a permanent nature, and it is better' to give .the words their plain meaning, to avoid interpretation by letting them speak, and to place, upon the parties who make such agreement the responsibility of qualifying and limiting their application, if that accords with the agreement.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Woodwaed, Bube, Bioh and Oaeb, JJ., concurred.
Judgment of the Municipal Court affirmed, with costs.